Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

Electrocardiogram (ECG)-based arrhythmia detection plays a pivotal role in modern cardiac healthcare, offering early diagnosis of potentially fatal heart conditions. With the advent of deep learning, especially Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), automatic detection of arrhythmias has significantly improved. This paper provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements in ECG arrhythmia detection, emphasizing the application of 2D CNNs on time-frequency representations of ECG signals. We present our implementation of a 2D CNN-based model evaluated on the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia Database, achieving an accuracy of 86.12%. Additionally, we explore emerging approaches including transformer-based architectures (e.g., ECG-BERT), self-supervised learning, and federated learning. These innovations aim to enhance model generalization, address data scarcity, and ensure patient data privacy. The study concludes with proposed directions for future research, including real-time deployment on wearable devices and hybrid models combining CNNs with transformers.

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Arrhythmia Detection, Deep Learning, 2D CNNs, Spectrograms, ECG-BERT, Time-Frequency Representations

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Radiation safety is vital for healthcare workers who are exposed to ionizing radiation as part of their routine. This study assesses the knowledge and awareness of radiation safety practices among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital in Ambala, India. Conducted as a cross-sectional survey with 50 participants, the study evaluated their understanding of radiation hazards, protective measures, and training needs. While 92% of respondents recognized the harmful effects of radiation, only 36% had formal training in radiation safety. The findings reveal a gap between theoretical awareness and practical application, emphasizing the need for regular workshops and strict adherence to safety protocols. The study highlights the importance of fostering a culture of safety to minimize radiation-related risks for healthcare professionals.

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Keywords: Radiation safety, ionizing radiation, ALARA, healthcare workers, occupational safety.

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Innovation in libraries with the help of ICT (Information and Communication Technology) and the possible integration of AI technology into library systems in the near future is examined in this article with the goal of improving resource accessibility, streamlining operations, and improving user experience. It cover innovations in library using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), Mobile OPAC, Chatbots, Robots and the possible use of AI applications such as expert systems, natural language processing (NLP) ChatGPT, Microsoft Bing for cataloguing. Additionally emphasized are the possible advantages of AI in collection development. Libraries may streamline operations, provide individualized services, and adjust to the changing demands of users in the digital era by implementing AI.

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Artificial Intelligence, Internet, Libraries, Chatbot, Robot, MobileOPAC, Radio Frequency Identification, Natural language processing, Expert system, ChatGPT, Virtual Reality.

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Pharmaceutical scientists throughout the world are trying to explore thin films as a novel drug delivery tool. Thin films have been identified as an alternative approach to conventional 38 dosage forms. The thin films are considered to be convenient to swallow, self-administrable, 39 and fast dissolving dosage form; all of which makes it as a versatile platform for drug 40 delivery. 41 Over the past few decades, tendency toward innovative drug delivery systems has majorly increased attempts to ensure efficacy, safety and patient acceptability. As discovery and development of new chemical agents is a complex, expensive and time consuming process, so recent trends are shifting toward designing and developing innovative drug delivery systems for existing drugs. Out of those, drug delivery system being very eminent among pediatrics and geriatrics is orally disintegrating films (ODFs).

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Mouth dissolving film, Oral cavity, Semisolid Casting Method, Rolling Method, Hot Melt Extrusion

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The death penalty remains one of the most debated aspects of criminal jurisprudence in India, raising profound constitutional, legal, and human rights concerns. This study critically examines the constitutional validity of capital punishment under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution, which guarantees the right to life and personal liberty. It traces the evolution of judicial interpretation from Jagmohan Singh v. State of U.P. to Bachan Singh v. State of Punjab, which laid down the "rarest of rare" doctrine, and explores the subsequent jurisprudential refinements ensuring procedural safeguards. The research highlights key issues such as judicial inconsistencies in sentencing, socio-economic and caste-based disparities, wrongful convictions, and the psychological impact of death row incarceration. Comparative analysis with jurisdictions like the UK, US, and EU provides insights into global abolitionist trends and their influence on Indian legal thought. The study also delves into the role of executive clemency under Articles 72 and 161, revealing systemic delays and the need for procedural reforms. Further, the dissertation proposes life imprisonment without parole and restorative justice as viable alternatives to capital punishment, emphasizing the need for uniform sentencing policies and judicial accountability. The study concludes that while India retains the death penalty, evolving constitutional morality, international human rights obligations, and judicial developments signal a gradual shift toward more humane, consistent, and reformative approaches to justice.

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Death Penalty, Capital Punishment, Article 21, Rarest of Rare Doctrine, Indian Constitution, Judicial Discretion, Clemency Powers, Socio-Legal Inequality, Life Imprisonment Without Parole (LIWP), Restorative Justice, Human Rights, Supreme Court of India, Criminal Justice Reform, Sentencing Uniformity, Law Commission of India

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This paper presents the design, development, and implementation of a chatbot tailored for college environments. Leveraging advancements in AI and NLP technologies, the chatbot serves as a versatile tool aimed at improving student engagement and administrative efficiency. Developed with sophisticated AI algorithms and NLP models, the chatbot provides timely and accurate responses to student inquiries regarding admissions, course registration, campus facilities, academic resources, and extracurricular activities. Its machine learning capabilities enable continuous improvement through user interaction. Collaboration with college stakeholders ensures seamless integration with existing systems and workflows. Iterative user feedback and testing refine the chatbot's functionality and user experience. Preliminary results demonstrate the chatbot's effectiveness in reducing response times, alleviating administrative burdens, and enhancing student satisfaction. Future developments include expanding its capabilities and integrating with other campus systems. This paper contributes to research on chatbot applications in education, offering insights into the development and implementation of a college-centric chatbot.

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chatbot, college, administrative efficiency, integration, machine learning, student engagement, campus facilities

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This research investigates the political empowerment of women in India, with a particular focus on Tamil Nadu, through a socio-legal lens. Despite constitutional guarantees under Articles 14, 15(3), 16, 243D, and 243T, and progressive legislative measures like the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendments and the 106th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2023, women in India continue to face systemic and structural barriers in political participation. The study critically examines the legal frameworks and policies intended to enhance women's political representation, including Tamil Nadu-specific provisions such as the Tamil Nadu Panchayats (Amendment) Act, 2016 and the Urban Local Bodies (Reservation of Seats for Women) Rules, 2016. Drawing on empirical data collected from 70 respondents--including politicians, legal professionals, and general voters--this research highlights the persistent issues of patriarchy, tokenism, gender bias, lack of financial and institutional support, and societal resistance. Statistical tools including the chi-square test reveal that while gender perceptions influence participation, legal provisions often fall short of achieving substantive representation. The study underscores that legal quotas alone are insufficient without corresponding societal change, media sensitivity, institutional reforms, and leadership capacity-building for women. Ultimately, the research calls for a paradigm shift from symbolic representation to meaningful participation, suggesting targeted legal, political, and social strategies to bridge the gender gap in Indian politics.

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Women's Political Empowerment, Gender Equality, Reservation Policies, 106th Constitutional Amendment, Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, 2016, Substantive Representation, Gender Discrimination, Patriarchy, Tokenism, Socio-Legal Study, Political Participation, Affirmative Action, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Electoral Reform, Women's Rights in Governance

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Absorption of natural crystalline lens is an unusual in occurrence. It can happen spontaneously or as a consequence of eye injury, and it might also be linked to different eye and systemic diseases. We reported an unusual instance of unilateral spontaneous lens absorption in a 62 year woman who had bilateral vision loss during previous eight years that was painless and gradually progressed. The slit-lamp assessment of the anterior segment in both eyes (without dilation) showed the presence of mature cataracts. During the dilated examination of the left eye, the central posterior capsule was observed, while the peripheral capsule seemed translucent with areas exhibiting calcified white plaques. The patient had cataract surgery, and afterward, the best-corrected visual acuity had improved to 6/18.

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Mature cataract, lens, spontaneous absorption,

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This paper presents a Summarization Web Application built using ensemble techniques that integrate advanced Natural Language Processing (NLP) models--BERT, T5, and Pegasus. By combining the strengths of these models, the application delivers highly accurate and abstractive text summarization, outperforming individual models with a notable ROUGE-1 score of 0.9396. The system supports multi-lingual input and output, leveraging translation capabilities to provide summaries in any language. Additionally, a text-to-speech (TTS) feature, powered by Google TTS, enhances accessibility by converting summaries into audio format. Implemented through Streamlit, the application offers an intuitive and interactive user interface for seamless user experience. This project showcases the effectiveness of ensemble learning and modern NLP tools in developing accessible, intelligent summarization solutions for a global audience.

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Natural Language Processing (NLP), ROUGE, text-to-speech (TTS).

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Jalvayu Parivartan : Vaishvik Paripekshya Aur Rajsthan Ki Jalniti Per Prabhav

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Jalvayu Parivartan : Vaishvik Paripekshya Aur Rajsthan Ki Jalniti Per Prabhav

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Budh dharam aur jain dharam : bhartiya samaj par unka prabhav

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Budh dharam aur jain dharam : bhartiya samaj par unka prabhav

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This research paper explores the concept of green humour as a powerful tool for addressing environmental issues in the context of anthropocene. As humanity's impact on the planet intensifies, the need for creative approaches to ecological communication becomes increasingly evident. Green humour, characterized by its blend of wit, satire, and environmental consciousness, offers an engaging and effective means of raising awareness about ecological challenges. In this paper, we delve into the significance of anthropocene and examine how cartoonist Rohan Chakravarty utilises green humour to highlight environmental concerns, encourage sustainable behaviour, and foster a deeper connection between humans and nature. It explores the historical context of ecological comedy, the power of humour in environmental communication, the functions of green humour and the strategies and techniques employed by comedies to convey environmental messages effectively. By presenting complex issues in a relatable and engaging manner, he encourages readers to become active participants in environmental conservation and activism. Through his creative and insightful approach, Chakravarty demonstrates that green humour can educate, inspire, and empower individuals to make a positive impact on our greying planet. As we navigate the challenges of an increasingly fragile environment, Chakravarty's green humour serves as a beacon of hope, reminding us that change is possible and that each of us can contribute to creating a more sustainable future. Through the fusion of creativity, humour, and environmental consciousness, we can forge a path towards a greener and healthier planet for generations to come.

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Green Humour, Environmental Communication, Satire, Eco-comedy, Environmental Awareness and Sustainable Development.

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Substations are vital components of the electrical power system and are particularly vulnerable to direct lightning strikes, which can result in severe equipment damage, insulation breakdown, and widespread power outages. The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of various protection methods--namely the Fixed Angle Method, Rolling Sphere Method, Razevig Method, and Early Streamer Emission (ESE) Method for 33 kV / 220 kV Renewable substations. These methods are critically examined through analytical calculations and substation layout designs to determine their zone of protection and shielding efficiency. This Paper highlights how the geometry, height of structures, and positioning of lightning masts or shield wires influence the level of protection offered. Systematically analyzing and comparing different methods, this work proposes optimized lightning protection schemes that can reduce equipment failure rates, improve personnel safety, and minimize substation downtime. The findings contribute to more robust and resilient substation design, especially in regions with high lightning density.

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direct lightning strike protection, substation, 33kv / 220kv, razevig method, rolling sphere method, ESE method, F.A. method

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This project investigates the potential benefits of using Polyurethane (PU) flooring as an alternative to traditional Trimix flooring in parking structures. The primary objectives are to minimize the overall project costs and reduce the dead load of the structure by employing advanced flooring methodologies. The study involves a comprehensive comparison between PU and Trimix flooring, focusing on material properties, installation processes, durability, maintenance requirements, and lifecycle costs. Additionally, the project evaluates the impact of each flooring type on the structural load, considering the lightweight nature of PU compared to Trimix. The methodology includes a detailed cost-benefit analysis, drawing on data from existing projects, expert consultations, and field tests to assess the long-term economic and structural implications. Key performance metrics such as installation time, maintenance frequency, durability under vehicular stress, and overall cost efficiency are analysed. Initial findings suggest that PU flooring, offers substantial long-term savings due to lower maintenance requirements and extended lifespan. Moreover, the reduced weight of PU flooring contributes to a significant decrease in the dead load of parking structures, potentially leading to further cost savings in structural design and materials. In conclusion, this project demonstrates that PU flooring presents a viable and cost-effective alternative to Trimix flooring, aligning with sustainable construction practices and providing enhanced economic and structural benefits. These findings support the adoption of advanced flooring solutions to optimize both financial and engineering outcomes in construction projects

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" COST CURTAILMENT BY REPLAICING TRIMIX FLOORING WITH POLYURETHANE (PU) FLOORING AS A SUBSTITUTE "

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The Indian soap industry is one of the oldest segments of the country's FMCG sector, has undergone significant transformation over the decades. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of existing research on soap industry

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FMCG,Literature review,Luxury product,Rural market,HUL, Premium

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Autonomous AI systems are increasingly integrated into various domains--from creative industries to autonomous vehicles and healthcare. Their capacity to make decisions and create content without direct human intervention raises complex legal questions about liability and intellectual property infringement. This paper investigates the legal challenges, existing frameworks, and possible solutions related to the attribution of liability and IP rights when autonomous AI systems cause harm or infringe upon existing IP rights.

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Artificial Intelligence, liability, infringement, autonomous.

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The evolution of music composition has been marked by the interplay between time-honored classical techniques and the rapid rise of digital tools and artificial intelligence (AI). This review explores the convergence of traditional music theory--such as counterpoint, harmonic progression, and form--with contemporary music technologies including digital audio workstations (DAWs), rule-based systems, and AI-driven composition engines. Through an interdisciplinary lens, the paper synthesizes literature, experimental findings, and pedagogical insights to assess the creative, educational, and technological implications of hybrid compositional approaches. A theoretical model is proposed, followed by experimental validation using mixed-methods research involving composers and students. Results show that integrating classical structures with AI tools yields compositions that are structurally sound, emotionally resonant, and creatively original.

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Hybrid Composition; Classical Music Theory; Artificial Intelligence in Music; Digital Audio Workstations; Algorithmic Composition;

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As gamers expect more immersive, real-time experiences, the limitations of traditional cloud systems are becoming harder to ignore. This review dives into the fast-growing world of low-latency gaming portals built on edge-friendly infrastructure, showing why they matter in today's game development. We take a closer look at system designs, AI-driven coordination, performance data, and real-world findings that show how latency drops, frame rates stay stable, and players stick around longer. We also introduce a theoretical model with simulation results, and explore what's next--like pairing with 5G, making edge computing more energy-efficient, and setting up shared ways to measure progress--bringing together ideas from research and industry for developers, architects, and tech teams.

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Edge computing, low latency, online gaming, AI orchestration, cloud gaming, edge infrastructure, multiplayer games, game development, edge architecture, 5G gaming.

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Without bridge we are not able to cross the path to achieve our aim. Similarly without proper executive authorities we can't implement the legislations in society for the better future and sustainable development. As we all know that prevention is better than cure. In Society too it is better to prevent the crime instead of only punishing the offender. But the policing system in the present scenario is lacking faith in the society. False FIR, deterrence, and non cooperating nature of the police seems to be impractical in diverse cultural soil India to make the society reformative in nature. There are issues in relation to the police internal system such as corruption and psudo seniority along with the equipment and workload balance with less human resource is a challenge for the system to work effectively. Relationship between society and the police system is very important because they are interrelated to each other. The failure of one is totally dependent on the failure of other. So it is the need of the hour to bridging the system to society by the means of cooperation. . Scientific and forensic techniques are the means to do so. The researcher will focus on this issue based on the ideas of justice as fairness in the words of John Rawls. The researcher will try to develop the cooperation in form of suggestive manner to regain trust, execute cooperation and do try to make this society legally as well as ethically good society by providing fair and reasonable justice by going genuine investigation with the help of scientific and forensics techniques. Scientific and forensic techniques are the means to do so.

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Policing, Scientific, Forensic, Justice, Fairness

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