Volume 13 | Issue 8

 Abstract

The field of Environmental Ecology serves as a vital multidisciplinary science that explores how living organisms interact with their environment. This research examines both the structure and function of ecosystems, focusing particularly on species diversity, the cycling of nutrients, energy transfer processes, and how ecosystems change over time. The study emphasizes how human activities including forest clearing, industrial development, and global warming affect the stability and ability of ecosystems to recover from disturbances. By examining environmental indicators and studying examples from different ecological regions worldwide, this research demonstrates the critical need for sustainable approaches to managing natural resources and protecting biodiversity. The results support the use of comprehensive ecological strategies to reduce environmental damage and maintain ecological stability over time. This research enhances our knowledge of ecosystem well-being and provides practical recommendations for creating environmental protection policies.

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Environmental ecology, Anthropogenic impact, Ecosystem resilience, Ecological indicators

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Carbon credit trading has become a key component of global climate policy, offering a market-based approach to reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper explores the evolution, governance, and equity implications of carbon markets, with a particular focus on India's experience and emerging domestic frameworks. While international mechanisms like the Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement have provided structural foundations, challenges such as fragmented markets, weak verification, and inequitable benefit-sharing persist. The study highlights the need for stronger governance, digital innovation, and inclusive policies to ensure that carbon credit systems contribute not only to emissions reduction but also to climate justice and sustainable development.

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Carbon credits, Carbon trading, Climate governance, Paris Agreement, Climate justice, Sustainable development, Emissions reduction, Market-based mechanisms, India carbon market, Environmental equity

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In the current study, a novel analytical reagent called 2, 4-dimethyl-3H-1, 5-benzodiazepine is developed for spectrophotometric analysis to determine the amount of rhodium (III) in an alloy mixture. In this study, a novel analytical reagent was investigated, and its characterisation using IR, NMR and mass spectrometer techniques was described. Using n-butanol, when subjected to an extraction as the selected solvent at a constant pH of 8.9, the red-colored product produced by the reaction of Rhodium (III) and analytical reagent (DBA) provides exceptional results. Rhodium (III) ion concentrations between 1 mg L-1 and 10 mg L-1 completely satisfy Beers law. Maximum and average molar absorption coefficient values for the coloured compound were noted to yet the sensitivity was recorded as 0.0120 g cm-2. be 510 nm, 4863L mol1 cm-2. Rhodium (III) metal traces in alloy mixtures can be determined utilising DBA analytical reagent in a more efficient, cost-effective, and superior manner than with prior spectrophotometric extraction techniques.

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Rhodium (III) Estimation by Spectrophotometric Extraction Using a Novel Analytical Reagent

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Flora and fauna are the twin pillars of biodiversity, supporting ecological balance, cultural values, and sustainable development. However, the increasing pressures of climate change, habitat degradation, and unsustainable land use threaten global biodiversity. Biodiversity and climate change are interconnected crises threatening planetary stability. Biodiverse ecosystems contribute to climate regulation through carbon sequestration, while climate change drives habitat loss, phenological shifts, and species extinctions. This paper explores the interdependence between biological diversity (flora and fauna), sustainable development goals (SDGs), and the escalating challenge of climate change. It examines the relationship between biodiversity conservation and sustainable development, analyzing global trends, policies, and integrated strategies such as nature-based solutions (NbS)emphasizes the ecological and socio-economic importance of conserving biodiversity, evaluates current threats, and outlines integrated strategies for resilience. The paper argues for a holistic, ecosystem-based approach to development that safeguards both biodiversity and climate stability.

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 Keywords

Biodiversity, Flora, Fauna, Climate Change, Sustainable Development, Ecosystem Services, SDGs, Resilience.

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Laccase, Bioremediation, Carbon Neutrality, Lignin Degradation, Wastewater Treatment, Enzyme Engineering, Sustainable Technology.

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Ever increasing driving forces like pollution, habitat fragmentation, anthropogenic exploitation, and climate change, the biodiversity crisis is getting worse. Even though they are useful, traditional ecological methods are constrained by their incapacity to interpret and process the enormous, intricate datasets produced by contemporary biodiversity research. A fundamental subset of artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning (ML) has become a potent instrument for modeling, forecasting, and interpreting ecological patterns at previously unachievable scales. Recent developments in machine learning applications in important biodiversity research areas, such as species distribution, trait ecology, genomics, and environmental monitoring, are reviewed in this review. We offer practical case studies, provide an overview of methodological advancements, and pinpoint new trends that indicate the path that machine learning-driven biodiversity research will take in the future.

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Biodiversity, conservation, Data analysis, AI & ML

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The interface between ecology and evolution represents a crucial area of study that has profound implications for biodiversity conservation. This research review synthesizes insights from studies conducted between 2010 and 2024, examining how evolutionary processes shape ecological dynamics and, conversely, how ecological factors influence evolutionary trajectories. We explore the integration of evolutionary theory into conservation practices, focusing on the importance of adaptive traits, genetic diversity, and species interactions. Additionally, the review delves into the role of contemporary evolution in shaping ecological patterns, the challenges associated with conserving evolutionary potential amidst rapid environmental changes, and the need for interdisciplinary approaches that combine both ecological and evolutionary perspectives. Our findings suggest that incorporating evolutionary insights into conservation strategies can enhance the resilience and effectiveness of efforts to preserve biodiversity, particularly in the face of accelerating global change.

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Ecology, Evolution, Conservation, Biodiversity, Adaptive Traits, Genetic Diversity, Species Interactions, Contemporary Evolution, Evolutionary Resilience, Adaptive Management

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The increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO?) is a major cause of global climate change (Falkowski et al., 2008). The metabolic versatility and ecological ubiquity of microorganisms play a central role in natural carbon cycling and offer promising eco-friendly solutions for CO? sequestration (Falkowski et al., 2008; Lal, 2008). This article explores the various microbial mechanisms involved in CO? capture and storage, including photoautotrophy, chemolithoautotrophy, carbonate mineralization, and the formation of stable soil organic matter through microbial biomass turnover (Liang et al., 2017; De Muynck et al., 2010). Photoautotrophic microorganisms such as cyanobacteria and microalgae fix atmospheric CO? using light energy, forming the base of aquatic food webs and contributing significantly to oceanic and freshwater carbon sinks (Raven & Beardall, 2016). In contrast, chemolithoautotrophic bacteria like Nitrosomonas and Thiobacillus utilize energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds to assimilate CO?, functioning effectively in subsurface and extreme environments (Canfield et al., 2010). Another significant pathway involves microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP), where microbes facilitate the conversion of CO? into stable mineral forms such as calcium carbonate (De Muynck et al., 2010). Additionally, heterotrophic microbes contribute to carbon stabilization by producing necromass that binds with soil minerals, forming long-lived soil organic carbon (Liang et al., 2017; Schmidt et al., 2011). The potential of microbial CO? sequestration is vast, especially in enhancing soil carbon stocks and supporting ecosystem services such as nutrient cycling and water retention (Lal, 2008; Schmidt et al., 2011). However, environmental variability, microbial respiration, and challenges in measuring long-term sequestration remain major limitations (Schmidt et al., 2011). This paper reviews current knowledge, practical applications, and future directions in utilizing microbial systems for climate mitigation.

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Carbon sequestration, Microbial CO? fixation, Climate change mitigation, Autotrophic microbes, Biogeochemical cycles, Microbial-induced carbonate precipitation

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Driven by unsustainable land use, deforestation, and anthropogenic emissions, threaten food security, biodiversity, and the livelihoods of millions. In this perspective, sustainable land management practices and nature-based solutions have gained prominence. Among them, sericulture is one promisingbiodiversity and microclimate creation by mulberry plantations supporting various organisms including pollinators, soil fauna, and microbes. They also create shade, reduce soil surface temperatures, and increase local humidity levels, promoting ecological stability.Mulberry as a Pioneer Species is drought-tolerant and can thrive on marginal, degraded lands. Their fibrous root systems prevent soil erosion, improve water retention, and contribute to organic matter through leaf litter.One hectare of mulberry approximately can sequester up to 8 tons of CO2 annually. Under intensive cultivation, it can provide Sustainable Development and Rural Employment. The FAO and UNCCD endorse it as a component of sustainable agriculture and ecosystem restoration under the SDG framework.

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sericulture, biodiversity, sustainable development, SDG, soil temperature

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Kolleru Lake, a Ramsar wetland, faces severe heavy metal contamination from aquaculture, industry, and agriculture. This study assessed heavy metal (Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, As) concentrations in water and sediments during pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods in 2024, comparing them to WHO drinking water limits and ecological thresholds. Results showed that Pb, Hg, and Cd in water frequently exceeded WHO limits, while sediment concentrations were significantly higher, particularly for Pb. Although monsoon rainfall diluted water concentrations of some metals, others like Cr and As showed post-monsoon increases due to agricultural runoff. Elevated lead levels in water (2.8-3.5 times WHO limits) pose chronic health risks, particularly to children in downstream communities like Eluru. The persistent contamination in the lake, especially in sediments, suggests a continuous risk of public health crises similar to the 2020 Eluru illness outbreak, where lead-contaminated drinking water was implicated. The findings emphasize the urgent need for stringent effluent regulations, sediment remediation, and integrated watershed management to protect Kolleru Lake's ecological integrity, regional water security, and public health.

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Kolleru Lake, Heavy Metal Contamination, Eluru Illness, Lead, Water Quality, Sediment Pollution, Public Health, Environmental Monitoring, Wetland Management

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The rapid pace of industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural intensification has led to the generation of massive quantities of wastewater containing a complex mixture of organic matter, nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), pathogens, heavy metals, and synthetic chemicals. Discharge of untreated or poorly treated wastewater into natural water bodies contributes significantly to environmental pollution, eutrophication, oxygen depletion, and the spread of waterborne diseases. These issues not only threaten aquatic ecosystems but also impact human health and socio-economic development, especially in regions with inadequate wastewater infrastructure.

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Integrative Approaches Using Algal-Bacterial Consortia in Wastewater Treatment: A Review of Progress and Challenges"

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Climate change and desertification are pressing global challenges with profound implications for ecosystems and human societies. This paper reviews the human and natural drivers of climate change, summarizes recent direct observations and future projections, explores the connections between climate change and desertification, and details the actions taken by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) to address these issues through observation, prediction, early warning, risk management, and international cooperation. Climate variability and extreme weather events continue to intensify, threatening food security, water resources, and sustainable development in vulnerable regions. Understanding the interactions between land degradation and climate dynamics is essential for designing effective adaptation and mitigation strategies. Improved monitoring and early warning systems can help communities build resilience and reduce the impacts of droughts and floods. International collaboration and capacity building are critical to managing transboundary climate risks and promoting sustainable land management.

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Climate Change, Desertification, Early Warning Systems, Sustainable Land Management

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The Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 defines biodiversity as 'the variability among living organisms from all sources including terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they are part which includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems' Biodiversity is the living foundation for sustainable development. The totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region is also called biodiversity. In an ecosystem the community of living organisms live in conjunction with the non-living components of their environment interacting as a system. They live in harmony with one another. This leads to a healthy growth of a community and thus ecological balance is maintained.

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BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT : ADRESSING THE TWIN CHALLENGES OF DESERTIFICATION AND CLIMATE CHANGE

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Habitat fragmentation stands as a critical factor contributing to the ongoing decline in biodiversity, particularly in ecologically fragile zones such as Andhra Pradesh, India. This study investigates the scope and ecological impact of fragmented habitats across diverse landscapes within the state. Through the integration of satellite-based remote sensing, GIS tools, and direct field assessments, the research measures habitat deterioration, diminishing patch sizes, and the disruption of ecological corridors over a 25-year span. Indicators like species richness, population abundance, and habitat continuity are analyzed within forested, coastal, and agrarian ecosystems. The findings reveal a pronounced reduction in native biodiversity, especially within the Eastern Ghats and wetland areas of the Krishna-Godavari delta. Key drivers include urbanization, infrastructural development, and deforestation. The study underscores the urgency for holistic land-use strategies, ecological restoration, and participatory conservation initiatives. The insights offered are intended to guide regional policy formulation and contribute to global biodiversity and climate resilience objectives outlined in the Sustainable Development Goals.

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Assessing the Impact of Habitat Fragmentation on Biodiversity in Andhra Pradesh

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Vijayawada, a fast-growing city at the Krishna River, has witnessed rising flood frequency and intensity over the past decades. This study explores the ecological role of wetlands in mitigating flood impacts, with specific emphasis on the modified wetland processes of the region. Wetlands like Kolleru and surrounding marshlands traditionally acted as hydrological buffers, controlling water levels and soaking up surplus rain [1]. The destruction and encroachment of these wetlands have severely impaired their ability to contain floodwaters [3]. This study, based on an examination of wetland biology--focusing on aquatic vegetation, benthic microbes, and faunal interactions--identifies the biological processes which facilitate flood resilience. The results emphasize the importance of incorporating wetland conservation and restoration into urban flood management plans. The study promotes a nature-based strategy that integrates wetland ecosystem services into the urban planning of Vijayawada in a bid to improve climate resilience and ecological sustainability [4,5].

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Vijayawada, Wetlands, Floods, Wetland biology, Urban planning, Ecosystem services, Nature-based solutions, Krishna River etc.,

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 Abstract

Climate change and environmental pollution are among the most pressing global challenges of the 21st century. The intensifying and unpredictable disruptions in weather patterns poses a severe threat to global biodiversity and the goals of sustainable development. shifting climate patterns, and increasing pollution levels are causing habitat loss, species extinction, and disruption of vital ecosystem services. Rising temperatures, erratic rainfall, severe droughts, floods, and extreme weather events are pushing many species beyond their capacity to adapt. Habitats are shrinking or shifting, leading to species extinction and loss of genetic diversity. These impacts directly affect food and water security, human health, economic stability, and efforts to achieve global sustainable development goals (SDGs). Coral reefs are bleaching due to warming seas, forests are facing increased wildfires and pest outbreaks, wetlands are drying up or flooding unpredictably, disrupting breeding grounds for many birds and aquatic species. Such ecological imbalances also threaten food security, clean water supply, and the livelihoods of millions, especially indigenous and rural communities who depend directly on natural resources. Sustainable development, which aims to balance economic growth, social well-being, and environmental protection, is undermined by biodiversity loss. When ecosystems degrade, they provide fewer services like carbon sequestration, soil fertility, pollination, and climate regulation all of which are critical to human well-being and climate resilience. Addressing these challenges requires integrated strategies, including reducing greenhouse gas emissions, transitioning to renewable energy, enforcing pollution control measures, conserving and restoring ecosystems, and promoting sustainable resource use. Community participation, environmental education, and international cooperation are essential to ensure effective action. Protecting biodiversity and minimizing pollution are fundamental to building resilient ecosystems and societies capable of withstanding future environmental and socio-economic pressures. Climate change and environmental pollution are deeply interconnected and require urgent, coordinated action. Protecting biodiversity and combating climate change and pollution are crucial for a healthy planet and human well-being. Effective solutions need global cooperation, strong policies, community involvement, and sustainable lifestyles.

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Environmental pollution, Climate change, sustainable development goals (SDGs), strong policies, community involvement.

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There has been a growing concern about climate change for the last thirty years due to human intervention in the naturally built environment. Due to heavy industrialization and comfortable life styles the natural environment is undergoing changes which posed a great threat to the flora and fauna. Climate change is of two types: Natural and Man Made. This paper deals with natural climate change, 1876-78 famine and its impact on biodiversity.

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CLIMATE CHANGE, FAMINE OF 1876-78 AND EFFECTS ON BIODIVERSITY

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The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are a set of 17 global objectives adopted by the United Nations in 2015 to achieve a sustainable and equitable world by 2030. These goals aim to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure peace and prosperity for all people. The SDGs are interconnected, recognizing that economic, social, and environmental aspects are linked and essential for achieving sustainable development.The 17 SDGs include goals such as ensuring quality education, promoting sustainable economic growth, and protecting the environment. Some specific targets include ending hunger, achieving food security, and promoting sustainable agriculture. Other goals focus on providing clean water and sanitation, affordable and clean energy, and decent work and economic growth. The SDGs also emphasize the importance of reducing inequalities, promoting sustainable cities and communities, and taking action to combat climate change. Implementing the SDGs requires a collaborative effort from governments, businesses, and individuals. This can involve promoting sustainable practices, investing in renewable energy, and supporting initiatives that contribute to achieving the SDGs. For instance, artists are using their talents to raise awareness about the SDGs, such as creating abstract paintings that represent each goal. Such initiatives not only promote awareness but also inspire others to contribute to achieving the SDGs.The SDGs are crucial for creating a more equitable and sustainable world. By addressing these goals, we can ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity, now and in the future. This involves working together to protect the planet, end poverty, and promote sustainable development.

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Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs),United Nations, Poverty, Environment, Peace, Prosperity, Quality Education, Sustainable Economic Growth,Climate Change,Equality, Renewable Energy.

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Basal stem rot (Ganoderma wilt) disease caused by Ganoderma spp is the most destructive disease of coconut. Described detailed basal stem rot (BSR) disease symptoms on coconut palm. BSR pathogens Ganoderma applanatum (Pers) Pat and G.lucidum (Leys.) Karst was isolated from brackets and tissues of root and stem of coconut. Different management practices including cultural methods, chemical control and also biological control of the basal stem rot disease induced by Ganoderma spp, were reviewed in this chapter. Detailed investigations in the biological control of this disease were carried out. In vitro studies revealed that the native biocontrol agents viz., Trichoderma viride, T.harzianum and T.hamatum were very effective in checking the radial growth of both the Ganoderma spp as well as in the production specific volatile and non-volatile metabolites that are antagonistic to the basal stem rot disease pathogens. All the three Trichoderma spp, were found to check the basal stem rot disease of coconut at field level effectively when applied at the rate of 50 gms of talc powder formulation in conjunction with 5 kg neem cake per palm/year. Based on the results, an integrated disease management with biological control as key component was formulated to combat the disease at field level. The formulated IDM strategy against BSR of coconut include application of 50g of talc powder formulation of T.viride along with 5 kg neem cake /tree/ annum for a continuous period of over three years besides other cultural practices.

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Basal stem rot, Ganoderma spp., Fungicides, Biocontrol, Trichoderma spp & Coconut.

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Mangrove ecosystems are essential for coastal biodiversity conservation and play a pivotal role in ensuring sustainable development. In Andhra Pradesh, rapid urbanization, climate change, and aquaculture practices pose serious threats to these ecologically significant habitats. This study examines the current status of mangrove forests in the region, particularly focusing on the Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary. It highlights the key ecological functions of mangroves, including carbon sequestration, shoreline protection, and supporting local livelihoods. The paper further evaluates anthropogenic pressures and ongoing conservation efforts, including community-based management, policy initiatives, and technological interventions such as GIS monitoring. The findings underline the urgent need for integrated and participatory conservation strategies to safeguard the long-term health and functionality of mangrove ecosystems in Andhra Pradesh.

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Mangroves, Biodiversity Conservation, Sustainable Development, Aquaculture, Andhra Pradesh, Coringa Wildlife Sanctuary

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