Volume 12 | Issue 7

 Abstract

Geopolymer stabilization can transform a wide range of waste alumino silicate material into building and mining material with excellent chemical and physical properties. However, there is lack of research related to geopolymer stabilized soil compared to use of geopolymer in concrete. In this study, the utilization of geopolymer has been investigated to stabilize the soil including the factors affecting the geopolymer stabilization process. Geopolymer is based on alumino-silicate chain which is a combination of alumino silicate material and alkaline activator. In this study, fly ash was used as a alumino silicate material, combination of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH) was used as an alkaline activator. Unconfined Compressive Strength (UCS) was an indicator to the strength development and hence evaluating the performance of geopolymer stabilized soil. This study focusses on the effect of fly ash and alkaline activator with different molarities of NaOH solution (6M, 8M and 10M) on geopolymerized soil which was prepared and cured for 3 days. Three different ratios (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0) of fly ash and alkaline activator with three different ratios (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0) of alkaline activator were used. UCS tests were carried on prepared specimens. The maximum UCS strength obtained was 166kN/m2 for the geopolymer stabilized soil using ratio of fly ash and alkaline activator 2.0 with ratio of alkaline activator 2.0 and 8M NaOH solution.

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Geopolymer, fly ash, sodium silicate, sodium hydroxide, alkaline activator.

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The impact of Sufism on the composite culture of Kashmir is an obvious from the positive and optimistic behavior of the people of Kashmir. It influenced every nook and corner of the Kashmir. The culture of Kashmir is best known from its flexible nature. The group behaviour of Kashmir's was never rigid and aggressive from the past hundreds of years. They always look towards for a change and amendment of social system, they are emotionally stable (i.e., their responsive behaviour depends on the situation prevails). Collective psyche of Kashmir's leans towards humanity, love and brotherhood. They have a loving attitude and positive behaviour for everyone, irrespective of region, religion, caste and ethnicity etc. They provide fair and equitable treatment to all people of the world which is obvious from the arrival of seven sages in Kashmir of manifold experiences like; traders, craftsmen, scholars, philosophers and educationists. These sages were men of mercy, kindness, and staggering achievements. Real humanity is totally reflected from the behaviour of Kashmir's. This privileged and ethical moral cult prevails in every section of the society. The spirit of tolerance of a Kashmir's zest for a life is most unshakably discernible for the attainments of kashmiri mind and intellect.

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Humanity, Sadaats, Culture, Kashmiriyat and Communal Harmony etc.

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Herbal compounds are being investigated for their possible antibacterial and antioxidant qualities in response to the growing consumer desire for natural skincare products. The creation and assessment of a peel-off face mask with a combination of different herbal extracts is the main topic of this review. The main goal is to evaluate these herbal components' antibacterial and antioxidant properties to confirm their effectiveness in promoting better skin health. The traditional use and known biological characteristics of key herbal components like Aloe vera, turmeric, neem, green tea, and chamomile guided their selection. Standard tests such as DPPH and ABTS were used to measure the antioxidant activity, while agar diffusion methods were employed to assess the antibacterial efficiency against common skin pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Numerous research findings supported the usage of these plant extracts in cosmetic formulations by demonstrating their strong antibacterial and free radical scavenging properties. The possible processes by which these herbal compounds give these benefits to the skin are also covered in this review. According to the research, adding these kinds of herbal extracts to peel-off face masks can provide a safe, natural way to improve skin health and support the expanding market for botanical-based skincare products.

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Herbal, Skincare, Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Peel-off facial masks

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In modern society, the government plays a wide range of roles. Legal doctrine holds that each nation is both equal and powerful. This dualist idea holds that there exist two unique, distinct judicial directives: international law plus the civic laws of various nations. International law is not considered an element of a nation's internal laws as distinct structures; rather, the regulations of global law are incorporated by that country's own laws and used as a component of the nation's local laws, rather than as global law, to the size they can be utilized in a given situation inside the country's borders. Since every system of law is better in its own domain and does not share an overall area of usage, this viewpoint does not address whether legal systems is better than another. The renowned German scholar Triepel created the dualism viewpoint in 1899. According to him, there are two distinct types of law: global law governs foreign interactions, while internal or local law regulates interactions between people and the government at large. The 18th century saw the publication of the monism doctrine. Both German scientists, Moser (1701-85) and Martens (1756-1821), introduced it. But their ideas didn't become a whole theology until the 19th century. This idea states that there's just one system of law, which is the domestic system of law. The monist approach holds that both domestic and international law are components of a single, global legal framework that, in any manner or a different one, meets the requirements of humanity. neither theory adequately explains how international legislation functions inside nations, many academics contend that both of them in particular lack explanation. Notwithstanding the aforementioned claim, force is taken into account is a means of analysis in both "monism and dualism theories". Both of these made it possible to observe how municipal law and international law interacted

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Monism, Dualism, transformation, incorporation, muncipal law, international law.

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During the months of June, July, and August of 2018, the State of Kerala had very strong rainfall. This period coincides with the Southwest Monsoon rains, which are a crucial source of rainfall for the state's agriculture-dependent economic. Thiruvananthapuram (14), Alappuzha (11), Kollam (13), Ernakulam (8), Idukki (9), Kottayam (10), and Thrissur (7) were areas impacted. The water levels start to drop by July 21st, at which point people start returning home. Flooding has been greatly impacted by the geographical arrangement of the land and water. Damage has been caused by high tides and marine erosion in coastline belts. Rivers that have overflowed--there are 44 major rivers in the state plus their tributaries--have flooded nearby areas. Idukki, Palakkad, and Malappuram's highlands are highly vulnerable to landslides, which happen suddenly and release water that is subterranean. The Vembanad Lake serves as one of the main backwaters in the upper Kuttanad region, which causes periodical flooding there. It is drained by the Periyar, Achankovil, Meenachil, and Pamba, four significant rivers. Additionally, the region lies under the level of the sea. The fact that dam mismanagement contributed to the floods is another topic heavily covered in news stories from the period. In July, the dams did serve as flood cushions, storing water to regulate the flow of water in rivers below. Yet, the state's rainfall saw a break into the monsoon during the period of July 22 August 2, and during that time, dam administrators failed to take advantage of the opportunity to manipulate the water levels in the dams to effectively serve as flood cushions. Instead, they concentrated on retaining the most water in order to produce the most electricity. In this case, the dam management organization responded by retaining water in the dams until their FRLs, after the point at which they discharged water onto downstream rivers, after the state's water bodies were subjected to the stress of an excess 169% rainfall during the period of August 1-21, 2018. Since the majority of the state's large dams are situated in the south, they are unable to be taken into account while examining the effects of flooding in Northern Kerala, particularly in Wayanad, Malappuram, and Palakkad. The Mullaperiyar dam, which is situated in Kerala but shares waters with Tamil Nadu, has its operating manual with Kerala, which the Tamil Nadu government has been slow to provide. The state government of Tn continued on holding onto water even after receiving an order from the Supreme Court to lower its water level below the 142-foot Flood Risk Level. Kerala is extremely concerned about the delay and the brittleness of the coordination and management of the Mullaperiyar waters, both now and in future periods

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Floods, human rights, civil society groups, common property resources, natural disasters

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Adansonia digitata L. ( Bombacaceae) often known as African baobab is a widespread tree in Southern Arabian and African continent which came to India probably from more than 3000 - 4000 years ago. In India this tree already faces crisis for its survival and in Red Data Book it is listed as an endangered species. There is lack of awareness in the local people to conserve and protect this endangered species. This tree is one of the best examples of conservation practice done by the nature itself. The present work is a preliminary survey, census and age of this rare, endemic and endangered species from Nanded District of Marathwada region of Maharashtra State India.

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Adansonia digitata L. Preliminary report, Census, Age.

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This paper aims to investigate the long run relationship between labour productivity and output growth for textile industry in Tamilnadu during 1981 to 2009. The present paper utilised time series data it collected from annual survey of industries study period covers from 1981-82 to 2009-10. The present study used time series data and it formulates co-integration and granger causality between textile industry output growth and labour productivity. This analysis supports Verdoon's law. Therefore Verdoon's law hold good for textile industry in Tamilnadu.

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Verdoon's law, Labour Productivity, Output Growth, Time Series Analysis, Verdoon vs Kaldor.

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Industrial effluent is one of the major environmental problems facing by world. It contains several types of chemicals including heavy metals, dyes, plastic and other chemical compounds. Among them dye pollutants create severe health problem to animals and human beings as well as in plants. There are several strategies used to overcome dye pollutants that include physical, chemical and biological methods. Phytoremediation is one of the biological methods which is cost effecting, environment friendly and produce no secondary pollutants. These properties make it a good choice for remediation of dye pollutants; however this method is not applicable at industrial level.

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Industry, dye, pollutant, phytoremediation

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Ascites is a common clinical finding with a wide range of causes. Ascites refers to collection of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity. It is clinically important to classify ascitic fluid into transudates and exudates because it is indicative of the underlying pathological process involved. The present study aims at evaluating the pathological findings in Transudative and Exudative ascites. This study is based on the evaluation of 250 ascitic fluid specimens which were received in department of pathology from various clinical departments of dhiraj hospital, which is a part of Smt. B. K. Shah Medical Institute And Research Center, vadodara. Detailed examination - physical, cytological, biochemical and microbiological (wherever indicated) was done. Results were compiled after careful examination. The most common clinical cause of ascitic fluid effusion as ascertained after examining 250 ascitic fluid specimens was liver cirrhosis (43.6%) followed by tuberculosis (24.4%). Most of the cases of tubercular (22.4%), malignant (4.8%) and acute infective ascites (10.4%) had pH < 7 while most of cases of cirrhotic ascites (27.6%) had pH >7. By smear examination, 42% were cirrhotic, 34.8% inflammatory, 8.4% cardiac and renal, 4.8% malignant and 10% were inconclusive. Most of the inflammatory cases were due to tuberculosis (70.1%). Most of malignant cases had primary in ovary (41.6%). The total protein content of ascitic fluid was significantly lower in cirrhotic cases as compared to tubercular, acute infective cases and malignant cases. Cirrhosis of liver is the most common cause of ascites while malignancy being the least common.

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Ascites fluid, Transudative, Exudative, Malignancy.

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By utilising machine learning methods, notably k-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) and XGBoost, this paper gives a complete analysis on the utilisation of these algorithms for the purpose of anticipating trends in the stock market. The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not these algorithms are effective and accurate in predicting stock values based on historical data. In this particular investigation, the dataset that was utilised is comprised of stock market data that was gathered from Yahoo Finance. This dataset includes characteristics such as closing prices, trading volume, and high-low percentage changes. In terms of predicting trends in the stock market, the experimental findings indicate the performance of the KNN and XGBoost models, with the KNN model achieving an accuracy of 96% and the XGBoost model achieving an accuracy of 98%. Both algorithms appear to have promising skills in capturing patterns and trends in stock market data, which highlights their potential for practical applications in investment decision-making and financial analysis. The findings imply that both algorithms exhibit intriguing possibilities in this regard.

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Stock market prediction, Machine learning, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), XGBoost, Financial forecasting.

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The objective of this study is to appraise the administration of PAYE system of tax in Nigeria. The paper is a conceptual paper that focused on the procedures, templates and the assessment of income tax in Nigeria. The challenges affecting the assessment of PAYE system in Nigeria are not different from the general issues plaguing the administration of tax which include among other things: poor data base containing taxable persons and chargeable income; lack of competent manpower and the determination of residence. Other challenge is the time required to apply for refund of excess deduction. The approaches in the assessment and collection of tax liability are: simple approach, exact withholding and comprehensive withholding system. The current rate of determining tax liabilities of employees ranges between 7% and 24%. It is recommended that the Federal Inland Revenue Service should employ only chartered accountants, lawyers, graduates of Accountancy, statistics and related discipline in the administration of tax in Nigeria. Above all, the Head of Federal Inland Revenue Service and State Board of Internal Revenue should be persons with cognate experience and knowledge in taxation and Accountancy profession.

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relief, income, relevant, tax, returns, assessment, persons

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In Ayurveda Vatavyadhis is a group of diseases manifested by dhatu kshaya or margavarana and those are classified according to hetu, sthana and lakshana. In the classification of dhatukshayajanya vatavyadhis, many degenerative conditions are considered. Cervical spondylosis can be considered one among them and can be compared with 'Manyastambha". Manyastambha is one of the Vata Vyadhis mentioned in Vata Nanatmaja Vyadhi. According to Sushruta Nidana Sthana the Vata covered by Kapha is caused by day sleep, sitting and standing (in fixed position), and constantly gazing upward these are some of the important Nidanas of Manyastambha. Ruksha and Stambha (pain and stiffness) are the sign and symptoms mentioned in our text. Abhyanga, other Ayurvedic treatments, particularly Panchakarma, can aid in successful management. Agnikarma is a time-tested ancient treatment modality, practiced in India for more than three thousand years. The procedure primarily involves a topical application of controlled heated rod of specific qualities to treat various kind of diseases and or disorders. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES- To explain the role of Agnikarma through Swarna Shalaka enumerated in ancient Ayurvedic texts which will be beneficial in management of Manyastambha. MATERIALS AND METHODS- As the study is a review study, the available literature Samhitas and other books are searched for the disease and analyzed to get a comprehensive concept in the management of Manyastambh. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION- Agnikarma through Swarna Shalaka shows effective results in curing the cervical spondylosis

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Atisara, Ayurveda, Saranam, Nagaradi, Yog Ratnakara, Balrogadhikara, aaharaj, viharaja Nidana, agnimandya, deepana, pachana, grahi.

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With the increasing prevalence of intelligent transportation systems and the demand for safer roads, the detection and classification of road traffic signs have become critical in computer vision and deep learning research. This study presents an efficient deep learning system for reliable detection and precise classification of road traffic signs in real-world scenarios. Leveraging convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the system automatically extracts hierarchical features from raw image data, optimizing both computational efficiency and performance. We introduce techniques to improve the model's robustness against various lighting conditions, occlusions, and sign shapes. By utilizing lightweight neural network architectures and applying optimization strategies such as model pruning and quantization, the algorithm achieves high accuracy with low computational overhead, making it suitable for resource-constrained environments. Evaluations on benchmark datasets and real-world traffic scenarios demonstrate superior accuracy and adaptability to different sensor modalities, including camera-based and lidar-based systems. This research contributes to advancing efficient and accurate road traffic sign detection and classification, providing a promising solution for enhancing road safety and supporting intelligent transportation systems.

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Yolo, Algorithm Efficiency, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), and Intelligent Transport System (ITS).

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: In Kant moral philosophy, there is a misconception on his explanation of 'End.' What is the mean of 'objective End' that is 'ends in themselves.' Here I will try to differentiate between 'subjective end' and 'objective end.' Here is also possibility in subjective action to make universal rule that has capacity to be objective end that is 'ends in themselves.' By using Kant examples in the context of categorical and hypothetical imperative, we shall try to look deeply and find a clear-cut answer about 'ends in themselves.'

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'Ought,' 'End,' 'Categorical Imperative,' 'Objective End,' 'Subjective End,' 'Duty,' 'Ends in Themselves,' 'Universalizability.'

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Foreign exchange policy plays a crucial role in maintaining a country's economic stability, especially in the current era of globalization. Exchange rate fluctuations can affect various aspects of the economy, such as export and import prices and the trade balance. In the perspective of conventional economics, foreign exchange policies tend to focus on market efficiency and profit optimization through exchange rate stabilization by market intervention and interest rate management. Meanwhile, Islamic economics, based on sharia principles, emphasizes social justice and the prohibition of usury, as well as considering the impact of policies on the welfare of society as a whole. This study uses a comparative method to analyze foreign exchange policy from Islamic and conventional macroeconomic perspectives. The analysis includes a comparison of the theories, principles, and implementation of foreign exchange policies in the two economic systems. The study also examines case studies of countries that have adopted Islamic and conventional economic policies to see the practical impact of the policies. The results show fundamental differences in the approach and objectives of foreign exchange policy between Islamic and conventional economies. Conventional economics emphasizes short-term stability and quick response to market changes, while Islamic economics focuses on long-term sustainable and equitable solutions. This study fills the gap in the literature by providing a comprehensive analysis of foreign exchange policy from both perspectives. In addition, it offers implementation solutions that are acceptable to both economic perspectives, considering current global economic conditions. The solution is expected to guide policymakers in formulating a more inclusive and equitable foreign exchange policy, as well as open up opportunities for further research that explores the practical application of the theories discussed.

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Currency, Macroeconomics, Sharia, Stability, Maqasid.

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Abstract: The transition from conventional polymer to biodegradable polymer is getting importance day by day. This paper discusses the synthesis and characterization of a non toxic, biocompatible novel polymer. The insertion of a hydrolysable moiety in the polymeric chain greatly enhanced the biodegradation of the polymer in environment experimentally verified by soil burial test. The polymer so synthesized has been characterized by IR Spectrophotometric analysis , XRD analysis , hydrolytic stability test, soil burial test. Mechanical properties and thermal properties have also been explored.

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Keywords: Biodegradable polymer, synthesis, characterization, application, use.

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The theme of Asoka his interesting relationship with Buddhism, along with him being recognised as one of the ablest rulers in ancient India, has long intrigued the historians. Several scholars have attempted plethora of research to attain an authentic understanding of this connection. Accordingly, there has been an ongoing debate around the effect of Buddhism on the administrative policies (broadly termed as dhamma) of A?oka owing to his transitional conversion of personal faith. The abundance of evidence in terms of epigraphical evidence (rock and pillar inscriptions of A?oka) and literary texts (including but not limited to Sanskrit, Chinese and Buddhist sources) have played the dual role of giving extensive insight into A?oka's time period while also leading to exaggerated history writing in term of his reign and personality. The latter is largely owing to the fact of A?oka being revered in Buddhism and elevated to an almost divine status. However, in recent decades, new research has recognised a distinction between the personal Buddhist faith of A?oka and his comparatively neutral (as well as tolerant) policy of Dhamma. Therefore, the paper attempts to historicise the sources and analyse the exaggerated (later) literary accounts in corroboration with the inscriptions to better understand the actual effect of Buddhism on A?oka's administrative practices. This brief and comparative analysis will prove useful in attaining a significant insight into the scholarship surrounding the theme of extracting an authentic picture of the relationship between A?oka and Buddhism.

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Asoka and Buddhism, Dhamma, A?okan Inscriptions

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Bhagvad Gita, a vedic scripture, constitutes a dialogue and discussion between Lord Krishna and Prince Arjuna. It is a reservoir of knowledge and wisdom that transcends time. Moreover, the Bhagavad Gita holds a significant position. It is widely believed that Bhagavad Gita holds the power to solve every problem people face in their lives. Within the framework of therapy, Prince Arjuna assumes the role of the client, while Lord Krishna assumes the role of the therapist. Bhagavad Gita can be regarded as a valuable instrument for promoting hardiness and enhancing people capabilities as well. Hardiness, a similar factor of resilience, is a personality type, characterized by a sense of commitment, control and perception of problems as challenges. A person high on hardiness perform better under pressure. They observe stressful situations as an opportunity. There has not been much study to explore hardiness. Thus, it was an attempt to uncover the concept of Hardiness in the Bhagavad Gita from psychological perspective in Indian context. To accomplish this objective the Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA) method was employed to perceive Hardiness as a discursive entity, and the diverse constructions of this discursive entity were identified in the Bhagavad Gita. The significance of these discourses along with their implications for action and subjectivity were thoroughly examined.

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Bhagvad Gita, Vedic Scripture, Hardiness, Foucauldian Discourse Analysis (FDA), Discursive entity, Resilience, Personality type, Subjectivity

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Anxiety has to been defined as psychological and physical strain or tension generated by physical, emotional, social, economic, or occupational circumstances, events or endure Stress is a body's reaction to a change that requires a physical, mental, or emotional adjustment or response Stress can be come from any and thought that makes your feel frustrated, angry, or anxious. Methodology- the currents study was Descriptive design (Basic pre-test only design)conducted at Shri Shankar High Secondary School. The total sample size was consisting 60 study participants were selected by using purposive non randomized sampling techniques. The data collection by the Face to face interview method by the usingselfmade questionnaire. The data analysis by the descriptive inferential statistics and paired "t" test and chi-square test to determine the pre-test compliance score and selected demographic variables regarding the hand washing among school going children's Results- In this study results revealed that the during pre-test compliance score, the majority out of 60 study participants, 77 (95.1%) had negative compliance score and, 3 (4.9%) had about 3.3%(2) of samples are at average level of anxiety score, 8.3% (5)of samples are at extremely high score, 25 %(15)of samples are at high level of anxiety score, 56.7% (34)of samples are at moderate level of anxiety score, 6.7%(4) of samples are at normal level of anxiety score. The significant of the study was between the pre-test Anxiety score and selected demographic variables such as age, gender father educational status, mother educational status, income of family, Type of family was p-value less <0.05. Discussion and conclusion-The study results shows that there is Moderate anxiety among students due to various factors.

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Keyword-Anxiety, riskfactors, pre test

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Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have strongly grown in Ethiopia's economy especially in the manufacturing industry and have contributed greatly to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP)of the country and created a number of employment opportunities. However, many have not had a smooth course as they have faced various difficulties during their existence such as limited finance, low levels of technology, limited market for their products, natural hazards and many others and hence many have ended up failing and collapsing. The survival rate of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMEs) have been found to be low despite all the effort made by the government to sustain their existence. This seems to be linked to the poor management of various risk factors confronting the operators of the sector in Ethiopia. In view of this, the study is aimed at determining the influence of Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) practices on survival of SMEs in Adama city. The major objective of the study was to research, assess and identify the influence of risk management on the survival of small-medium-sized enterprise (SME) in Adama. This paper has been conducted on about 200 randomly selected SMEs out of total available SMEs in Adama. SMEs reduce risk exposure by having proper risk management tools in place. Interview was conducted to some SMEs' owners, manager and the government body. The interview generally focuses on the risk management process and enterprise risk management practice in SMEs and examines how these risk management practices in company are used to overcome the risks. The study was conducted using primary and secondary data. A simple random method was also used. Data which were generated through structured questionnaires were analyzed using both descriptive and inferential statistical tools using SPSS 26 software. This study was also investigating the degree of impact of Enterprise risk Management practices in some selected SMEs in Adama City and effect of ERM Dimensions including Internal Environment, Objective Setting, Event Identification, Risk Assessment, Risk response, Control Activities, Information and Communication and Monitoring on the survival of SMEs. Results indicate that majority of ERM practices significantly influence the survival of SMEs. This study could be useful for policy makers to plan their activities towards risk management of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises in Adama. Based on the findings, it was recommended that SMEs owners should take ERM practices as a valuable business function that enhances survival.

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ERM, Risk Management, Small and Medium sized Enterprises, Survival of SMEs.

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