Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

The legal history of tribal rights in India is deeply rooted in a complex landscape of colonial legacies, post-independence constitutional mandates, and contemporary legal pluralism. Unlike mainstream communities governed by codified personal laws or statutory civil frameworks, India's Scheduled Tribes (STs) have historically inhabited socio-legal spaces governed by customary norms, unwritten traditions, and autonomous governance structures. This paper critically examines the evolution of tribal legal identity in India, tracing its trajectory from colonial-era marginalization under the British administration's "exclusion" policy to its partial recognition within the Sixth Schedule and the Fifth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. It explores how the state has negotiated between integrationist impulses and protective autonomy, often resulting in legal ambivalence or administrative neglect. Through a historical and jurisprudential lens, the study interrogates the pluralistic nature of Indian law as it applies to tribal populations, where statutory rights frequently intersect with customary law, environmental governance, and land rights regimes. Key legal milestones such as the Panchayats (Extension to Scheduled Areas) Act, 1996 (PESA), the Forest Rights Act, 2006 (FRA), and various state-level autonomy arrangements are assessed to understand their practical impact on tribal autonomy and legal recognition. The study also engages with landmark judicial decisions that have addressed the conflict between tribal customs and constitutional guarantees, especially around gender rights, displacement, and access to justice. Importantly, the paper foregrounds the tension between juridical recognition and substantive autonomy. While the Indian legal system nominally acknowledges tribal distinctiveness, it often subjects tribal governance to mainstream legal and bureaucratic oversight, thus diluting the autonomy it seeks to protect. The imposition of national development policies--mining, infrastructure, and forest conservation--has repeatedly collided with tribal land and cultural rights, leading to legal contestation and grassroots resistance. By analyzing statutory frameworks, case law, and field-based evidence, this paper argues that a truly plural legal order must reconcile tribal customary systems with constitutional values without eroding the lived experience of autonomy. It concludes by offering recommendations for a reimagined legal pluralism that is inclusive, dialogic, and grounded in tribal epistemologies.

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Tribal Rights, Legal Pluralism, Customary Law, Constitutional Recognition, Autonomy, Forest Rights Act, PESA, Indigenous Governance, Juridical Identity, Land Rights

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A sound body and a sound mind are man's most precious possessions. Man needs to participate in physical activities to develop his mind and body. The child first starts to move and gradually improves to run, throw, jump, climb according to its interest. So physical education is needed for each and every individual for a better growth and development. Physical fitness is the very basis of our daily life and a sick nation cannot produce healthy attitudes and economically productive capacities. Physical fitness is a universally accepted and realized terminology. Physical fitness is a capacity to meet the present and potential physical challenges of life with success. The present concept of physical fitness is not only freedom from diseases but also to gain enough strength, agility, flexibility, endurance and skills to meet the demands of daily life and to build sufficient reserve energy to with stand stress and strain. Fitness improves general health and it is essential for full and vigorous living. The physically fit child will be more alert and eager to do things. The wealth of a nation depends entirely upon the health of every citizen of the country. Hence physical fitness of school children is a major important factor to be considered. Physical fitness is an important outcome of physical education and it is physical education in the school system that is most capable of bringing it out. The physical fitness over a long span and examination of the same reflect the status of health. Physical examination assess the growth pattern and functional efficiency of sensory and motor organs, functional efficiency of the body in terms of strength, cardio respiratory endurance, flexibility speed, agility, balance and neuromuscular co-ordination. In this connection present this research paper highlighted on gender differences on anxiety, aggression and stress selected respondents of handball players

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Agility, Anxiety Aggression Child, Flexibility, Gender, Physical and Stress

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This paper focuses on investigating anew bio-based filler founded on custard apple seed powder which can be used to improve the mechanical strength of PLA filaments for the process of FDM 3D printing. The results show that seeds of the fruit hold 15.43% crude fiber and many chemical compounds useful for its bioactivity. Fine powder obtained through grinding the seeds is, therefore, compounded with the matrix of PLA in various concentrations. The optimization process of the filler preparation was based on the physical properties of the seeds, including the average particle size at 7.76 mm and sphericity at 0.59. Chemical analysis indicated the presence of phenolic compounds with a concentration of 42.02 mg GAE/100g and other bioactive components, possibly having antioxidant properties, which would enhance the stability of the polymer. The tensile strength, flexural properties, and impact resistance of the PLA composites were found to be significantly improved by the addition of custard apple seed filler. The optimized composite formulation offered superior mechanical performance while retaining the biodegradability of the material. The thermal analysis showed enhanced thermal stability in the composites, which is attributed to the complex chemical composition of the seeds. It reports on an environmentally friendly approach for the conversion of agricultural waste to the reinforcement of characteristics of a 3D printed biodegradable material.

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Polylactic acid (PLA); Annona squamosa; Bio-based fillers; 3D printing filaments; Natural fiber composites; Mechanical properties; Sustainable additives; Biodegradable polymers; Fused deposition modeling (FDM).

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Adolescence represents a critical period of psychosocial development, wherein individuals navigate complex emotional, cognitive, and social transformations. In India, the rural-urban divide presents distinct ecological contexts that influence adolescents' mental health and adaptive functioning. This study examines six key psychosocial variables--stress, emotional intelligence, personality, academic achievement, resilience, and psychological well-being--through the lens of the socio-ecological model, emphasizing how cultural, structural, and environmental conditions shape adolescent development. Drawing from recent empirical research conducted across diverse Indian states between 2021 and 2024, the study identifies contrasting patterns: urban adolescents often report higher academic stress, greater emotional self-awareness, and stronger digital access, whereas rural adolescents display greater relational resilience, familial cohesion, and community integration. These differences highlight the interplay between context and development, underscoring the need for regionally tailored psychosocial interventions. The findings advocate for inclusive national education and mental health policies that consider India's diverse adolescent population, aiming to enhance well-being, emotional competence, and academic outcomes across both rural and urban landscapes.

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Adolescents; Psychosocial Development; Rural-Urban Comparison; Stress; Emotional Intelligence; Resilience; Well-Being; Academic Achievement; Personality; India; Socio-Ecological Model

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Bhaarateey Saanskrtik Sangeet Parampara mein Varnit Naadasaadhana ka Saadhanaatmak Vivechan

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Bhaarateey Saanskrtik Sangeet Parampara mein Varnit Naadasaadhana ka Saadhanaatmak Vivechan

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The Communicative Approach to English Language Teaching (ELT) is a methodology that emphasizes real-life communication and interaction as the primary goals of language learning. It was developed in the 1970s as a response to traditional grammar-focused teaching methods, which were often criticized for failing to produce fluent and confident speakers.

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The Communicative Approach to English Language Teaching (ELT) is a methodology that emphasizes real-life communication and interaction as the primary goals of language learning. It was developed in the 1970s as a response to traditional grammar-focused teaching methods, which were often criticized for failing to produce fluent and confident speakers.

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The concept of Swadeshi, profoundly embedded in the Indian independence movement, symbolizes a significant manifestation of economic nationalism. Emerging significantly during the 1905 anti-partition movement in Bengal, Swadeshi sought to foster local industry, reject foreign products, and emphasize economic independence against British colonial oppression. This article examines the conceptual basis of Swadeshi within the larger context of economic nationalism, referencing Indian nationalist intellectuals such as Dadabhai Naoroji, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Mahadev Govind Ranade, and M.K. Gandhi. It similarly interacts with worldwide theories of nationalism from theorists like Ernest Gellner and Eric Hobsbawm to contextualize the Indian narrative. By analysing Congress resolutions, economic critiques, and indigenous movements, this study contends that Swadeshi represented not just a reactive effort but a proactive vision of economic independence and national rejuvenation.

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Swadeshi, Economic, Congress, British, Colonial, Nationalist, Resolution, Gandhi, Khadi

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Abstract: The perspectives of postgraduate students regarding learning techniques at a few chosen colleges in Kolkata are examined in this study. It investigates experiences with both online and offline education using a mixed-methods approach. Important facets of accessibility, communication, and participation are highlighted by data gathered from surveys and interviews. The results provide insightful information on how students prefer to learn and give guidance for developing future teaching methods in light of changing higher education settings.

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Postgraduate Students, Online and Offline Learning, Learning Mode Preferences, Higher Education in Kolkata, Mixed-Methods Research

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The increasing demand for multifunctional skincare products has driven the development of innovative formulations that address multiple skin concerns. This study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a face mist incorporating both anti-acne and anti-wrinkle properties. The mist was developed using a synergistic combination of herbal extracts, such as tea tree oil and lemongrass extract, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant effects, along with Neem and liquorice extract to enhance skin hydration and reduce fine lines. The formulation was designed to be lightweight, non-comedogenic, and suitable for daily use. Physicochemical properties such as pH, and spray pattern were optimized for stability and ease of application. In vitro and in vivo assessments demonstrated promising results in reducing acne lesions and improving skin elasticity. The final product presents a convenient, effective skincare solution that supports clear and youthful skin, representing a novel contribution to the cosmeceutical market. The formulation process involved the extraction of bioactive compounds from neem leaves, liquorice and lemongrass using an optimized hydroalcoholic extraction method to ensure the retention of key phytochemicals like nimbin, nimbidin, azadirachtin, quercetin ,liquiritin, glabridin, glycyrrhizin, citral , limonene and geraniol, . These compounds are known to possess potent antimicrobial and soothing properties beneficial for facial skin. The extract was then incorporated into a water-based mist formulation containing natural solvents, emulsifiers, preservatives (like Geogard ECT), and optional skin-conditioning agents such as glycerin for enhanced user comfort and skin hydration. The prepared face mist was subjected to preliminary physicochemical evaluations, including pH stability, viscosity, microbial load testing, and organoleptic properties (color, odor, clarity). In vitro antimicrobial activity was assessed against common acne-causing bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes, revealing promising inhibitory effects. Patch testing on volunteers showed no signs of irritation or adverse reactions, supporting its suitability for topical use.

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Formulation and Development of Polyherbal Face Mist

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Molecular logic gates, PET, ZnO nanoparticles, imine receptor, AND gate, fluorescence, chemical sensors.

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This study explores the intersection between Buddhist epistemology and contemporary reflective and inquiry-based pedagogy. Drawing from classical Indian philosophical traditions, particularly the works of Dign?ga and Dharmak?rti, Buddhist epistemology emphasizes pram??a (valid cognition), specifically pratyak?a (direct perception) and anum?na (inference), as authentic means of acquiring knowledge. These concepts offer powerful tools for developing critical thinking, metacognitive awareness, and experiential learning in educational contexts. The research adopts a qualitative, theoretical, and content-analytical approach, engaging with canonical texts and modern commentaries to examine how Buddhist modes of knowing align with progressive educational paradigms. The study demonstrates that pratyak?a fosters mindfulness and attentiveness, supporting reflective learning practices, while anum?na encourages logical reasoning, hypothesis testing, and dialogical engagement. These principles resonate with inquiry-based learning, which promotes student-led questioning, exploration, and meaning-making. Furthermore, the ethical and contemplative aspects of Buddhist thought--emphasizing compassion, non-attachment, and wisdom--enhance the moral and emotional dimensions of pedagogy. Based on these insights, the study proposes pedagogical strategies such as mindfulness-based reflective learning, dialectical inquiry circles, and self-inquiry portfolios. These models encourage learners to engage with content actively, critically, and ethically. Ultimately, the research advocates for a reorientation of educational practices that integrates Buddhist epistemological insights to support holistic, learner-centered development. In doing so, it contributes to the broader discourse on decolonizing education and enriching pedagogy through indigenous knowledge systems. The study concludes that Buddhist epistemology provides a transformative framework for fostering inquiry, self-awareness, and ethical reflection in modern classrooms.

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Buddhist Epistemology, Reflective Pedagogy, Inquiry-Based Learning, Pratyak?a, Anum?na, Mindfulness

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 Abstract

???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? 1986 ??? ????????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ?? ?? ???? 1992 ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ??? ?? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ?? ????????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?? ????????? ?????? ????, 2020 ?? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ?? ?? ??, ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ?? ????? ??? ??. ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ?????, ????, ????????, ??????? ?? ???????? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????? '?????? 2030' ?? ?????? ?? ?? ???? ???????? 21??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ?? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ???? ?????, ????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ?? ?????-?????? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ?????? ???? 1986 ?? ????? 2020 ?? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ???

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?????? ??????, ????????? ??????, ?????? ????, ????????? ?????? ???? 1986, ????????? ?????? ???? 2020

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Rural Livelihood, Off-season, Cucumber, Organic, Economic benefits, Aliba village.

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IntelliScan is an AI-powered system for automated car damage detection and classification. Using Mask R-CNN and ResNet-based models, it analyzes uploaded images to identify damage presence, severity, and location. Developed with a Flask web interface, the system offers fast, accurate, and scalable inspection ideal for insurance, rentals, and fleet management. By combining instance segmentation with multi-class classification, IntelliScan provides precise and reliable results, reducing the need for manual vehicle assessment.

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Deep Learning, Image Classification, Mask R-CNN, TensorFlow, Flask Web Application

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Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs) play a critical role in economic development, yet many continue to face operational inefficiencies due to limited adoption of digital tools such as accounting software. This study investigates the key determinants influencing the adoption of accounting software among SMEs, with a focus on organizational, technological, and environmental factors. Drawing upon established theoretical frameworks such as the Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) model and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the research adopts a quantitative approach using survey data collected from 200 SMEs across diverse sectors.

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Accounting Software, SMEs, Technology Adoption, TOE Framework, TAM, Empirical Analysis

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This study investigates the integration of blockchain technology and Software-Defined Networking (SDN) to develop resilient communication protocols for next-generation networks. As the complexity and burden on the current state of the global communication infrastructure are growing, especially concerning security, scalability, and flexibility, this study proposes a new solution that unites the potential of Blockchain and SDN. Blockchain enhances security in networks because they have nothing to rely on for visibility of transactions. SDN allows for dynamic control of the network and can be run more efficiently. Together, these technologies form a robust framework for addressing the challenges of next-generation networks, including 5G and the Internet of Things (IoT). To evaluate the effects of blockchain-SDN integration on network resilience, the research methodology will employ a combination of case studies, simulations, and performance testing. The observed results demonstrate significant contributions in security, scalability, and fault tolerance, providing valuable insights for future communication networks in terms of designing and creating a secure and scalable infrastructure.

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Blockchain, Software-Defined Networking, SDN, resilience, security, scalability, 5G, Internet of Things

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The rapid urbanization and demand for high-rise buildings have emphasized the need for efficient structural systems. Reinforced Cement Concrete (RCC) structures, although widely used, pose limitations in terms of self-weight and construction speed. Composite structures, integrating steel and concrete, offer significant benefits in strength-to-weight ratio, construction efficiency, and seismic performance. This study presents a comparative analysis of RCC and steel- concrete composite frame systems for a G+10 commercial building. Key performance parameters such as structural weight, time period, base shear, maximum story displacement and story drift are evaluated. Material consumption for both steel and concrete is estimated, followed by a cost comparison to highlight economic feasibility. The analysis is carried out using ETABS with Response Spectrum method under seismic zone III.

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RCC, Composite, structural weight, time period, base shear, story displacement, story drift, cost comparison, Response Spectrum

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India is among the fastest-growing countries in the world. It is getting ready to compete with the rest of the world by modernizing the educational system and introducing vocational education at the school level. Vocational education helps bridge the gap between education and employment by equipping students with practical skills. Girls benefit from it as well in terms of resilience, confidence, self-worth, and self-employment. In addition to helping people feel better about themselves, vocational education for girls also contributes to India's economic development. Understanding the importance of vocational education and the role the government plays in implementing it at the school level to provide young girls the skills they need to compete in the real world is the aim of the current study.

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Vocational education, employment, girl child, encouraging

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Women entrepreneurship in India has emerged as a powerful force of transformation in recent decades, reflecting broader social, economic, and cultural shifts in the country. Traditionally confined to domestic roles, Indian women are now stepping into the entrepreneurial ecosystem, creating innovative businesses, generating employment, and contributing significantly to the national economy. This shift is not merely economic--it represents a redefinition of gender roles, greater financial independence, and increased participation in decision-making at both family and community levels. The growth of women-led enterprises is supported by various factors, including improved access to education, digital technology, government schemes like Startup India, Stand up India, Mahila E-Haat, and increased microfinance opportunities. However, women entrepreneurs continue to face multiple challenges such as lack of access to capital, societal stigma, gender bias, limited mobility, and insufficient business training. Despite these barriers, many women are transforming their domestic skills into successful business ventures in sectors such as handicrafts, textiles, food processing, beauty services, e-commerce, and agriculture. This abstract explores the evolution of women entrepreneurship in India, emphasizing the social and economic impact of women-owned businesses, the role of government and private initiatives, and the ongoing need to create a more inclusive entrepreneurial ecosystem. Promoting women entrepreneurship is not just a matter of gender equality-it is a crucial step toward sustainable development, innovation, and inclusive economic growth. As more women rise from the constraints of tradition to the possibilities of entrepreneurship, India moves closer to realizing its full potential as a gender-balanced and economically empowered nation. Women entrepreneurship in India has become a key driver of social transformation and economic growth. Traditionally, Indian society placed women primarily in domestic roles, but over the years, women have increasingly stepped into the business world breaking stereotypes, creating jobs, and contributing to the country's GDP. Today, Indian women are leading businesses across sectors including agriculture, fashion, education, health care, technology, e-commerce, and small-scale manufacturing. Their contributions are not limited to urban areas; rural women are also emerging as strong micro-entrepreneurs with the help of Self-Help Groups (SHGs), government programs, and microfinance institutions. The Government of India has launched various initiatives to support and encourage women entrepreneurs such as Stand Up India, Startup India, Pradhan Mantri MUDRA Yojana, and Mahila E-Haat. These schemes provide.

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Women To Start And Scale Businesses, (SHGS), Government Programs, Startup India

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