Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

The Road by McCarthy is categorized as one of the best novels written by him with an apocalyptic theme not only apocalypse but also others aspects are also dexterously combined in the novel to achieve a higher degree of excellence like the description of a world just after devastation and holocaust although the cause of the apocalypse is ambiguous and obscure might be a nuclear holocaust or something else. The relationship dynamics of the main two character in the novel are the prime focus of this article and the Freudian psychoanalytical stances are adopted to draw an inference on the topic of the same to analyze the father son relationship confrontations and how they two together faces the same scenario with two different perspectives on life. The purpose of this article is to find out the purpose and meaning in the relationship of both the father and child in a world shattered of purpose, law and meaning and how bond and relationships works as a driving force in life to live a better and fulfilling one amid chaos as well as carry out one's duty and responsibilities where it seems meaningless and develop anoptimistic outlook.Freud's concept and interpretation of ideas of id, ego and superego has used to analyze the father-son relationship using secondary data form sources widely.

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Apocalypse, Id, Ego, Superego.

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Kerala, famously known as 'god's own country', has a diverse collection of orature, similar to other parts of the country. The ballads of Kerala, traditionally divide into Thekkan Pattukal (Songs of South) and Vadakkan Pattukal (Songs of North) strengthen the oral literary tradition of the state. Thekku and Vadakku are two Malayalam terms which represent south and north. As the names suggest, the settings of Thekkan Pattukal and Vadakkan Pattukal are the southern and northern sides of Kerala. It is believed that these stories were written in the medieval period. Northern and southern ballads of Kerala are centred around the numerous battles between princely states and rich families. Even though many of these stories are hero-centric, the stories of women warriors are also given the same importance. These ballads also reflect the social structure and culture of the society of medieval Kerala. Even though the characters of these ballads are real their stories are exaggerated to a certain extent, as it is transferred orally from one generation to another. This paper is a thematic study of Vadakkan Pattukal.

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Angam, Battles, Ballads, Caste, Chekavar, North, Warrior

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Traditional Food: An overview of Gorkha Cuisine in Assam Submitted by Dr. Sanjib Kumar Chetry Department of History Behali Degree College Borgang, Biswanath, Assam Email: schetry0@gmail.com Abstract: Assam a Northeastern state of India is also renowned for its rich culture, tradition and heritage and its delicious cuisines. Food is one of the most essential requirements for human existence. Food goes beyond mere sustenance. Food serves not only as a means of nourishment but also a way for individuals which give a peculiar identity that has possess and practiced by his family, community and caste from generation to generation. It becomes a reflection of community's history, geography, climate, religion, economy and cultural values. It also serves as a vital element of social life, cultural expression, and community identity. The present study is an extensive study of diverse common food habits and culinary practices irrespective of different division amongst the Gorkha community in Assam.

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Keyword: Culture, Cuisine, Custom, Food, Gorkha, Taboos, Tradition, Vedic.

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Background: Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) are a broad group of chronic lung disorders that cause symptoms like shortness of breath with exertion, fatigue, and a significant decline in health-related quality of life (HRQoL). ILDs generally begin subtly with symptoms such as dry cough, breathlessness, and crackling sounds in the lungs. The progression of ILDs often linked to inflammation, fibrosis, and irregular wound-healing processes. Due to concerns about worsening lung function or breathlessness during exertion, many ILD patients tend to avoid physical activity, leading to reduced physical activity levels, which in turn heightens the risk of hospitalization and mortality. The restrictions on exercise in ILD patients are influenced by ventilatory limitations, impaired gas exchange, and muscle dysfunction. Methods: A brief literature review was conducted using the PubMed, Google Scholar, and ResearchGate databases. The research was limited to articles published in English, and a total of 10 relevant trials were included in the review. Results: Exercise training has shown positive effects on ILD patients, including increased exercise capacity, reduced dyspnoea, and improved HRQoL. Studies demonstrate that both aerobic and resistance training can significantly enhance six-minute walk distance, reduce fatigue, and improve physical endurance in individuals with ILDs. Conclusion: Exercise training plays a clinically valuable role in managing ILDs, with substantial benefits for physical function and quality of life. Continued research is necessary to refine exercise interventions and better understand their long-term effects on disease outcomes in ILD patients.

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Interstitial lung diseases, physical activity, dyspnea, fatigue, quality of life and six minute walk test

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Changes in the education system after COVID-19: An evaluation

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Changes in the education system after COVID-19: An evaluation

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India grapples with a significant housing problem, particularly for its low-income population. The housing market has traditionally favored middle and higher-income groups due to perceived profitability, resulting in a considerable disparity between the supply and demand for affordable homes among lower-income individuals. This persistent challenge has left millions of people in India facing inadequate housing conditions. As of 2021, the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) reported that 34% of the global population resides in Kacha or Semi-Kacha Houses. In response to this pressing concern, the Indian government, in collaboration with entities such as the Telangana State Housing Corporation Limited (TSHCL), has made concerted efforts to alleviate the housing crisis. TSHCL, as a government-owned corporation, plays a pivotal role in advancing affordable housing initiatives in Telangana. To better understand the factors influencing affordable housing in India, this research focuses on affordable housing projects managed by the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs in Telangana. The study aims to identify the factors affecting project productivity through an extensive questionnaire survey featuring 96 questions. Responses were gathered from 180 participants, including Project Managers, Project Engineers, Consultants, Site Engineers, Contractors, and Builders. The collected data underwent rigorous analysis using the Relative Importance Index (RII) method. This analytical approach enabled researchers to pinpoint critical factors contributing to the challenges affecting affordable housing projects in Telangana. Furthermore, to facilitate data analysis and decision-making across various disciplines, including housing and urban development, sophisticated software tools like SAS (Statistical Analysis System) were employed.

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Housing, Affordable Housing, Housing Problem, Relative Importance Index (RII), SAS, Subject Matter Expert Committee, Telangana State

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AI presents potential solutions for improving mental health through personalized interventions, early detection of symptoms, and virtual therapy platforms. Its strength lies in its capacity to rapidly analyze extensive data, providing valuable insights and forecasting potential mental health concerns. The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into everyday life has galvanized a global conversation on the possibilities and perils of AI on human health. In particular, there is a growing need to anticipate and address the potential impact of widely accessible, enhanced, and conversational AI on mental health. We propose 3 considerations to frame how AI may influence population mental health: through the advancement of mental health care; by altering social and economic contexts; and through the policies that shape the adoption, use, and potential abuse of AI-enhanced tools.

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: mental health, artificial intelligence, AI, policy, policies, population health, population, ChatGPT, generative, tools, digital mental health

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Nature-based solutions (NbS) have emerged as transformative strategies for addressing the increasing threats of natural disasters. Unlike traditional engineered or "grey" infrastructure, NbS rely on natural processes and ecosystems--such as wetlands, forests, green spaces, and coastal vegetation--to mitigate the impact of floods, landslides, storm surges, and other hazards. This paper provides a comprehensive review of NbS as an approach to disaster risk reduction, drawing upon theoretical frameworks, global case studies, and policy interventions. The discussion explores the multidimensional benefits of NbS, including climate adaptation, biodiversity preservation, social resilience, and cost-effectiveness. Despite their promise, NbS face implementation challenges such as governance complexity, land use conflicts, and public skepticism. Real-world examples from Taiwan, Germany, Colombia, the Philippines, and Mexico are examined to illustrate practical outcomes. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for scaling up NbS and aligning them with national disaster risk management strategies, climate action plans, and the UN Sustainable Development Goals.

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Nature-Based Solutions, Disaster Risk Reduction, Ecosystem Services, Climate Resilience, Flood Management, Public Policy

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This paper researches the world today isconcerned about saving the environment, everywheremeasures have been taken up to reduce pollution. Investigatesthe result of an experimental study carried out to determinethe LPG islocally available which comprises of 24.4% propane,56.4% butane, and 17.2% isobutane which is varied fromcompany. The LPG is cheaper and possesses an environmentfriendly nature with no Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) andno Global Warming Potential (GDP). We have design andanalyzed a refrigerator using LPG as refrigerant. Asthe highpressure LPG stored in cylinder.

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LPG Refrigerant, Domestic Refrigerator,Expansion, Refrigerating Effect, Cooling Effect, COP, Capillarytube, Environment friendly.

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This paper explores the complex interplay between traditional clan structures and modern electoral democracy in Nagaland, a tribal state in Northeast India. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, interviews, and secondary literature, the study examines how clan-based loyalties continue to shape political participation, voter behavior, and candidate selection in Naga society. Far from being passive cultural remnants, clans function as powerful political actors that influence both the structure and outcomes of elections. Through interviews and field observations, this paper highlights how the pressure to conform to clan decisions often overrides individual political choice, raising critical questions about the health of democratic ideals in a kinship-dominated context. The study also considers how candidates strategically manipulate inter-clan rivalries and alliances to secure votes, sometimes undermining the democratic process. By situating these practices within broader theoretical debates on democracy, tradition, and identity, the paper argues for an in-depth understanding of how indigenous institutions adapt to and reshape electoral politics. Ultimately, this research contributes to the growing discourse on the challenges of practicing liberal democracy in culturally embedded societies, where collective identity and traditional authority continue to play a central role in political life.

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Clan, Voting, Collective Identity, Democratic Ideals

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Background: Patient-oriented educational interventions (POEIs) play a crucial role in improving postoperative outcomes. This systematic review evaluates the effectiveness of various POEIs (e.g., videos, mobile apps, direct education) on patient outcomes following laparoscopic abdominal surgeries. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, and Scopus, yielding 4753 articles. After screening, 17 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) involving 1831 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, bariatric surgery (gastric bypass, sleeve gastrectomy), and colectomy were included. Study quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Results: Among the included studies, 15 (88.2%) reported statistically significant improvements in at least one postoperative outcome. Direct individual education (41.2% of studies) was most effective across surgery types, while educational videos significantly reduced anxiety, nausea, and pain (*P* < 0.01). Group-based education improved weight, BMI, exercise adherence, and depressive symptoms in bariatric surgery patients. Mobile apps and multimedia presentations also demonstrated benefits in patient knowledge and perioperative experience. Conclusion: POEIs, particularly direct individual education and multimedia tools, significantly enhance postoperative outcomes in laparoscopic abdominal surgery. Future research should standardize intervention protocols and assess long-term effects.

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Laparoscopic surgery, Patient, Rehabilitation Therapy

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This study is focused on the development of a cell phone charging station that is solely operated through solar power by means of a solar cell which is attached to the charging station through a backup storage battery. The device is mainly aimed for commercial use since it can require a certain fee for a specified period to charge a mobile phone. However, in case of calamities the charging station can be used as an emergency charging station in the event of prolonged power outages. Since the device is a standalone system it can charge mobile phone as long as there is sunlight. Even during night time, the device can still charge phone as long as the battery still has power.

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Solar Powered, Cellphone, Charging Station

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Objectives: Education is a dynamic process that requires refinement periodically. Lack of innovative teaching techniques in academics makes medical curricula inadequate in making a significant stride towards the future. The objective of this review is to describe and assess alternative methods of teaching and learning which can be supplementive or alternative to traditional lectures for promoting active student participation and smooth flow of information. Methods: A review of literature was performed with PubMed using the keywords: "learning", "modern learning techniques" AND "medical education". Databases were searched and 300 studies were identified out of which 100 were selected for further screening based on inclusion criteria and exclusion criteria. Articles were surveyed based on their relevance and significance to our study objectives with both qualitative and quantitative studies were examined. Results: Case-based learning, evidence-based medicine, problem-based learning, simulation-based learning, e-learning, peer-assisted learning, observational learning, flipped classroom and team based learning are some of the modern learning methodologies. The various learning methods discussed attend to individual learning differences allowing students to broaden their thinking and professional knowledge by improving logical and critical thinking, clinical reasoning, and time management. Early introduction of integrative approaches develops student competency and leadership equipping students for a smooth transition into the clinical practice. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance and challenges of modern learning systems. With technological advancement and wider implications of medical information, students require innovative skills through inter-professional learning. It is necessary to introduce and implement flexible medical curricula that accommodates distinct modern teaching to effectively balance and bridge the gap between traditional teaching methodologies and modern educational requirements

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: Education, Medical, Teaching; Learning, Problem-Based Learning; Evidence-Based Medicine.

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A synergistic approach to improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing side effects is provided by polyherbal medicines, which are made by combining several medicinal plants. They are extremely valuable in both traditional and modern medicine because of their varied phytochemical profiles, which allow for a wider range of biological activity. The ability of polyherbal formulations to target several pathways associated in complex diseases, including oxidative stress and inflammation, is the reason for their growing popularity. This study sought to determine the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant qualities of a polyherbal elixir made of Terminalia arjuna, Asparagus racemosus, and Withania somnifera. The study evaluated the effectiveness of the Elixir in reducing oxidative and inflammatory reactions using heat-induced protein denaturation assays and hydrogen peroxide scavenging. This study supports additional research towards the bioactive components of these herbs for possible therapeutic uses and offers a scientific basis for their traditional use in combination

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Anti-inflammatory activity, Antioxidant activity, medicinal plants, Oxidative stress, Phytochemicals, Polyherbal formulation, protein denaturation.

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The development of AI-based counselling in the domain of the STEM field plays a pivotal role by helping the students to make the right career decisions and also learn appropriate skills required in the industry. This paper highlights the significant benefits of such a system, which includes its ability to faster decision-making and enhance the accuracy of reliable decision making. This report analyses the current processes in detail and addresses different approaches, techniques, methods and challenges in the domain of AI-powered career counselling. While using the ideologies used in various other systems, the paper proposes a comprehensive model based on random forest distribution to accurately predict the career according to the user interests providing key information such as work experience, cognitive skills and relevant credentials and helps them in learning appropriate skills required in the industry and making them job ready.

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AI, Career Counselling, Job ready, Skills, STEM, Random Forest Classifier, Machine Learning, Personalised Counselling

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The increasing complexity of pharmaceutical treatments necessitates robust systems for monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADRs) to ensure patient safety. This paper explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into pharmacovigilance, highlighting its potential to enhance ADR detection and reporting. By leveraging machine learning algorithms and natural language processing, AI can analyze vast datasets from diverse sources--such as electronic health records, social media, and clinical trial reports--yielding real-time insights into drug safety profiles. This innovative approach not only improves the accuracy and speed of ADR identification but also facilitates proactive risk management. Case studies demonstrate AI's capability to uncover hidden patterns and correlations that traditional methods may overlook, ultimately leading to more effective regulatory responses and improved patient outcomes. The findings underscore the transformative role of AI in modern pharmacovigilance, advocating for its broader adoption to safeguard public health in an increasingly complex pharmaceutical landscape. Pharmacovigilance (PV) plays a pivotal role in ensuring drug safety by detecting, assessing, and preventing adverse drug reactions (ADRs). However, conventional PV approaches, which rely heavily on manual reporting and retrospective analyses, often fall short in capturing early safety signals, particularly in the context of modern data-intensive healthcare systems.

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Pharmacovigilance, Clinical trials, Artificial Intelligence, Pharmacovigilance, Adverse Drug Reactions, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing, Drug Safety, Signal Detection.

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In the third world including India, a sizeable proportion of population is starving. The most vulnerable are poorer sections of the population in States like Odisha and more particularly the Scheduled Tribe communities. They suffer, despite working very hard, from "food to fuel." They mostly depend on the primary activities of low productivity and market imperfections, resulting in unstable incomes. In this context, this paper seeks to analyse the food security and livelihood opportunities of the Juang tribes of Nagada, odisha

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Food Security, Malnutrition, livelihood, Government Policies

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Maternal mortality and morbidity remain significant public health challenges, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Skilled birth attendance (SBA) is recognized as a vital intervention to reduce adverse maternal outcomes. SBAs--trained health professionals such as midwives, nurses, and doctors--play a crucial role in ensuring safe childbirth practices and managing complications.

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Skilled birth attendance, maternal mortality, maternal morbidity, health systems, midwifery, maternal health outcomes, safe delivery.

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The current study sought to look into the relationship of critical thinking abilities with achievement in biological science among IX standard students. It also aimed to compare achievement results across gender and school management type, including government, private aided as well as private unaided schools. The study employed a descriptive survey type. Simple random sampling was used to choose 198 IX standard pupils from schools in Bengaluru, Karnataka that followed the Karnataka State Syllabus. Data collection tools included the 'Critical Thinking Test in Biological Science' (CTT-BS) designed by Dr. P.B. Kavyakishore and a self-constructed 'Achievement Test in Biological Science' (ATBS) developed by the examiner and guide and the researcher collected the data personally and evaluated it using Pearson's correlation and independent samples 't' test in SPSS and MS Excel. The study finds that critical thinking ability is a significant relationship with achievement in biological science among IX standard students. It concludes that developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills improves students' understanding and performance in science related topics. Furthermore, the lack of significant gender inequalities demonstrates a progressive shift toward gender equality in secondary school science education. However, the higher performance of government school students compared to private school students is significant, implying that factors such as curriculum focus, teacher motivation and possibly teaching techniques may vary among school type, influencing learning results. The study emphasizes the need of developing critical thinking abilities in order to improve students' academic performance in scientific classes.

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Critical Thinking Ability, Achievement.

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