Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

Consumer adoption of organic food remains limited despite increasing awareness of its perceived health and environmental benefits. This study synthesizes global literature and empirical findings to identify prominent barriers. High price premiums--stemming from labor-intensive farming, lower yields, and certification costs--consistently emerge as the most significant hurdle. Limited availability and product variety, along with accessibility issues such as inconvenient store locations, poor shelf placement, and shorter shelf life, further reduce consumer uptake. Skepticism and mistrust about labeling and certification--driven by green washing, farm washing, and complex certification systems--create uncertainty about product authenticity and safety. Additional psychological and behavioral barriers include value-action and intention-behavior gaps: even with positive attitudes, consumers often refrain from purchasing due to budget constraints, habitual habits, time pressure, and limited knowledge . These findings highlight the need for policy, industry, and retailers to improve price competitiveness, expand distribution, enhance transparency, and strengthen consumer education to effectively bridge the gap between intent and behaviour in organic food consumption.

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Green washing, farm washing, habitual habits, Time pressure.

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ABSTRACT The futures and options (F&O) market plays a pivotal role in modern financial systems, offering investors tools for hedging, speculation, and portfolio diversification. This study examines the structure, functioning, and economic significance of the F&O market, with a particularfocusonthetaxationpoliciesthatgovernit.Throughadetailedanalysisofregulatory frameworks and tax treatment of F&O transactions, the study explores how tax policies influence investor behavior, market participation, and compliance burdens. Drawing on empirical data and case studies, the research highlights the challenges of classifying F&O income,theimplicationsoftaxreportingrequirements,andtheeffectsofrecentpolicychanges. Thepaperalsoassessestheadequacyofcurrenttaxregulationsinpromotingtransparencyand efficiency, while ensuring equitable tax collection. By bridging the gap between financial innovation and tax policy, this study provides actionable insights for policymakers, investors, and tax practitioners navigating the evolving landscape of derivative markets. Futures and Options (F&O)

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Key words: Derivative Markets, Financial Derivatives, Hedging Speculation, Portfolio Diversification Taxation Policies, Tax Treatment of Derivatives, Regulatory Framework

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Abstract Coal is one of the important mineral resources that mankind has been able to use to uplift the economy and sustain the community. In the Khasi-Jaintia hills, coal was reported to the Governor-General-in-Council about the presence of coal seams by Mr. James Stark in 1815. In the beginning, the demand for Khasi-Jaintia coal was less. But after experimenting with the coal at the foundry in Calcutta, it was found out that the Cherrapoonjee coal produces less ash than the coal used by the boat steamers in the Ganga-Doab region. This compels the British to send a surveyor to trace the presence of coal seams in the entire Khasi-Jaintia hills. Thus, later on coal seam was discovered beyond Cherrapoonjee. Later on, good and better quality of coal were found in the Jaintia hills, especially in the Lakadong village and its adjoining villages. By the beginning of the twentieth century, the government realized the high value of the coal from the Jaintia hills, opening a tender for any merchants to invest in coal mining, which accelerated the development of unscientific mining of coal in the post-independence era.

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Coal, Khasi-Jaintia, seams, mining.

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Present survey is all about the diversity of Ascomycetes Fungi in chhatrapati Sambhajinagar District. Ascomycetes have a diverse habitat. Ascomycetes are economically important. During this study Monitoring of samples were carried out. Fungal identification was carried out using an identification key and comparative microscopic slides. Altogether Twenty-Five samples were collected from 3 sites. Hypoxylon Rubiginosum species was dominant.

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Asci, Ascomycetes, hypoxylon

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This project presents the design and implementation of an IoT-enabled Smart Bin Network to address the challenges of inefficient urban waste collection and overflowing public garbage bins. The system uses ultrasonic sensors connected to ESP8266 NodeMCU microcontrollers to continuously measure the fill levels of waste bins. These measurements are sent in real time over Wi-Fi to a Firebase Realtime Database, where they are stored and updated dynamically. A web-based dashboard retrieves this data and displays the locations and statuses of all monitored bins on a Google Maps interface, using color-coded markers to indicate fill levels and alert authorities to bins that need urgent collection. By providing real-time visibility into waste levels across the city, this system enables municipal waste management teams to plan optimized collection routes, reduce unnecessary trips, save fuel costs, and prevent unsanitary overflowing bins. The project emphasizes a low-cost, scalable design using easily available hardware and free-tier cloud services, making it accessible for deployment even in smaller towns and cities. Future extensions could include GSM/LoRa connectivity for remote areas, predictive analytics to forecast fill levels, automated route optimization for collection trucks, and integration with citizen mobile apps to support smarter, cleaner, and more sustainable urban living.

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IOT, Wi-Fi, Microcontrollers, Realtime database, Firebase, Dashboard, watse management.

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 Abstract

Mansik shanti , sharirik swasthya aur adhyatmik unnati ka adhar:pranayam(shreemad bhagwat geeta ke vishesh sandharbh mein)

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Mansik shanti , sharirik swasthya aur adhyatmik unnati ka adhar:pranayam(shreemad bhagwat geeta ke vishesh sandharbh mein)

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Abstract--The prediction of student academic outcomes has emerged as a crucial area of focus in educational data mining, aiming to foster better learning achievements and enable timely educational interventions. By employing a range of machine learning (ML) techniques, researchers can analyze diverse in- dicators--such as academic records, attendance trends, and behavioral data--to estimate future academic performance.This study presents an in-depth evaluation of various supervised machine learning techniques, emphasizing their application and effectiveness in predictive analysis. It underscores the importance of selecting relevant features to boost prediction accuracy and examines how these models are being utilized within actual learning environments. In addition, the paper outlines widely adopted datasets, explores key implementation challenges such as data integrity and the interpretability of models, and proposes future directions to improve the effectiveness and scalability of predictive systems.

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 Keywords

Index Terms--Student performance prediction, machine learn- ing, educational data mining, feature engineering, supervised learning, voice-based interaction, assistive technology, ASR, NLP, inclusive education.

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This study explores the intricate relationship between religious tourism and local society through a sociological lens, focusing on the social, cultural, and economic implications of pilgrimage-driven mobility. The primary purpose of this research is to analyze how the influx of religious tourists influences the social structures, collective identity, and economic patterns of host communities. Using secondary data sources such as government tourism reports (Ministry of Tourism, Govt. of India), Census 2011 data, academic books, and peer-reviewed journal articles, the study offers an interpretative analysis grounded in sociological theory. Key themes include social change (transformation in gender roles, caste dynamics, and occupational shifts), identity construction (how local communities reshape or reaffirm cultural identity in response to external religious influences), and economic impact (growth in informal sectors, local entrepreneurship, and commodification of faith). The study draws on conceptual frameworks from Emile Durkheim (religion as social solidarity), Max Weber (religious ethics and economy), and Pierre Bourdieu (symbolic capital in religious settings). Findings indicate that while religious tourism stimulates local economies and fosters infrastructure development, it also leads to cultural commodification, environmental strain, and social stratification. This sociological analysis highlights the need for inclusive tourism policies that balance economic growth with cultural preservation and community well-being.

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 Keywords

Religious Tourism, Pilgrimage, Local Society, Sociological Analysis, Cultural Identity, Social Change, Economic Impact, Gender Roles, Caste Dynamics, Commodification of Faith, Collective Conscience, Symbolic Capital, Secondary Data, community Transformation, stainable Tourism

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Background: Migration during pregnancy is most common among females, due to cultural, structural or social arrangement. Migrant pregnant women generally face barriers in accessing healthcare services in their migrated locations. This leads to poor health outcomes. Objective: The objective of this study is to find out the role of migration on the health among the pregnant women migrating from urban slums of district Gautam Buddha Nagar in Uttar Pradesh during pregnancy & to explore the challenges & barriers faced by them. Methodology: This is a qualitative study with a cross-sectional observational design. Data were collected through informal telephone interviews and face-to-face interviews. The sample comprised registered pregnant women who received periodic visits and counseling. Results: Maximum number of migrated pregnant women were multiparous & belonged to the age group 18-30 years. Majority of them responded to the lack of human resource & services in their migrated locations. Most of them revealed that ANC (Antenatal Care) & PNC (postnatal care) visits were not made to their households. They faced challenges while accessing healthcare. Lack of awareness regarding importance of taking scheduled vaccinations, promoting early & exclusive breastfeeding was seen. Not being registered in their migrated locations prevented them from accessing supplementary nutrition. Conclusion: Present study finds that migrated pregnant women face real obstacles & are not able to enjoy their full health potential. They miss out on important components of ANC & PNC. The clash & overlap between AWCs (Anganwadi Centers) due to migration prevents them from getting benefit of supplementary nutrition. Their new-born infants also miss out on vaccinations. All of this has serious implications on maternal & child's health. Therefore, it is suggested that states should recognize migrants as a vulnerable group and adopt inclusive strategies to ensure their access to healthcare services., which will result in better health outcomes.

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Maternal migration, migrants, health outcomes, urban slums, Noida

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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India, a nation characterized by profound diversity across religions, castes, languages, and lifestyles, faces significant social challenges. While this diversity is a source of national identity and honor, it also contributes to issues like regionalism, linguistic divides, communalism, and casteism. The country grapples with societal problems such as widespread illiteracy and poverty, which impede human development and national progress. Additionally, social vices including superstition, conservatism, and corruption, exacerbated by inflation and deeply entrenched caste systems, hinder societal advancement and perpetuate inequality. The pervasive issue of child labor, driven by severe economic hardship, denies children their right to education, compromises their well-being, and limits their future potential. Despite these challenges, India has actively implemented constitutional, statutory, and developmental measures to address child labor, and various government initiatives like Sukanya Samriddhi Yojana, Ujjwala Yojana, Mahila Shakti Kendra Scheme, Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, and Free Sewing Machine Scheme aim to empower women and combat social evils. Addressing these complex problems requires a collective effort from both the government and society, emphasizing public awareness, youth participation, and a concerted fight against corruption and social inequalities India is a large nation where individuals of many religions, castes, and dress styles live. In other words, diversity is the source of many issues, yet unity in diversity is identity and honour.

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India, diversity, social challenges, unity in diversity, regionalism, linguistic divides, communalism, casteism, illiteracy, poverty, human development, national progress

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As dynamic ecosystems that bridge the land and sea, salt marshes are essential to preserving biodiversity and sustaining a range of ecological functions. These ecosystems support distinct plant and microbial communities because of their nutrient-rich sediments, tidal inundation, and changing salinity. Through specialised physiological systems like salt excretion, water retention, and oxygen transfer in waterlogged soils, salt marsh vegetation--which is mainly made up of halophytes--has evolved to extremely saline environments. Salt marshes are vital for carbon sequestration, coastal stabilisation, and providing breeding and feeding habitat for a variety of wildlife on a global scale. They serve as organic barriers against storm surges and coastal erosion, and they play a major role in the cycling of nutrients. Salicornia brachiata, Sueda nudiflora, and Aeluropus lagopoides are among the species that flourish in salt marshes, which are mostly found along the coastlines of Gujarat, Tamil Nadu, and West Bengal in India. Rising sea levels, pollution, and habitat loss pose challenges to salt marshes notwithstanding their biological significance. Salt marsh plants' biochemical potential has drawn interest due to its potential uses in phytoremediation, biofuels, medicines, and agriculture. These plants are useful for medical study because they generate bioactive chemicals that have anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant qualities. Furthermore, they are potential options for biofuel production and sustainable agriculture due to their capacity to thrive in saline conditions. With an emphasis on biochemical viewpoints, this review examines the ecological importance, resource availability, harvesting practices, byproduct utilisation, and research developments in salt marshes.

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Salt marshes, Biodiversity, Ecological functions, Carbon sequestration, Coastal stabilization, Nutrient cycling

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In an increasingly dynamic and competitive automobile industry, understanding consumer preferences has become essential for sustaining market leadership and driving growth. Maruti Suzuki, a pioneer in the Indian automotive sector, has consistently maintained a strong market position by offering a diverse range of vehicles that cater to various consumer needs. However, shifting consumer expectations, technological advancements, and the rise of alternative brands necessitate a deeper exploration of the factors influencing customer choice. This study aims to investigate the key determinants of consumer preference towards Maruti Suzuki vehicles, focusing on aspects such as brand trust, fuel efficiency, pricing strategies, product range, after-sales service, and technological innovation. Primary data is collected through surveys and interviews with existing and potential Maruti Suzuki customers. The study also examines how demographic factors like age, income, and location influence buying behavior. Findings from the study will provide critical insights into consumer decision-making processes and highlight the brand attributes that are most valued by customers. These insights will enable Maruti Suzuki to fine-tune its marketing strategies, enhance customer engagement, and further strengthen its market position in an evolving automotive landscape.

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Key words:Consumer preferences, Automobile industry, Market leadership, Brand trust

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The research paper aims to analyze the trauma of individuals in a dystopian order. The visions of dystopian order are presented mostly in the science fictions where individuality, freedom, and emotional values are sacrificed for the stability and superficial happiness. The individuality of humans is compromised for the sake of a presumed order peopled by genetically engineered higher primates. In this order there are different categories of types, not rounded individuals. The paper explores the trauma of individuals living in such a world with reference to the different character of Huxley's novel The Brave New World. The characters like Bernard Max, Helmholtz Watson and John respond differently as they belong to different types of the order. A dystopian society, contrary to the utopian society which depicts the ideal perfect society, is an imaginary world that showcase oppression, suffering, and loss of individuality and portrayed as a warning sign of future danger in society. Genetic engineering is done to code values into an individual to form stability, through genetic coding and decoding of gene is achieved to shape future and suppress human emotions. The psychological barrier is there between the character and their vision to achieve a ideal world of happiness. The plight of these individuals reveals the dehumanizing effect of society that prioritizes the pleasure over individuality. This paper argues that The Brave New World a societal and psychological consequences of eradicating individuality and freedom in pursuit of technology and social expectations.

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Keywords- Dystopian, trauma, types, individuality, pain, soma, conformity, Alienation.

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Pharmaceutical cocrystals are multicomponent systems in which at least one component is an active pharmaceutical ingredient and the others are pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients. Cocrystallization through various methodologies leads to improved physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients. This process will most likely result in enhanced bioavailability, flowability, solubility, and tablet ability. Cocrystallization of a drug substance with a conformer is a promising and emerging approach to improve the performance of pharmaceuticals, such as solubility, dissolution profile, pharmacokinetics and stability. This review article presents a comprehensive overview of pharmaceutical crystal's, including preparation methods, physicochemical properties, and applications. Furthermore, some examples of drug crystals are highlighted to illustrate the effect of crystal structures on the various aspects of active pharmaceutical ingredients, such as physical stability, chemical stability, mechanical properties, optical properties, bioavailability, sustained release and therapeutic effect. This review will provide guidance for more efficient design and manufacture of pharmaceutical cocrystals with desired physicochemical properties and applications

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Pharmaceutical cocrystal, Cocrystal engineering, Physicochemical properties, Solid dosage forms, Crystallization.

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This project presents the design and implementation of a smart automation system using an Arduino microcontroller integrated with a Passive Infrared (PIR) sensor, a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR), and a temperature sensor (such as the TMP36). The primary objective of this system is to enhance energy efficiency and environmental monitoring in smart homes or rooms. The PIR sensor detects human motion to automatically control appliances like lights or alarms, while the LDR measures ambient light levels to manage lighting systems based on day or night conditions. Additionally, the temperature sensor monitors room temperature to activate cooling devices such as fans when a certain threshold is reached. The integration of these sensors allows for intelligent decision-making and real-time automation, thereby reducing manual intervention, conserving energy, and increasing comfort and security. This system is low-cost, scalable, and can serve as a prototype for broader smart home applications.

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Smart Home Automation Arduino Uno PIR Sensor LDR Sensor Temperature Monitoring Energy Efficiency

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This research examines the factors influencing the customer preferences and loyalty in the competitive Indian cab market, specifically focusing on Ola and Uber. The study also explores how pricing strategies, service quality, promotional offers, and brand image impact consumers' decision-making process. A key aspect of the study is to analyse surge pricing, examining its effects on customer satisfaction and loyalty, as well as the overall user experience through mobile platforms. The findings of the data analysis highlight that, while pricing and promotions are important, factors such as service quality and brand trust play an equally significant role in fostering long-term customer loyalty. This study also provides valuable insights for Ola, Uber, to refine their marketing strategies, focusing on building trust, enhancing service quality, and managing pricing strategies effectively. The research contributes to the understanding of customer behaviour in the ride-hailing sector and offers actionable recommendations for businesses striving to maintain competitiveness in the dynamic Indian market.

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Customer preferences, Ola, Uber, Pricing strategies, Surge pricing, Customer loyalty, Brand image, Service quality, Promotional offers,

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Human Resource (HR) policies play a critical role in aligning organizational goals with employee performance and satisfaction. This study investigates the effectiveness and implementation of HR policies in modern organizations using responses collected from HR staff, interns, and managerial employees. The research identifies areas of policy success and gaps in implementation, offering insights and practical recommendations to enhance HR functions

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Human Resource Policies, Implementation, Employee Performance, HR Practices

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External applications have been used from the ROMAN era to the present day on the belief that the removal of the diseases from the local areas means annihilation of the disease in its whole extent. But it was Dr. Hahnemann who said that the external or outward manifestation are the reflections of the internally deranged dynamic vital force. The external manifestations indicate the inner disease and removal of just these external manifestations doesn't mean curing the disease.

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External application, ointment, liniment, similimum, homoeopathy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In today's digitally interconnected world, the convergence of cybersecurity and mobile security presents both opportunities and urgent challenges. Rapid digital transformation, fuelled by cloud computing, mobile devices, and the Internet of Things (IoT), has created vast and dynamic attack surfaces. The increasing complexity of digital ecosystems and the proliferation of mobile connectivity have heightened vulnerabilities in both network infrastructures and personal authentication systems. Traditional cybersecurity defences and mobile security mechanisms often fail to adapt to the evolving nature of threats, leading to gaps in real-time protection, identity verification, and trust. Artificial Intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions through adaptive learning, predictive analytics, and biometric pattern recognition. However, current implementations suffer from critical limitations, including poor generalizability, adversarial susceptibility, demographic bias, and ethical opacity, particularly within regional and resource-constrained contexts like India.

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Keywords: AI, Cybersecurity, Mobile Biometrics, Threat Detection

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Land use is an important aspect of geographic study. Land use is considered as a very important implement in provincial directing and development1. The aim of the study is the proper understanding of the function and operation of the change in land use pattern in the Study area. Because of being a hilly region, the land use pattern of the "Upper Bhagirathi Basin" is of primary level, which is going a head in manner of development. From the types of land use category, only the general land use applied in the study area are discussed in this paper.

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land under forest, cultivable waste land, fallow land, horticulture, cultivated land, land under other uses.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition