Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

The most dominant feature of the post colonial literature is its reference to the colonial fear that evolved as a recurrent theme in their narratives. The anxieties, exploitation, and psychological oppression experienced by colonized individuals or communities under colonial imperialist are manifested in the form of fear as the undercurrent force in their writings. The imposition of a foreign regime, their religious principles, cultural erasure, displacement, and direct violence manufactured certain amount of fear in the minds of colonized which remains as an incurable ailment. The loss of language, culture and identity, the power structure and societal constraints of the colonizer, the law enforcement that mitigates the local interest, lead to the mistrust and as a result the fear elements emerge. Gender dynamics shape gender roles, identities, and the power structures and the female writers like Grace Ogot critically examine the ways in which colonialism reinforced patriarchy. The thrust of this paper would be to show how Grace Ogot's The Green Leaves,(1968) critiques the colonial fears, greed , gender dynamics and justice are intertwined leaving women in the periphery.

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Keywords: Cultural erasure, displacement, gender dynamics, power structure, colonial fear...etc

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In Agra, a city rich in history and renowned for its iconic sites such as the taj mahal and Agra fort, this research investigates the impact of the smart city mission (SCM) on tourism development and the promotion of sustainability. Although Agra attracts millions of tourists annually, it faces challenges including pollution, traffic congestion, outdated infrastructure, and inadequate urban services, all of which negatively affect both residents and visitors. This study explores the implementation of SCM strategies aimed at tackling these issues and improving the overall travel experience through digitalization, intelligent infrastructure, sustainability efforts, and community involvement. The aim of this study is to assess the tangible impacts of supply chain management (scm) strategies on the tourism services and heritage conservation in Agra. Additionally, it examines visitor satisfaction, compares Agra's progress with that of other smart heritage cities, and identifies best practices along with policy recommendations for the advancement of sustainable tourism. The results are expected to be highly beneficial for policymakers, urban planners, and tourism stakeholders who seek to align smart city goals with heritage preservation and inclusive urban development.

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smart city mission, tourism development, sustainability, Agra, urbanization, technology integration, cultural heritage

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Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain, Big Data Analytics, and Robotics are revolutionizing traditional supply chain systems by providing enhanced visibility, traceability, real-time decision-making, and automation. This paper explores the integration of these technologies within supply chain systems, analyzing their benefits, challenges, and implications for the future.

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Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Blockchain, Big Data Analytics, and Robotics

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Romantic Betrayal, Infidelity, Attachment Theory, Betrayal Trauma, Gender Differences, Coping Strategies, Emotional Regulation

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Romantic Betrayal, Infidelity, Attachment Theory, Betrayal Trauma, Gender Differences, Coping Strategies, Emotional Regulation

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Background: Extensive studies have revealed that smoking affects far more than just physical health--it impacts emotional well-being, relationships, and overall quality of life. At home, it can create tension, with loved ones constantly worrying about second-hand smoke, health risks, and the emotional toll of seeing someone struggle. Outside the home, smoking can affect friendships, social interactions or team dynamics strained. What starts as a personal habit often becomes a shared burden, affecting everyone in its path. Beyond the individual, community actions are critical in supporting those trying to quit. With the right resources, support, and understanding, quitting becomes more than just a health decision--it's an opportunity to rebuild trust, strengthen relationships, and create a better, more connected life for everyone involved. Objectives: To find their perspective on how smoking affects the physical activity. To find relation between age and average number of cigarettes. To find determination of people to quit smoking. Methodology: 30 participants were taken for data collection. Questionnaire which contained 1 7 questions regarding effects of smoking on individuals was used. Results: The bar and line graph revealed that participants who smoked more cigarettes per day reported higher levels of shortness of breath and experienced greater difficulty in performing daily tasks. Additionally, based on the pie chart showing recovery duration, the majority of individuals required less than 30 minutes to recover after smoking-related discomfort, with only a small fraction needing more than 60 minutes. Conclusion: The findings suggest a clear association between higher smoking frequency and increased respiratory discomfort, as well as reduced ability to perform daily activities. Younger adults smoked more frequently, indicating a need for targeted early intervention and awareness programs. Despite short recovery times in most cases, the presence of shortness of breath in regular smokers underscores the subtle but significant impact of smoking on quality of life.

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Smoking, Health, Smoking Effects, Quality of Life, Breath, Daily Tasks, Well Being

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The global pharmaceutical industry faces persistent challenges, notably the proliferation of counterfeit drugs, which poses severe public health risks and economic losses. Traditional supply chain frameworks frequently exhibit deficiencies in the requisite transparency and traceability, which are essential for effectively addressing these challenges. Blockchain technology, characterized by its fundamental attributes of immutability, transparency, and cryptographic security, presents a viable approach to augment the integrity of the pharmaceutical supply chain. This manuscript seeks to deliver an exhaustive comparative analysis of leading blockchain platforms, particularly focusing on Hyperledger Fabric and Ethereum, to assess their applicability in the management of drug supply chains. This study is founded solely on a comprehensive examination of scholarly literature, evaluating essential factors including performance metrics (throughput and latency), security protocols, scalability attributes, consensus algorithms, privacy considerations, and financial ramifications. Key findings indicate that Hyperledger Fabricgenerally outperforms private Ethereum in invoke (write) functions, demonstrating higher throughput and significantly lowerlatency for operations like creating users or transferring money. Conversely, private Ethereum excels in query (read) operationsdue to its account-based ledger model, offering lower latency. While both platforms show scalability limitations, Hyperledger Fabric is better suited for structured enterprise applications requiring high transaction throughput and permissioned access, whereas private Ethereum's performance can be inconsistent due to gas fees and computational overhead, particularly for complex operations. The study concludes by recommending the most suitable platform for the pharmaceutical industry, discussing the practical implications and trade-offs.

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Blockchain, Drug Supply Chain, Counterfeit Drugs, Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, Traceability, Scalability, Performance, Phar Blockchain, Drug Supply Chain, Counterfeit Drugs, Hyperledger Fabric, Ethereum, Traceability, Scalability, Performance, Pharmaceutical Industry.

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Abstract: Following intense political unrest sparked by the quota reform movement, an interim government was established in Bangladesh on August 5, 2024, after the resignation of former Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina. On August 8, 2024, Dr. Muhammad Yunus was sworn in as Chief Advisor along with sixteen other advisors. This political transition marks a pivotal moment in the country's political history, with profound implications for Bangladesh's bilateral relations, particularly with neighboring India. This article examines the changing nature of India-Bangladesh relations in the post-Sheikh Hasina period, under the interim government, focusing on areas of collaboration as well as emerging challenges. Through an analysis of the historical context, current diplomatic landscape, and prospects, this paper aims to provide insights into the complexities of bilateral relations between the two nations. The findings emphasize the importance of fostering strong diplomatic ties, given the countries' shared history, cultural affinities, and economic interests. The study finds that shared cultural heritage, common historical narratives, and mutual economic interests offer a strong foundation for deepening bilateral ties. However, persistent issues such as border security concerns, trade disputes, transboundary water sharing, livestock-related conflicts, illegal immigration, the Farakka Barrage, the strategic significance of the Siliguri Corridor, and the spread of misinformation in mainstream and social media present ongoing obstacles. Additionally, the broader geopolitical context--marked by the growing influence of China and the United States in South Asia, as well as the expansion of BRICS--may further shape the future of India-Bangladesh relations. By introducing the context of the interim government, this study adds a fresh perspective to the existing discourse on India-Bangladesh diplomacy. It offers meaningful insights for scholars, policymakers, and diplomatic analysts seeking to understand and navigate the region's shifting strategic landscape. regional geopolitics.

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Keywords: India-Bangladesh relations, interim government, diplomatic relations, bilateral cooperation,

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The rapid proliferation of digital technologies and social media platforms has reshaped the way Generation Z (Gen Z) interacts with the world. As the first generation to grow up in a hyperconnected environment, Gen Z has unparalleled access to information, social interaction, and online communities, which has transformed their social lives and communication patterns. However, the benefits of this connectivity are accompanied by significant psychological costs, including digital burnout and social media fatigue. These phenomena, which refer to the emotional and psychological exhaustion from prolonged engagement with digital technologies and social media, have emerged as serious mental health challenges for Gen Z. The constant availability of digital content, the pressure to maintain an online presence, and the blurred boundaries between personal and digital life have intensified feelings of anxiety, stress, and emotional depletion. While social media platforms foster connection and self-expression, they also contribute to an overwhelming sense of overload, social comparison, and detachment, which in turn affect users' emotional well-being. This paper delves into the causes, effects, and psychological implications of digital burnout and social media fatigue within Gen Z. Drawing on existing literature, psychological theories, and case studies, the paper explores the relationship between hyperconnectivity and mental health issues such as anxiety, depression, and self-esteem. Furthermore, it proposes actionable strategies and interventions aimed at mitigating these challenges. By providing insights into the underlying causes of these phenomena, this research seeks to inform future interventions, public health campaigns, and digital wellness strategies that can help Gen Z navigate the complexities of living in an increasingly digital world.

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Digital Burnout, Social Media Fatigue, Generation Z, Mental Health, Hyperconnectivity, Psychological Implications, Anxiety, Depression, Digital Well-being, Social Media Impact

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The sound-advaita of Acharya Bhartrihari is the Brahmadvaita of Acharya Shankara

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The sound-advaita of Acharya Bhartrihari is the Brahmadvaita of Acharya Shankara

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भारत में मुस्लिम महिलाओं के वैवाहिक अधिकारों की सुरक्षा एवं लैंगिक समानता सुनिश्चित करने की दिशा में 'मुस्लिम महिला (विवाह अधिकार संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 2019' एक ऐतिहासिक कदम माना गया है। यह शोध पत्र ट्रिपल तलाक की प्रथा पर कानूनी प्रतिबंध के पश्चात मुस्लिम महिलाओं की सामाजिक स्थिति, कानूनी जागरूकता और सशक्तिकरण के स्तर में आए बदलावों का विश्लेषण करता है। इस अध्ययन में राजस्थान के कुछ चयनित शहरी और ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों की मुस्लिम महिलाओं से प्राप्त प्राथमिक आंकड़ों तथा विभिन्न रिपोर्टों एवं विधिक दस्तावेजों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। शोध के निष्कर्ष बताते हैं कि ट्रिपल तलाक कानून से महिलाओं में आत्मविश्वास की वृद्धि हुई है, लेकिन अभी भी व्यापक स्तर पर कानूनी जानकारी एवं सामाजिक समर्थन की आवश्यकता है। यह शोध सामाजिक सुधार, महिला सशक्तिकरण एवं विधिक साक्षरता की दिशा में एक महत्त्वपूर्ण विमर्श प्रस्तुत करता है, जो नीति-निर्माताओं एवं सामाजिक संगठनों के लिए उपयोगी सिद्ध हो सकता है। भारत जैसे बहुसांस्कृतिक देश में मुस्लिम समुदाय की पारिवारिक परंपराओं में तीन तलाक की प्रथा लंबे समय से विवादास्पद रही है। यह प्रथा, विशेषकर "तत्काल तीन तलाक" (Instant Triple Talaq), मुस्लिम महिलाओं के मौलिक अधिकारों, मानवीय गरिमा और लैंगिक समानता के विरुद्ध मानी गई है। 2017 में सर्वोच्च न्यायालय द्वारा इसे असंवैधानिक घोषित करने के पश्चात, "मुस्लिम महिला (विवाह अधिकार संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 2019" अधिनियमित किया गया, जिसने इस प्रथा को दंडनीय अपराध घोषित कर दिया। यह शोध पत्र ट्रिपल तलाक कानून के लागू होने के बाद मुस्लिम महिलाओं की सामाजिक, वैवाहिक और मानसिक स्थिति में हुए परिवर्तनों का समकालीन विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है। शोध में राजस्थान के कुछ शहरी एवं ग्रामीण क्षेत्रों में रहने वाली मुस्लिम महिलाओं से साक्षात्कार एवं प्रश्नावली द्वारा प्राथमिक आंकड़े एकत्रित किए गए हैं। साथ ही, द्वितीयक स्रोतों जैसे न्यायिक निर्णयों, सरकारी रिपोर्टों, सामाजिक संगठनों की दस्तावेज़ी जानकारी और समाचार पत्रों की समीक्षा भी की गई है। शोध में यह पाया गया कि कानून बनने के बाद मुस्लिम महिलाओं में अपने अधिकारों को लेकर जागरूकता में वृद्धि हुई है। कई महिलाएँ अब तलाक की प्रक्रिया और इसके वैध प्रावधानों को बेहतर समझ रही हैं। हालांकि, पारिवारिक और सामाजिक दबाव, धार्मिक भय और कानूनी सहायता की कमी अभी भी कई महिलाओं को न्याय पाने से वंचित कर रही है। इस शोध का निष्कर्ष यह है कि केवल कानून बनाना पर्याप्त नहीं है, बल्कि उसके प्रभावी क्रियान्वयन, समुदाय-स्तरीय जागरूकता, और महिला केंद्रित समर्थन प्रणाली का विकास आवश्यक है। यह अध्ययन नीति निर्माताओं, सामाजिक कार्यकर्ताओं और महिला सशक्तिकरण के क्षेत्र में कार्यरत संगठनों के लिए उपयोगी मार्गदर्शन प्रदान करता है।

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1. मुस्लिम महिला अधिकार 2. ट्रिपल तलाक 3. मुस्लिम महिला (विवाह अधिकार संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 2019 4. लैंगिक समानता 5. वैवाहिक न्याय 6. सामाजिक प्रभाव 7. महिला सशक्तिकरण 8. पारिवारिक कानून 9. विधिक जागरूकता 10.

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This quantitative study explores the role of perceived rejection in social isolation among patients with Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). PTSD is often linked with emotional distress, and many patients feel disconnected from others. Perceived rejection--feeling unwanted or excluded--can further increase this isolation. The study was conducted among 100 PTSD patients attending mental health clinics in Kottayam district, Kerala. Standardized tools were used to measure levels of perceived rejection and social isolation. The results showed a strong positive relationship between perceived rejection and social isolation. Patients who felt more rejected also reported higher levels of loneliness and reduced social interaction. The findings suggest that addressing feelings of rejection may help reduce social withdrawal in PTSD patients. Early psychological support and counseling focused on interpersonal issues can play an important role in their recovery. This study highlights the importance of social support in managing PTSD and improving patients' quality of life.Post-intervention assessments demonstrated a statistically significant reduction in anxiety levels among participants. CBT and mindfulness techniques were found to be the most effective in alleviating symptoms such as restlessness, concentration difficulties, and sleep disturbances. Female students and those with moderate to severe pre-intervention anxiety levels showed the greatest improvement. Qualitative data, collected through focus group discussions and reflective journals, further supported the findings. Students reported enhanced emotional awareness, improved interpersonal relationships, and an increased sense of self-efficacy.

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THE ROLE OF PERCIEVED REJECTION IN SOCIAL ISOLATION AMONG PATIENTS WITH PTSD

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The contemporary world has changed as it has become a total techno operative as humans have lost their space and relevance. It has given new impetus and outlook on social functions as it has also brought in new challenges. The society has become holistic and integrated with the technology web rather than with humane associations. The techno giant has been giving directives on our human thinking, brain & activities. Mobiles have transformed our life. 3 decades before this device of communication has grown more bigger than humans could have ever imagined. This has become a gift for mankind as it has also become so addictive as man has lost his personal space and family engagement times. The Present paper is exploratory and conclusive in nature. This research is empirical and quantitative in its approach. Primary data for this study would be collected using survey method as questionnaire would be administered with 150 Indian youth who are the sample population. The primary data would be collected from Indian youth on an all India basis as the questionnaire would be sent using Google form as necessary information would be collected & analyzed. Data analysis would be done using SPSS as correlation & regression would be done. Demographic analysis would also be done. The study intends to provide an empirical model which can reduce mobile mental imbalances & increase human happiness along with environmental sustainability towards 2035.

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Mobile engagement, mobile mental health strategies, community led approaches, human happiness, mobile mental health, environmental sustainability

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Keywords: Catla catla, Ethion (50% EC) sub lethal and lethal concentrations, LDH and SDH enzyme activity.

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Treatment of expansive clay soils using sodium hydroxide, also known as NaOH, has attracted much attention due to its high potential for successful improvement of such soils. Properties of the soil treated with NaOH are reduced in plasticity and gained in strength. Laborratory tests were conducted to study the effects of variation in NaOH concentration at 2, 4, 6, and 8% on unconfined compressive strength, plasticity index, and swelling potential of treated soils. The results indicated that the 6% NaOH treatment significantly enhanced UCS from 85kPa for the untreated to 245kPa, whereas it reduced PI and swelling. This paper highlights the fact that NaOH may act as an efficient substitute in an environmentally friendly manner compared to conventional stabilizers such as lime and cement. However, its environmental impact needs further investigation.

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sodium hydroxide, soil stabilization, expansive soils, compressive strength, environmental impact.

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Seven Steps in the Sky is an English translation of Gujarati novel Saat Pagla Aakashma by Kundanika Kapadia. The relationship between men and women, instead of being rosebush grown in the grounds of equality and liberation, has been a thorny flower sprung from the poor foundation of relationship between the exploiter and the exploited. The writer considers marriage as a first step in divinity, but she also portrays how a married woman steps into land of restrictions. Though they are strong and respected in their house, they are considered less than their husbands in social prestige, customs and traditions because of basic perception of ownership of men. Before the history started, men decided how and for whom women should live. This habit has come down in their blood and became one with their soul. Women are ignorant about the world around them and have perverted ideas of reality which make them think that their problems are their fate, or God's will. The novel shows that when women dive deep into the sea of love, it contains no pearls. They are scared to enjoy freedom and are rarely prepared to fight for it. They are dehumanized being exploited and men do not treat them as complete and absolute human beings. The paper examines how the female characters of the novel, Seven Steps in the Sky, at the same time, are not subordinate and they rise and shine above all the difficulties they face throughout their lives. This study concentrates on how these female characters, by challenging patriarchal norms with their courage, go beyond the seventh step and reclaim the sky of independence.

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Kundanika Kapadia, Seven Steps in the Sky, translation, feminism, real women

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Background: Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers with early detection and timely intervention for regular screening of women above 30 and HPV vaccination for young girls. Despite preventive measures cervical cancer remains a significant health issue in urban slums where awareness is low and access to healthcare is limited. Given these challenges the aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude and practices of women living in urban slums regarding cervical cancer, its screening and vaccination. Methods: Community based cross-sectional survey was conducted among 384 participants in urban slums (Madanpur Khadar and Khanpur). Data was collected using self -administered, semi -structured anonymous questionnaire. The data was coded into MS excel and then imported for data analysis in Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 27 software. Descriptive Statistics were expressed as percentage and frequency. Chi square and Fisher Freeman Halton Exact Test was used to find out the associations among variables. A significant level was set at 0.05. Results: 86 % of the participants demonstrated "poor knowledge", 14 % showed "good knowledge" however none of the participants demonstrated high level of knowledge. Nearly 95 % of the participants showed "favourable attitude" towards cervical cancer screening and HPV vaccination while only 5% of the participants demonstrated "unfavourable attitude". The analysis revealed that 173 (45%) respondents fall into "inadequate practice" in contrast 211 (55) respondents exhibit "adequate practice". The analysis also revealed no statistically significant association between age and knowledge, with (p value- 0.748), Similarly, no significant associations were found between education and knowledge (p value- 0.547) or marital status and knowledge (p value- 0.412). Additionally, the relationships between attitude and age (p value- 0.151), attitude and education (p value- 0.916), marital status and attitude, as well as attitude and occupation, were not statistically significant. Furthermore, practice showed no significant associations with age (p value- 0.799), education (p value- 0.316), marital status (p value- 0.547), or occupation (p value- 0.767). The only statistically significant association identified was between knowledge and occupation, with (p value- 0.047). Conclusion: By leveraging the existing positive attitude and access to accurate information, it is possible to enhance the participation in cervical cancer screening and vaccination. This approach will ultimately contribute to better health outcomes and ultimately bridge the gap in cervical cancer prevention among undeserved population

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Cervical cancer, HPV vaccination, pap smear

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The classical Ayurvedic framework identifies the human body as governed by three fundamental elements: Dosha, Dhatu, and Mala, with Doshas playing a critical role in maintaining physiological balance and health. Among the Doshas, Vata holds a pivotal position due to its extensive regulatory functions over bodily systems and its influence on Pitta and Kapha. This article explores the five subtypes of Vata; Pra?a, Udana, Samana, Vyana, and Apana. highlighting their specific anatomical locations (sthana), functions (karma), causative factors (nidana), and signs of imbalance (du??i lak?a?a) as described in the Ayurvedic Brihatrayi (Charaka Samhita, Sushruta Samhita, and Ashtanga Hridaya). The dynamic and multifaceted nature of Vata is emphasized, illustrating its fundamental role in vital processes such as respiration, circulation, digestion, excretion, and neurological coordination. The article further discusses how disturbances in these subtypes lead to a variety of disease conditions, underscoring the importance of preserving Vata equilibrium for health maintenance. A comprehensive understanding of Pancha Vata is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management of Vata-related disorders, forming the cornerstone of Ayurvedic preventive and therapeutic approaches. This study reinforces the significance of maintaining Dosha balance within Ayurvedic practice to ensure overall wellbeing.

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Dosha, Vata, Prana, Udana, Vyana, Samana, Apana.

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This ethnographic study explores the health beliefs, ideas, and practices surrounding illness within Kalinagar Village, located in the Hailakandi District of Assam, India. Focusing on two distinct Muslim communities--Ashraf (high social status) and Mahimal (fisherman, lower social status)--the research examines the cultural and religious perspectives that shape health-seeking behaviors. The study reveals that villagers perceive health as a divine blessing (Amanat) from Allah and illness as a test or a consequence of one's actions. Health practices, including preventive measures and treatment-seeking behaviors, are deeply intertwined with religious beliefs, with a strong emphasis on the teachings of Islam. Participants view modern medical treatment as a means to seek Allah's healing while maintaining that ultimate healing comes from Allah alone. The research employs participant observation, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions to gather insights from both the villagers and local healers. The findings contribute to understanding how health is conceptualized within a Muslim rural community and highlight the complex interplay between religious, cultural, and socio-economic factors that influence health decisions. This study emphasizes the importance of culturally sensitive healthcare interventions to effectively address the needs of similar communities.

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health, illness, ethnographic study, Muslim communities, health-seeking behavior, religious beliefs, socio-cultural influences.

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Patanjali Yoga Sadhana in Indian Knowledge Tradition

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 Keywords

Patanjali Yoga Sadhana in Indian Knowledge Tradition

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Machine Learning (ML) has emerged as a transformative force in data science, offering powerful tools for exploring vast datasets and enabling autonomous, real-time decision-making. This research explores the integral role of ML in data management, focusing on its ability to generate forecasts and drive intelligent actions without human intervention. The study presents a critical review of widely adopted ML frameworks, discussing key elements such as algorithm design, model selection, and pipeline development. It also identifies potential misconceptions arising from neglecting the reasoning component of ML, advocating for a more holistic approach to understanding and applying these technologies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Algorithms, Components, Development, Intelligent Actions, Model Assessment, Pipeline Development, Real-Time, Reasoning, Suggested Frameworks.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition