Volume 8 | Issue 8

 Abstract

Quest for high photo conversion efficiency have vastly increasing by the emergence of new novel solar cell materials that could support light capturing from sun. From the birth of solar cell in 19th century, research voyage of solar cells has proven to be an outstanding alternative source of energy. Among 4G (four generation) solar cells, this review put forth the PSC (Perovskite solar cell) which are next preferable choice as the top solar cell owing to its higher absorption edge (~ 2.23 eV) and efficiency of 22.7 %. The review and research findings presented provide valuable guidance in identifying new pathways in optimizing future PV designs towards sustainable energy harvesting.

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Solar cell, Perovskite, Photo conversion efficiency.

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On the basis of the study of the traditional dwelling of Afghanistan, information is given on the features of architecture in conditions of dry hot climate, which reflects the desire of the inhabitants to neutralize the adverse consequences of summer overheating. It is noted how the inhabitants of dwellings adapt to the complex conditions of the terrain, taking into account the ancient traditions of Afghanistan's housing construction.

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tradition; people's dwelling; interior of a residential building; natural and climatic features; shaping factors; techniques of architectural composition.

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In this paper we had made MATLAB programs of elimination methods for single variable nonlinear optimization problems and interpolation methods for single variable nonlinear optimization problems. It also includes comparison of different elimination methods as well as different interpolation methods. By studying results of Elimination methods using this MATLAB programs we can observed that the Fibonacci method achieve any specified accuracy in least number of iterations. So we can conclude that Fibonacci method is very efficient than other methods. By studying results of Interpolation methods using this MATLAB programs we can observed that the Newton method achieve any specified accuracy in least number of iterations. So we can conclude that Newton method is very efficient than other methods.

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Elimination methods, interpolation methods, Fibonacci method, Newton method, non linear optimization

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Frequent itemset mining is important task in data mining domain. This is applicable in variety of applications such as market-basket analysis, browsing history analysis, transaction record analysis, etc. Lot of work has been done in the domain of co-occurrence pattern extraction and association rule mining. The existing system works on static dataset as an input. The proposed system focuses on temporal analysis of data and extracts co-occurrence patterns from dataset based on timestamp information. Each record in a dataset has it is own time information. Based on the time information data is sliced in 3 dimensional cube. The apriori algorithm is extended to work with time cube information data. Using time interval cubes, the co-occurrence of pattern is analyzed periodically and with certain time interval. For processing multiple time cube simultaneously, a multithreaded environment is proposed to improve system efficiency. To solve the overestimation problem, a density threshold value is checked for each time cube. The performance of system is tested on various dataset and its execution time and memory is compared with the existing approach.

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co-occurrence patterns, time cube, Temporal analysis, apriori, multithreaded application, frequent patterns

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Ecologically, insects occupy diverse niches and play many different roles important in sustaining the dynamics of ecosystem process. They could be herbivores (some are pests), predators and parasites (maintaining the population dynamics of herbivore insects), pollinators, decomposers and scavengers- each group or species within groups have distinct feeding habit. As such they are closely associated with the habitat and factors within it. It is evident that their impact is considerable, and that the known or potential value stored in their diversity should be preserved for the future. Knowledge of the diversity of insects in agro-ecosystems therefore becomes important. During this century, the practice of irrigating agricultural crops with sewage waters in rural and peri-urban areas of our Country is becoming a common practice. Such agro-ecosystems have low pH and high organic matter and due to accumulation of humus the soil is very good as far as cropping is concerned. In a way, it is natural organic farming. The present work therefore was undertaken to study the insect scenario (diversity and density) in some sewage irrigated agro-ecosystems in and around Bikaner, Rajasthan during an annual cycle documenting the data for seventeen months. In all, of the total 102 insect species noted, most number of 82 insect species was documented during January, May and September and minimum diversity of 54 insect forms was observed in the month of April. Over all, density wise maximum numbers of 670 insects (per trap) were documented during September and minimum density of 222 insects was observed in the month of April.

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 Keywords

Insect diversity, Insect density, Sewage irrigation, Agro-ecosystem

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Architects of Indian constitution were eager to make the country sovereign stable, peaceful and to protect the human rights of people. Constitutional laws contributed a very pivotal role to make the country?s judicial system on right track for the sake of country?s present ground reality complex scenarios and the future has been made secured for our parliamentary system is based on upgrading or new constitutional laws. But controversial Article 370 has provided the Jammu and Kashmir state vast powers as the autonomous body which created many complex problems including threat of unity of the country and our government bifurcated the state into two successors �Union Territories� with additional limited aboriginal administrative powers under the Central Government. This Article was a �Temporary Provision� and it was essential to abrogate, modify and to eliminate this article. Article 370 has a historical background which does not emerge from legal or constitutional dimensions but it has complex political and religious dimensions which have impact on the international border highly complex issues between India and Pakistan. Pakistan government has been claiming over J&K since 1947. Dispute of L.A.C. �Line of Actual Control� around �No Men?s Land� and continue to complex issues of �Line of Control� with Pakistan have been going on since 1947, whereas China has been claiming on our land which is located near to Ladakh. The United Nation deliberates J&K to be disputed territory between Indo-Pak, but New Delhi, the status quo party, calls the recent legal changes an internal matter and it is usually opposing third �part involvement in the Kashmir issue. Since the beginning of this matter Article 370 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar the father of Indian constitution was totally disagreed in introducing this article in our constitution. In this Dissertation research work, abrogation of Article 370 of the Indian constitution is taken as an �Legal Analytical Study� where focusing the complex issues and matter of responsibilities in the making of Article 370 and its right implication, Division of State by The Union Govt., Distinct formation of High Court, Emergency Provisions as Temporary and Transition, Fundamental Rights and Ground Reality Scenarios under The Constitution of Indian and its Problem Solving Skills implementation on ground reality complex scenarios have impact on The Valley of Kashmir (Jammu -Kashmir and Ladakh) towards country?s peace and international stable and progressive relations. The hope is that the fine combination of Muslims (Kashmiris - One Divine Wisdom) and Buddhists (Ladakh from Tibet University - Lhasa) give us a unique culture and scope of advanced future enhancements to reshape the unstable country?s situations in peaceful, enlightened and advanced development under the umbrella of Indian Constitution.

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The Constitution of India, The Valley Of Kashmir (Jammu- Kashmir and Ladakh), Article 370, Temporary Provisions, Union Territories, Ground Reality Scenarios, Human Rights, Legal Analytical Study, Problem Solving Skills, Country Peace, Stability, advanced development, international stable and progressive relations.

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This paper sought to look at the state of brand labels in the Ghanaian clothes and fashion related articles among dressmakers and tailors that help boost patronage of made in Ghana clothing and fashion articles. Tourists all over the world have collected souvenir from the sites they visit and they are proud to show the authenticity of these souvenirs. One aspect of showing off the authenticity of such clothes and fashion articles is the brand labels that appear on them. This work is situated within the qualitative research approach with interview, observation and field trip to secure data for the findings. The descriptive design approach with the narrative analysis method were used to analyse the data. It was clear from the findings that few graphic designers have looked at the design and production of brand labels for tailors and dressmakers in the local dressmaking business. The researcher recommends among others that Ghana National Tailors and Dressmakers Association educates members of the association on the need for a brand label.

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Brand, dress, fashion, label, proprietor

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Now a days, we can watch movies, videos on different video displaying devices ranging from mobile phone, iPods to high definition television displays. These devices have different size and resolutions. Movie contents often are manufactured in one resolution and consumed in other resolutions. Therefore it is necessary to convert video from one resolution format to other format which is compatible with particular display device. Converting video from lower resolution to higher resolution is known as video up scaling and converting video from higher resolution to lower is known as video down scaling. Video scaling is converting video from one resolution format to another, so that video will fit into target display. In this project we are converting video from QCIF, CIF format to VGA format using adaptive decision algorithm. Adaptive decision algorithm uses Spline interpolation for if difference between two adjacent pixels is more than threshold, and uses Nearest neighborhood if difference is less than threshold. QCIF format is widely used in mobile phone, iPod displays. VGA is well known computer monitor display format

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 Keywords

Image scaling, Zooming, Interpolation, nearest neighbor, bilinear, spline, box filter, Bartlett filter, MSE, PSNR, Quality index

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Stem cell research is an emerging trend in the field of biotechnology. Stem cell is an immature cell that has capability to differentiate into a mature cell. These cells can be used to treat many incurable diseases. There are three types of stem cells. Embryonic stem cells (ESC), adult stem cells and core blood stem cells. ESC is the most imperative form of cells which are more versatile and flexible when compared to other forms of stem cell. ESC is derived from early stage of human embryo which is called blastocyst. These blastocyst has an outer layer of cells and inner cell mass which are pluripotent in nature. They can develop into different type of tissues in the human body. But extraction of such blastocyst makes the embryo non viable. This brings in many ethical and moral issues in the society. Many countries like UK, Belgium, India etc are supporting stem cell research. Many other countries like Austria, Italy etc are opposing these researches. In India initiatives are taken by the Government to promote stem cell researches. Yet patentability of ESC technologies are still debatable in our country. National Guidelines for Stem cell Research 2017 is being adopted by India. it seeks to facilitate safe, ethical and regulated research. Novelty, Inventive step and Industrial applications are the basic criteria for obtaining patent. Embryonic stem cell technologies qualify all the criteria. In India an invention should also qualify section 3 of Patent Act 1970. According to which an invention contrary to public order or morality cannot be patented. In this research paper the researcher has analyzed challenges in patenting ESC technology and provided positive solutions for the same. The researcher also studied the various frameworks set by different countries. The researcher has discussed the ethical issued involved in ESC technology.

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Stem cell technology, Patent, Ethics, Biotechnology, human dignity

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The Paper discusses the image scaling application required to zoom the image with interpolation. The paper also proposes the novel approach for image scaling and comparing the novel approach with the other existing interpolation techniques. The scope of the paper is limited to use the different image scaling techniques to fit the image on the display devices of different resolutions. Different image scaling techniques such as nearest neighbour and bilinear are considered for the comparison with the proposed novel approach. The proposed method, nearest neighbour and bilinear interpolation techniques is ported on a digital signal processor DM 642 to measure the computation complexity and memory requirements. The different image scaling techniques considered are compared on the basis of objective and subjective measures.

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Interpolation, nearest neighbor, bilinear, bicubic, zoom

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A sprocket or sprocket-wheel is a profiled wheel with teeth, cogs or even sprockets that mesh with a Chain. The name 'sprocket' applies generally to any wheel upon which radial projections engage a chain passing over it. It is distinguished from a gear in that sprockets are never meshed together directly, and differs from a pulley in that sprockets have teeth and pulleys are smooth. Generally sprockets are made of mild steel. They exist in various dimensions, teeth number and are made of different materials. Sometimes faulty chains quickly wear the sprocket. Possible causes of this problem are significant overload, breakage, high impact pressure, excessive chain wear far beyond replacement level, combination of worn chain with new sprockets etc. To ensure efficient power transmission chain sprocket should be properly designed and manufactured. There is a possibility of weight reduction 0in chain drive sprocket. During this work, a study of designing optimization of sprocket using different processes and techniques will be studied. During this work the designing of chain sprocket, analysis will be done by using FEA.

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Sprocket, mild steel, carbon fiber, CAD, FEA, stress and deformation.

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Andrographis paniculata is a worldwide known medicinal plant grown mainly in India and China. It is being directly consumed as medicine. Therefore, it is necessary to adopt an organic method of cultivation to maintain human health safety. In this study, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) was collected from sweet water and water hyacinth (WH) based organic manure was used for the cultivation of Andrographis paniculata using pot assay. Water hyacinth imposes a threat to ecosystem balance and water quality. In the present study, eight treatments were implemented, from which the treatment with 25% water hyacinth and 75% chicken manure application at the rate of 10 tonnes /hectare(ha) provided promising results for growth improvement and yield than others. The maximum dry matter yield was found to be 1180 kg/ha with the application of WH and chicken manure(1:3), followed by 1134 kg/ha with the application of WH and chicken manure(1:1) when compared to other treatments. Also, the water hyacinth based organic manures have been tested for EC, pH, Total Organic Carbon, heavy metals, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium to assure their quality before commencing experiments. In the view of the above observations, it is recommended to make use of the water hyacinth based organic manures for medicinal plants especially to ensure good yield and fertility of the soil.

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Andrographis paniculata, organic farming, sustainable agriculture, water-hyacinth, yield

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In variety of domains large numbers of documents are generated every day. Mining text document and extracting useful information is challenging task. A group of words in a document describes the topic discussed in the document. Lot of work has been done for mining topic from a document set. This work focuses on analysis of time series documents like collection of news articles, series of scientific papers, posts or tweets on social media sites, etc. Topics are evolved over time and are correlated. The system finds temporal topic evolution and topic hierarchy. Along with the topic modeling, topic trend forecasting is also done. The document data is pre-processed using machine learning techniques and important words are extracted. These words are used for topic modeling. The topic modeling is performed using Latent Dirichlet Allocation and Gibbs Sampler. The important topic words are treated as topic dictionary. The performance in terms of accuracy will be compared with the existing approaches.

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Text mining, Topic forecast, Topic discovery, Cluster labeling, topic modeling, Label identification

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In this paper, we introduce a new two parameter Alpha Logarithm Transformed Rayleigh (ALTR) distribution. A new method has been proposed to introduce an extra parameter to a family of distributions for more flexibility .The proposed family may be named as Alpha Logarithm Transformed Rayleigh. This can be obtained via reparameterizing the exponentiated Kumaraswamy G-logarithmic family and the alpha logarithmic family of distributions. The recommended distribution reveals increasing, decreasing and bath-shaped probability Density, Distribution and Hazard rate function and Survival function. Some distributional properties of new model are investigated which include the Density Function, Distribution Function (DF), Quantile Function(QF), Moments, Moment Generating Function (MGF), Cumulative Generating Function (CGF).

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ALTR, Probability density function, Cumulative distribution function, Hazard function and Survival function, Properties

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Keywords : Sports and games, Indigenous, Aboriginal, Playing, culture, country, Importance.

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The Communicate Bond Belong (CBB) theory states that much everyday talk occurs in episodes. CBB theory specifies qualifying criteria for an episode. Frequently undertaking communication episodes is seen as realizing relational satisfaction. Gossip is a type of episode; literature specifies absent individual, evaluative content, and dimensions of context whose simultaneous occurrence transforms a social interaction into gossip. This study investigates the extent to which everyday talk occurs in episodes, and the extent to which gossip is an episode of social interaction. The study is conducted using mixed methods. Data collection adopts diary record as the tool. Data analysis is based on frequencies and interpretation. Findings show that evaluative content more than information about absent individuals describes gossip.

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Face-to-face; evaluative content;

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This study is undertaken to understand the effectiveness of the educational program given to teachers with special reference to Autism Spectrum Disorder. For this purpose a questionnaire was developed and evaluated within a pre-post style and picked up data from teachers who were attending CRE training program given by the Government of India for creating the teachers with additional knowledge and to be more efficient in handling the autistic school students. The information was collected from about 150 teachers both their responses before and after attending the training was collected. The mean post score showed a major improvement compared to mean pre score i.e. there is a heap additional improvement to teachers after attending the program.The primary objective of the study is to visualize the effectiveness of the education program.

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Training program for teachers , effectiveness of training program given to teachers ,Autism spectrum disorder

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Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Survival rates for CDH neonates have increased with early prenatal detection and improved postnatal management. Aims and Objectives: To assess the Clinical profile, Risk factors for mortality and Analyze the Predictors affecting the Outcome at discharge for neonates with CDH. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted over a period of 03 years in a tertiary care in North Karnataka, India. Clinical characteristics and risk factors of 15 neonates diagnosed with CDH were compared between survivors and non-survivors. Neonates with clinical and intra operative diagnosis of diaphragmatic eventration were not included in this study. Results: A total of 15 neonates diagnosed with CDH were included. There was a significant difference between CDH neonates who survived (87%) and those who died (13%), in terms of onset of respiratory distress, preoperative ventilation, the presence of severe PPHN, maximum OI on day 1, surfactant administration, large defect size, intrathoracic liver, sepsis and length of hospital stay with (P < 0.05). The maximum OI on first day < 15 and absence of severe PPHN predicted the survival for CDH neonates. (P value<0.005). Conclusion: The overall survival rate among CDH neonates in our institutional experience was good. Risk factors for mortality include onset of respiratory distress, maximum OI > 15 on first day and need for preoperative ventilation. Maximum OI on first day < 15 and absence of severe pulmonary hypertension are good predictors of the survival for CDH neonates.

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congenital diaphragmatic hernia, pulmonary hypertension, neonatal survival, outcomes.

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The research is on the perception of B.Ed. pupil teacher about digital citizenship. The study is about the awareness level of the B.Ed. pupil teaher about digital citizenship and how they teach students about digital citizenship. In this pandemic situation in which we all used technology to cope-up with our environment. It is important that the digital citizen should be aware about their rights and responsibilties while access the internet.

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� Online Forums & Communities (online group discussions) � Smart Blogging � Smart Searching � Online educational resources � Cyber Safety (Theory and case-studies) � Cyber Ethics (Theory and case-studies) � Cyber laws � Online reputation � Avoiding Internet Addiction � Digital access � Digital commerce � Digital communication � Digital wellness and health � Media literacy � Plagiarism � Digital footprints

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Covid-19 is a pandemic disease. It has spread throughout the world. Kerala is a state in the southernmost part of India. Kerala state had started preparing for this new infectious disease as early as the end of January 2020. With the disease spreading further internationally and with increase in the number of persons coming to Kerala from foreign countries and other states of India, Kerala is now one of the most affected states. Kerala has registered the highest recovery rate of 27.17% as against a global rate of 22.2%; thus, successfully tackling the problem. This has bought to light some of the emerging trends of Covid-19 patients in Kerala and its impact. Migration is the main reason for increasing trend of Covid-19 patients in Kerala. The model of Kerala development highlights the remarkable achievements in the field of health and education, infant mortality, social and human development etc. The Covid-19 pandemic disease has highly affected each and every segment of the economy. The infections of the novel corona virus have adversely affected Kerala, as well as posing challenges to the state in the near future.

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 Keywords

Covid-19, MERS, SARS, Disease, Pandemic, Economy, State, Sector, Death, Recovery, Cases, Migrant, Student, Workers, Government, Social distance, Person, Epidemic, Coronavirus.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition