Volume 10 | Issue 8

 Abstract

Urbanization and industrialization increased population density in cities and consequently leads to severe indoor and outdoor air pollution. As a result of these trends, the issue of sustainable and healthy indoor and outdoor environment has received increasing attention. Various air filtration techniques have been adopted to optimize indoor and outdoor air quality. Air filtration technique can remove air pollutants and effectively alleviate the deterioration of indoor and outdoor air quality.A comprehensive review on the synergistic effect of different air purification technologies, air filtration theory, materials and standards. It evaluated different air filtration technologies by considering factors such as air quality improvement, filtering performance, energy and economic behavior, thermal comfort and acousticimpact. Current research development of air filtration technologies along with their advantages, limitations and challenges are discussed. Air pollution has become the world's single biggest environmental health risk, linked to around 7 million deaths in 2012 according to a recent World Health Organization (WHO) report. The new data further reveals a stronger link between, indoor and outdoor air pollution exposureand cardiovascular diseases, such as strokes and ischemic heart disease, as well as between air pollution and cancer. This project aims to drive the future of air filtration technology research and development in achieving sustainable and healthy building ventilation

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Outdoor air filtration system

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Fertilizers and pesticides must be used in agricultural fields to increase crop yields. The biggest disadvantage of manual spraying is that it can cause a variety of health problems in the person spraying the fertilizers, such as respiratory ailments, cardiac diseases, and so on. When your skin is exposed to pesticides, dermal exposure can occur. Irritation or burns may result. We came up with the idea of an autonomous fertilizer/pesticide sprayer using a drone to prevent this risk and spray the fertilizers/pesticides consistently. This system is designed for activities involving a high danger of human entry, such as some criminal cases, and might be particularly useful in the military for spying purposes. The system engages a robotic arm as well as a robotic vehicle to not only access a high-risk region but also to carry whatever object it desires. The system also contains a night vision camera, which allows viewing of what is captured not only during the day but also at night. The entire system is managed through an Android application. Through an android device application, the system delivers commands to the receiving circuit mounted on the vehicle

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PESTICIDE SPRAYER DRONE WITH BOMB DEFUSING ROBOT

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Transportation technology is becoming increasingly vital in today's world, and it must be developed over time. There are so many road expansions during development to counter the substantial increases of motorised vehicles. The growing number of automobiles has resulted in issues such as road damage and a lack of road upkeep. Lack of awareness about the importance of repairing damaged roads, like as potholes, makes it more unsafe for riders to drive without causing injury. These issues are becoming increasingly alarming as the number of accidents and fatalities continues to rise. The pothole detecting sensor can be employed on the automotive system to reduce the risk of an accident. The concept of a pothole detecting sensor was borrowed from the proximity sensor system in this study. This work develops a low-cost sensor with the same quality as the present technology. Despite the use of low-cost sensors, maintenance is similarly low-cost and straight forward. It was revealed as a result of this research and investigation that the distance between the sensor and the observed pothole should be less than 4%

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IoT, Mqtt, Pothole

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Every system is now automated in order to meet new problems in today's environment. Automated systems require fewer manual procedures, allowing for more flexibility, reliability, and accuracy. As a result, in order to give superior performance, every industry chooses automated control systems, particularly in the field of electronics. Mobile phones are being utilized as a remote control for a three-phase motor pump that is used in agriculture. Due to India's frequent power outages and irregular voltage levels, efficient water distribution to the fields is required in all-weather circumstances. This is accomplished by transferring information in the form of messages between the user phone and GSM. This system is made up of a microcontroller that is linked to a GSM phone and a motor. This method can be used to operate any gadget in regions where there is no access to the internet. However, in this new architecture, the system does not need to be reprogrammed to manage a different appliance without modifying the microcontroller's programme. The user will be able to operate the appliance by making a call or sending a message from his phone. The system created with the Microcontroller in this work incorporates over-current protection, dry running, and single phasing. It is predicted that this

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GSM, RELAY, ARDUINO

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Skincancerisconsideredasoneofthemostdangeroustypesofcancerandthereisadrasticincreaseintherateofdeathsdue to the lack of knowledge on the symptoms and its prevention. In this paper, a dataset which includes two types of cancerouslesionimagesi.e.,melanomaandnevusandalsonon-cancerouslesionimagesarecollected.Thentheseimagesareputthroughpre-processingandsegmentation.Theseprocessedimagesarethenclassifiedasmelanoma,nevusornon-cancerousbyusingthreetypesofdeeplearningalgorithmi.e.,CNN(ConvolutionalNeuralNetwork),RNN(RecurrentNeuralNetwork)andLSTM(LongShort-Term Memory) andtheiraccuracyiscompared

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Melanoma, Nevus,ConvolutionalNeuralNetwork,RecurrentNeuralNetwork,LongShort-TermMemory

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A robot is a sort of automated machine that can do specified jobs quickly and precisely with little or no human assistance. This is a two-in-one project that allows you to control a robot using either voice commands or simple gestures. It basically describes how to operate a robot with speech or gestures. Separate portions of the robot control circuit are dedicated to voice and gesture. Each part has its own set of sensors. An electret microphone serves as the sound sensor in the voice part, while an accelerometer serves as the sensor in the gesture mode

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Ardunio;ESP;Gyroscope;Camera; Robot; Motor drivers

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A solvent that creates less hazards to human, animals and environment is called a green solvent. The separation of Benzene/Acetonitrile mixture is carried out using Dimethyl sulphoxide as an entrainer. Dimethyl sulfoxide can be replaced by a greener solvent, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, also known as iso-Octane. The vapour-liquid phase equilibrium data that are required for the design of separation system for the iso-Octane / Benzene mixture are not available in the literature. The experimental measurement of phase equilibrium data for vapour and liquid is a time-consuming and a costly affair. Instead, group contribution method such as modified UNIFAC Dortmund method can be used to predict the vapour-liquid equilibrium data. These data can be used for the design purpose. However, these data can be used for only preliminary design and for the final design of separation system, experimental data are indispensA solvent that creates less hazards to human, animals and environment is called a green solvent. The separation of Benzene/Acetonitrile mixture is carried out using Dimethyl sulphoxide as an entrainer. Dimethyl sulfoxide can be replaced by a greener solvent, 2,2,4-trimethyl pentane, also known as iso-Octane. The vapour-liquid phase equilibrium data that are required for the design of separation system for the iso-Octane / Benzene mixture are not available in the literature. The experimental measurement of phase equilibrium data for vapour and liquid is a time-consuming and a costly affair. Instead, group contribution method such as modified UNIFAC Dortmund method can be used to predict the vapour-liquid equilibrium data. These data can be used for the design purpose. However, these data can be used for only preliminary design and for the final design of separation system, experimental data are indispensableable

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Phase equilibrium, vapour-liquid equilibrium, Benzene, iso-octante, 2,2,4-trimethylpentane, modified UNIFAC Dortmund method

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Space allotments for various kind of waste have been a major problem in all countries of the world. There are wastes like E-waste, Hazardous waste, Agricultural waste, Industrial waste, Municipal waste, Commercial waste, Chemical waste, etc. We are using the waste, Coconut fiber in this project for building material and to protect environment and natural resource like. The basic waste used in this project is coconut fiber to attain the strength of the brick. At first we have to shredded coconut fiber into the small pieces, mix them at the right proportion to make this brick, bricks are allowed to laid on the ground with the help of the mould, wet bricks are dried for seven days, the bricks have to be burnt for 15 to 20 days to attain the good strength. After these process bricks carried to the testing process as per Indian Standard codes 3495 part 1&2, 1077. The tests are Compression Test and Water Absorption Test.

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Experimental Investigation on Brick with the Partial Replacement of Coconut Fibre

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The rapid growth of the Internet of Things (IoT) has enabled the development of innovative smart home automation systems that enhance comfort, safety, and energy efficiency. Conventional systems often rely solely on cloud-based platforms or high-cost commercial solutions, which can limit accessibility and usability for common households. This paper presents an IoT-based smart home automation system that integrates Arduino microcontroller, ESP32, Adafruit IO cloud services, and Bluetooth-based voice assistance to provide a cost-effective and hybrid solution. The system is designed to control multiple household appliances including a tube light, bulb, and fan using relays, with dual modes of operation: cloud monitoring via ESP32 with Adafruit IO and local voice commands via HC-05 Bluetooth module connected to Android and iOS applications. The Adafruit IO platform enables real-time monitoring of device status with timestamp logging, ensuring transparency and energy usage tracking, while Bluetooth-based voice control enhances accessibility and usability for all age groups. The proposed system demonstrates efficient performance, low latency, and user-friendly interaction, making it suitable for smart homes, elderly care, and energy management applications.

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IoT, Smart Home Automation, Arduino, ESP32, Adafruit IO, Bluetooth HC-05, Voice Assistance, Home Appliances.

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Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a game changer in the banking industry, changing traditional banking operations and service delivery paradigms. The integration of AI technologies such as machine learning, natural language processing, and data analytics allows banks to increase operational efficiency, risk management, and customer experience while also ensuring regulatory compliance. This study investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the banking sector, focusing on applications such as customer service, fraud detection, credit evaluation, and personalized banking. It also addresses the problems and ethical concerns that come with AI adoption, such as data privacy, transparency, and workforce repercussions. The report concluded that, while AI offers great prospects for innovation and competition, successful adoption necessitates strong governance, trained human resources, and responsible use.

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: Artificial Intelligence, Banking Sector, Machine Learning, Financial Technology, Digital Banking

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The architecture of teacher professional development (PD) in India must be strategically designed to meet the dual mandate of educational quality and radical inclusion, as outlined by national policy. The legislative framework, particularly the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act (RPwD), 2016, establishes a clear expectation that schools must ensure quality education through inclusive practices. This statutory requirement necessitates a systemic framework capable of reducing barriers for all learners, thereby transcending traditional models of reactive accommodation. The Universal Design for Learning (UDL) framework serves as the most effective pedagogical blueprint for achieving this proactive, barrier-reducing approach to curriculum design.

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Designing High-Fidelity Teacher Professional Development for UDL-SEL Integration: A Strategic Roadmap for Indian Schools

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This paper presents the design and development of an AI-powered wearable smart helmet system aimed at enhancing rider safety through intelligent sensing, communication, and automation. The system is divided into two parts: a transmitter unit embedded in the helmet and a receiver unit integrated with the motorcycle. The helmet unit uses a Nordic microcontroller as the core processor, along with a pressure sensor to verify helmet usage, an alcohol sensor to detect intoxication, and a gesture sensor for hands-free call management. It communicates with the bike via an RF transmitter. The receiver unit consists of a Nordic microcontroller, ADXL sensor for bike tilt and crash detection, a relay system to control vehicle ignition, and a motor driver for prototype operation. In the event of a crash, the system activates a GSM module to send the GPS location via SMS and triggers a buzzer to alert nearby individuals. The proposed solution not only enhances rider safety but also automates critical functions such as accident response and ignition lock, making it a practical advancement in smart transportation and wearable safety technology.

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Smart Helmet, Crash Detection, Alcohol Monitoring, Vehicle Lock System, Nordic Microcontroller, GPS, GSM, Gesture Control, RF Communication, AI-Powered Safety.

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In India's rapidly evolving educational landscape, the importance of English language proficiency has increased significantly. Once viewed merely as a colonial inheritance, English has now emerged as a vital global language that connects individuals to higher education, employment, science, and technology. For students in rural areas, especially in Haryana, learning English holds the promise of upward mobility and socio-economic empowerment. However, the reality on the ground is far more complex. English language teaching (ELT) in rural Haryana faces numerous challenges, ranging from a lack of trained teachers to limited resources, outdated curricula, and socio-cultural barriers. This research paper critically explores these challenges, the root causes behind them, and potential strategies that could help overcome them.

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educational, English, language, teaching, challenges, strategies

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Compressed Stabilized Earth Blocks (CSEBs) offer a sustainable alternative to conventional building materials, yet their strength and durability are critical for widespread adoption. This review paper provides a comparative analysis of cement, lime, and fly ash stabilization effects on CSEB performance. Drawing from established research, we explore stabilization mechanisms, impact of varying stabilizer proportions, and CSEB performance under diverse environmental conditions. Cement stabilization provides rapid strength gain through hydration, forming strong binding agents. Lime enhances long-term strength via pozzolanic reactions, particularly in clayey soils. Fly ash, a pozzolanic material, contributes to durability and utilizes waste resources. The choice of stabilizer depends on soil type, environmental conditions, and project requirements. Our analysis shows that cement offers high early strength, lime improves long-term performance and workability, and fly ash promotes sustainability. Optimal stabilizer proportions are crucial to balance strength gains with potential adverse effects. Compaction and curing conditions significantly influence CSEB performance. This review identifies future research directions, including long-term durability studies under extreme climates, exploration of blended stabilizers and bio-based additives, development of standardized testing protocols, microstructural analysis, and curing condition optimization. These efforts will enhance CSEB performance and promote their adoption as a sustainable building material.

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CSEB, Stabilization, Cement, Lime, Fly Ash, Strength, Durability, Comparative Analysis

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The Mizoram Right to Public Services Act, 2015, represents a transformative step toward citizen-centric governance in India, addressing inefficiencies and delays in public service delivery. This paper explores the historical context, provisions, and implementation challenges of the Act while analyzing its impact on governance, transparency, and citizen satisfaction. Key features of the legislation include mandatory time-bound service delivery, accountability measures through designated officers, a multi-tiered grievance redressal mechanism, and penalties for non-compliance. While the Act has improved service efficiency and administrative responsiveness, its success is constrained by limited public awareness, resource deficits, and resistance to accountability. Recommendations to strengthen its implementation include public education campaigns, enhanced training for officials, investment in digital infrastructure, and periodic policy reviews. By institutionalizing timely service delivery as a right, the Act underscores the potential for good governance and sets a model for other regions in India to replicate. This study provides critical insights into the Act's implications for public administration and the ongoing evolution of rights-based governance frameworks.

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Governance, Transparency, Public Service, Accountability, Citizens, Administration

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed various domains, including education, through the use of AI-driven voice bots and chatbots. These tools hold the potential to enhance personalized learning, provide immediate feedback, and bridge the gap in student-teacher interactions. This study examines the current implementation of AI chatbots in educational settings, their effectiveness in improving learning outcomes, and their impact on students' engagement and satisfaction. A mixed-method approach combining surveys, case studies, and sentiment analysis was employed to evaluate AI chatbot performance in higher education settings. Results indicate a positive correlation between AI chatbot integration and improved academic performance. Additionally, AI tools have proven effective in addressing diverse learning styles, reducing administrative workload, and offering 24/7 accessibility to learning resources. However, challenges such as ethical considerations, data privacy issues, and limitations in natural language understanding hinder their full potential. The findings of this study provide critical insights into the strengths and limitations of AI-driven educational tools, offering practical recommendations for stakeholders to maximize their effectiveness. The paper concludes by presenting opportunities for further development, highlighting future trends such as emotionally intelligent AI, multilingual capabilities, and integration with immersive technologies to enhance user experiences.

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AI Voice Bots, Chatbots, Personalized Learning, Natural Language Processing, Education Technology, Student Engagement.

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Sambhar Lake, the largest saline lake in India, situated in the arid Thar Desert of Rajasthan, provides a unique environment for studying aquatic ecosystems under extreme conditions. The study investigates the dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton communities in Sambhar Lake, with a focus on their seasonal variations and responses to fluctuating salinity and nutrient levels. Monthly water samples were collected from two sites (SLS 1 and SLS 2) over a period from February 2021 to May 2022. Seasonal patterns in both phytoplankton and zooplankton densities reflect the lake's dynamic environmental conditions, emphasizing the influence of salinity and nutrient fluctuations. The study highlights the ecological significance of Sambhar Lake as a natural laboratory for understanding the impacts of extreme conditions on aquatic life. Continued monitoring and management are crucial for addressing challenges such as eutrophication and salinity fluctuations, ensuring the sustainability of this vital aquatic ecosystem. The findings reveal significant insights into the lake's ecological dynamics, highlighting the effects of salinity, temperature, and nutrient availability on plankton populations.

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Sambhar Lake, Phytoplankton, Zooplankton

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Optimization of query performance in NoSQL distributed databases is one of the specific queries, and the rationale is that using these systems, more and more organizations are working with increasing amounts of unstructured and semi-structured data. This article presents different ways of enhancing the efficiency of the execution of queries with the help of forms of Apriori indexation, data distribution, and refined query optimization methods. It also shows how these methods are applied in large-scale real-world systems on LinkedIn, Netflix, and eBay case studies. Also, the article indicates trends for enhancing query optimization in further NoSQL databases, considering their integration with machine learning, server-less computing, and edge computing that can bring higher effectiveness and versatility to the NoSQL databases. The information presented here is designed to assist DBAs and system architects maintain distributed NoSQL systems' high performance and scalability.

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NoSQL databases, query optimization, indexing techniques, data distribution, sharding, replication, machine learning, serverless computing, edge computing

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Epistemology deals with the question of the source of knowledge or, in what way we acquire knowledge from the world. Rationalists and empiricists in their viewpoint emphasis on rationality and experience as the source of knowledge. As empiricist philosopher, John Locke declares sense experience as means to acquire knowledge. But the key-point of Locke's philosophy is we directly do not receive any knowledge form experience but only ideas of substance. Our mind process these simple data to build knowledge. In his renowned book 'An Essay Concerning Human Understanding' John Locke beautifully expressed his own vision.

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Sense experience, empiricism, perception, idea.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The proliferation of cloud computing has transformed how businesses manage their IT infrastructure, offering unparalleled flexibility, scalability, and cost-efficiency. However, many enterprises are increasingly adopting hybrid cloud environments, leveraging the strengths of public cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, and Google Cloud Platform (GCP) while maintaining on-premises infrastructure. This research paper provides a comprehensive comparative analysis of optimizing hybrid cloud environments using these three leading cloud service providers. Through an exploration of key aspects such as cost management, security, integration, performance, and scalability, the study aims to elucidate the unique benefits and challenges associated with each platform. The paper draws on empirical data, case studies, and expert insights to examine how AWS, Azure, and GCP cater to hybrid cloud requirements, highlighting best practices and strategies for maximizing efficiency and minimizing operational complexity. The analysis underscores the importance of aligning cloud strategies with organizational goals and provides actionable recommendations for IT managers and decision-makers seeking to enhance their hybrid cloud deployments. By identifying the comparative advantages and potential pitfalls of each platform, this study contributes to a deeper understanding of how businesses can harness the full potential of hybrid cloud architectures to drive innovation and achieve competitive advantage.

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Hybrid Cloud, AWS, Azure, GCP, Cloud Optimization, Cloud Integration, Scalability, Cost Management, Security

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