Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

Exercise has increasingly been recognized as a vital component in the promotion and maintenance of mental health. This paper reviews the current literature on the impact of various types of physical activity on mental health outcomes, including reductions in depressive and anxiety symptoms, as well as improvements in overall psychological well-being. Evidence suggests that aerobic, resistance, and mind-body exercises such as yoga yield significant mental health benefits through both biological mechanisms such as neurotransmitter modulation and stress hormone regulation and psychosocial pathways including enhanced self-efficacy and social interaction. The effectiveness of exercise interventions is influenced by the type, duration, and frequency of activity, with moderate-intensity exercise performed consistently over several weeks showing the most pronounced effects. Despite these benefits, challenges related to adherence and accessibility highlight the need for integrated, personalized approaches within mental health care frameworks. This review underscores the potential of exercise as a scalable, cost-effective adjunctive treatment and advocates for its inclusion in clinical practice and public health policy to mitigate the global burden of mental illness.

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Exercise, mental health, depression, anxiety, stress, well-being

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Fistula-in-Ano is a chronic and challenging ano-rectal condition often characterized by persistent discharge, pain, and recurrence after surgical interventions. Ayurvedic literature offers a time-tested solution through Ksharasutra therapy, as described by Acharya Sushruta. Over the years, several modifications and different types of Ksharasutra have been developed to enhance efficacy, reduce complications, and promote faster healing. This review article elaborates on classical references, the pharmacodynamics of Ksharasutra, its types (Apamarga, Guggulu, Snuhi-based), indications, mechanisms of action, and comparative clinical outcomes in the management of Bhagandara (fistula-in-ano).

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Ksharasutra, Fistula-in-Ano, Apamarga Kshara, Snuhi, Ayurvedic Surgery, Bhagandara, Para-surgical therapy

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This research studies the quickly-evolving crossroads of dark web platforms, cryptocurrency payments, and drug trafficking in India, identifying a grave national security threat as per a directive from Union Home Minister Amit Shah. Employing mixed-methods research-that is, combining doctrinal-allegal analysis and empirical blockchain forensics-the study shows that across-the-border criminal networks use Tor-based markets (i.e., Abacus Market: YoY growth of 183%) and privacy-centric cryptocurrencies such as Monero for trafficking synthetic opioids, generics, and cannabis, with wholesale deals accounting for 60-70% of all darknet activity. And laundering further thrives on platforms like Huione Guarantee Ltd., which sees over $70 billion in illicit crypto transactions and gives Indian traffickers tools to hide their trades through chain-hopping, DeFi protocols, and peel chains. Abysmally concerning is the presence of systemic weaknesses in India's response, including a fragmented AML enforcement regime, jurisdictional ambiguities, and acute shortages in state-level blockchain forensic capabilities (<10% of personnel are trained). Emerging threats--including narco-terror financing in conflict zones like Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab, AI-enabled trafficking, and the risks posed by quantum computing--only add to the list of challenges. To combat this illegal INR54,851 crore economy (2014-2024), the present study advocates a four-pillar strategy: (1) Technological: Establish state units to fight against the dark web by using tools such as Chainalysis Reactor; (2) Legal: Amend the PMLA to provide a mechanism for reporting crypto transactions on a real-time basis; (3) International: Ratify the Budapest Convention for cross-border data sharing; and (4) Preventive: Use AI-powered dark web scanners and undertake public health interventions. The finding brings forth the pressing need for India to integrate technological capability on par with the ever-evolving criminal methods so as to render incapability to this ever-growing threat.

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Critical Gaps, Dark web, Drugs, Indian law.

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Education empowers girls to achieve more in their social, career, economic and family lives. Women's education is a multi-faceted factor that can be held responsible for the low status among women in India. The factors like social, demographic, political and economic are the backbone of low or high literacy rate. Women's education is a milestone in empowerment because, it allows women to meet the obstacles, and improve their lives. So, the relevance of education in relation to empowerment for women cannot be neglected. India has been thought to be the world's great power in the last few years to witness the progress of women's education. As the position of women has been determined, women's empowerment and the growing changes in their education are to be recognized. The present research carried out the spatio-temporal analysis of the women education and empowerment in India. For spatio-temporal analysis of the women education and empowerment in India, data of three decades from 2001, 2011 and 2021 is considered. The general literacy rate for three decades is 54.0 percent, 65.46 and 70.3 percent of respectively. India's female literacy rate was only 7.3 percent at time of independence. Since then, it has increased but at varying rates in different states.

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Education, Women empowerment, Spatio-temporal, Decade, Literacy.

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This research paper focuses on green governance and its role of boards in driving environmental sustainability and also studies the conceptual framework on CSR and environmental sustainability. The modern interpretation of CSR took hold during the 1960s when movements for labour rights, racial equality, and environmental protection took centre stage. Corporate social responsibility acknowledges that a company's performance cannot be measured by profit alone but relies on its social and environmental impacts. This is an attempt to study the role of green governance based on descriptive method and focused on conceptual framework of data and information. The article reveals the relationship between green governance and sustainability

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CSR, Green Governance, Environment, Sustainability

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The increasing number of child sexual assault cases in India raises serious apprehensions. Any sexual assault of a child upsets our country's honour and respect. The Indian law on child sexual abuse is not sited in a single legally binding document, but rather dispersed extensively in several legislations. Protection of Children from Sexual Offences Act, 2012 (POCSO Act) is the most predominant enactment addressing this issue. It is India's first all-encompassing law designed for protecting children from sexual assault, sexual harassment, and pornography. In Chandigarh too, there are problems like child abuse, sexual abuse of children and women. Consequently, in this city 1100 cases had been reported from 1 April, 2021 to 31 March, 2022 in which 24 cases were of sexual abuse. There are other cases like physical abuse, begging, child labour, drugs and drug addiction that had been reported in one year. A detailed analysis of areas and economic situation of families of the children was done who were reported in Chandigarh Childline 1098. It was found that child abuse has a deep relation with area, economic status and age group which is ramping up these types of crimes. Thus, this paper would be an eye opener and helpful to prevent child sexual abuse in the society.

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POCSO Act, Child Abuse, Sexual Abuse

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Background: Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is a multifactorial condition that leads to long-term discomfort, reduced mobility, and compromised quality of life. Standard physiotherapy approaches often provide limited relief, creating the need for complementary modalities. Matrix Rhythm Therapy (MRT), introduced by Dr. Ulrich G. Randoll, is a non-invasive technique that applies rhythmic mechanical vibrations within the 8-12 Hz range to restore the physiological rhythm of the extracellular matrix, improve circulation, and enhance cellular metabolism. Aims & Objective: This review aims to analyze the effectiveness of MRT in managing CMP. Methodology: A systematic search was conducted using databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, and Cochrane for literature published between 2010 and 2025. Results:Forty-five relevant studies, comprising randomized controlled trials, case reports, and narrative reviews, were included. Across these studies, MRT demonstrated consistent benefits in reducing pain intensity, improving joint mobility, decreasing muscle stiffness, and promoting tissue healing in conditions such as low back pain, frozen shoulder, myofascial pain syndrome, diabetic neuropathy, and postural dysfunction. Patients also reported improved functional outcomes, enhanced quality of life, and high satisfaction with treatment, with no adverse effects noted. Conclusion:These findings suggest that MRT is an effective adjunctive intervention for CMP management. Further large-scale and longitudinal studies are needed to establish standardized protocols and validate its long-term clinical efficacy.

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Matrix Rhythm Therapy, Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain, Pain Management, Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation

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A clear and clean environment is important and unquestionable part of today's generation and daily life. Majority of cities all over the world have dustbins that to with integration of IOT, AI/ML, Cloud and others. Where the bin's work as per requirements and they as designed for. Some nation government as a plan to how to use the waste like producing energy from trash, fertilizers and more. The Dustbin with IOT are designed using equipment's like Arduino Uno, GSM, GPRS, Sensors/Detectors. The main goal of this IOT based dustbin is to proper management of garbage in society/city/others. A Modern dustbin utilizers Iot and sensor to manage waste automatically that will help to improve cleanliness in society. These dustbins as features like: ? Automatic open/close. ? Detect level of dustbin (using ultrasonic sensor). ? Capacity of type of waste segregation. Data collected from dustbin are transmitted to data centre through many channel routs, leads to take certain decisions in terms of environment, money, health and waste management.

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Integration of IOT, AI/ML, Arduino Uno, GSM, GPRS, Sensors/Detectors, Automatic open/close, Detect level of dustbin, Channel routs, Waste management

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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have significantly advanced the field of medical image analysis, enabling early and precise detection of conditions such as cancer, pneumonia, and diabetic retinopathy. This paper examines the core architecture of CNNs, their integration into clinical practice, and the impact they have on diagnostic efficiency. It also addresses critical challenges including limited availability of labeled medical data, the need for interpretability of AI decisions, and ethical concerns like algorithmic bias and patient privacy. By reviewing current applications and evaluating real-world implementations, the study emphasizes the importance of transparency and accountability in AI-driven healthcare solutions. The discussion further underlines the need for a balanced approach that combines technical innovation with ethical responsibility. Ultimately, the paper advocates for the thoughtful adoption of CNNs to build a healthcare system that is not only intelligent but also inclusive, equitable, and aligned with the needs of both practitioners and patients.

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Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), medical image classification, deep learning in healthcare, disease detection, tumor detection, diabetic retinopathy screening, pneumonia detection, skin lesion analysis, explainable AI (XAI), model interpretability, healthcare diagnostics, digital health solutions, transfer learning, federated learning, edge AI in healthcare, AI ethics in medicine.

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The coir industry, a major cottage industry in India, plays a vital role in employment generation and livelihood in major coconut-growing states. In 2023, Indian coir products were exported to over 100 countries, with the USA as the largest importer by value and China by quantity (Coir Board, Government of India). Kerala, the birthplace of India's coir industry, accounts for 61% of coconut production and 85% of coir products, employing 1.5 lakh workers, 80% of whom are women. (Directorate of coir development, Government of Kerala) However, Kerala's coir production and exports have declined due to labour shortages, rising costs, and government intervention. But, the emergence of self-help groups and entrepreneur friendly policies in Kerala is helping to revive Kerala's coir industry. Moreover, the upcoming Vizhinjam mother port in Kerala will also help in improving the production and export potential of coir products. Among the products, coir pith is one of the major exported products. This paper focus on coir sector, which has immense export potential. This sector employs rural women, which contributes to their livelihood. Venturing in to manufacturing coir products, by adopting sustainable practices will lead to socio economic development of the local area as well as benefits the entrepreneur. Here the focus is on coir pith which is manufactured using coconut husk, a by-product of coir industry. Therefore, this sector contributes to the economic well-being of local community, empowerment of women engaged in coir activity and also benefit the entrepreneur, thereby contributing to various SDGs. This study uses the DFID Sustainable Livelihoods Framework to explore livelihood diversification in the coir sector. Through qualitative and quantitative analysis, the research identifies key strategies for scaling sustainable entrepreneurship in coir pith manufacturing.

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Coir Pith, Sustainability, Livelihood

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Born at a village Harishchandrapur, Malda, West Bengal, Pandit Bidhushekhar Shastri (1878-1957) became one of the most eminent Sanskrit academics and ideologist in early 20th-century India. Kavyatirtha, who was recognized as a prodigy at the age of 17, was proficient in different languages like Tibetan, Avestan, Pali, Prakrit, Sanskrit, French, German, and Chinese. In addition to writing or editing seventeen important books on logic, grammar, Buddhism, and philosophy, he was instrumental in the recovery of lost Sanskrit literature from Tibetan translations. He taught at Santiniketan as a Sanskrit professor and later held the prestigious Asutosh Professorship at Calcutta University. Among the accolades he received were the titles of Deshikottama from Visva-Bharati (1957) and Mahamahopadhyaya (1936). His early Harishchandrapur upbringing, academic background, diverse contributions to Indology, institutional involvement, and enduring influence in Bengal's scholarly heritage are all studied in this paper.

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Pandit Bidhushekhar Shastri, Harishchandrapur, Sanskrit, Tibetan

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Jawaharlal Nehru says, "You can tell the condition of a nation by looking at the status of its women" The U.N held a millennium summit in 2000 with a robust declaration for bringing about gender equality. The disparity between men and women in India is glaring for historical reasons evolved in stages through changed situations Socio-Economic Fields with greater emphasis on patriarchal in sowed rather than on matriarchically. However, the question before us is whether UN summit of 2000 took into consideration the Socio-Economic relations of India being subsequently led to the wider chasm/rupture between Indian women and men based on Socio-Religious and economic cords leading further is the denigration and denial of her right to life, dignity etc. These papers mainly focus on women's right and attempts to explore the possibilities of bringing uniformity in terms of rights and responsibilities though the women rights in India have evolved in the patriarchal style and hence have patriarchal orientation. Throughout this paper a solemn attempts has been made to discuss the challenges before that Indian women such as female feticide, dowry, trafficking, of girls and denial of their due rights. However, the objectives of the paper are what are the possibilities and practices that could revamp Indian society with gender being equal and secondly, the legal option and constitutional guarantees will be dealt with exploring the possibilities and prospects for Indian women to be equal to men. Gurjodhpal Singh, chief executive officer, Tide India, said, "The findings have inspired us to be a key partner in their success stories. Access to funding, mentors, and digital tools for doing business are tightly interwoven and interdependent. While women entrepreneurs from small towns report that they have access to credit, a large gap in their understanding of financial issues remains." Women in the Indian society have been considered as inferior as men for many years. Because of such type of inferiority, they have to face various issues and problems in their life. They have to go extra miles than men to prove themselves equivalent to men. People in the middle age were considering women as key to destruction so they never allowed women to go outside and participate in the social activities like men. Still in the modern age, women have to face many more problems in their daily life and struggle a lot to establish their career. Still many parents prefer to have only boy baby and allow education to boys only. Women for them are only medium to keep family happy and healthy.

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 Keywords

Women's Rights, Millennium Summit, Bharat Women Aspiration Index, Millennium Development Goal, Gender Equality, Family, Empowerment, Status, Achievements of Women's, Challenges, Problems and Positive Prospects, Legislations to Protect Women's Rights, Struggles, Findings and Suggestions.

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Low Noise Amplifiers (LNAs) serve as the critical front-end block in the receiver chain of any transceiver system, where minimizing noise, power consumption, and area is essential for overall performance. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of various LNA topologies, evaluating their power efficiency and noise characteristics. The study reveals that conventional single-stage LNAs often fall short of stringent noise performance requirements, necessitating the adoption of noise cancellation techniques. However, traditional noise cancellation approaches typically incur higher power consumption. To address this, sub-threshold operation of transistors is explored as a low-power alternative, albeit with the trade-off of increased noise. To mitigate this, the review examines the integration of noise cancellation methods tailored for sub-threshold LNAs, effectively suppressing the excess noise while retaining power efficiency. The paper offers comparative insights into different LNA architectures and highlights promising strategies for achieving optimal trade-offs between noise figure, power consumption, and design complexity.

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Low Noise Amplifier (LNA), Noise cancellation, Low-power design, CMOS LNA, Noise figure, RF circuit design, Transceiver systems, gain, linearity, S parametrs

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Accurate and reliable navigation systems are crucial for precise course correction and rendezvous maneuvers during long missions. Spacecraft experience deviations from their intended flight paths due to a combination of external forces, even if they are initially launched on a precise trajectory. These forces, though small, accumulate over time, causing deviations from the planned path. Even small pressure of sunlight on the spacecraft adds up over time and is sufficient to push the spacecraft off course. Once the spacecraft leaves the launchpad, an orbit determination analyst processes various forms of tracking data to find its position at any given time. Once the orbit determination team gets a good estimate for the current location of the spacecraft, the flight path control team evaluates how far the spacecraft has drifted from the reference trajectory. Other maneuvering management teams evaluate different thruster operation times to get the spacecraft back on course. The spacecraft team at the control center creates a set of commands to accomplish the correction. The commands are then uplinked to the spacecraft by the use of powerful Earth-equipped antennas and other equipment to communicate with the spacecraft. Antennas used for spacecraft communication need to be precisely pointed towards the spacecraft to ensure reliable data transmission and reception. Networks of antennas are indeed positioned around the Earth. These networks utilize multiple antenna complexes strategically located to ensure continuous communication with spacecraft across the globe. This orbit determination and flight path control continues without pause throughout the lifetime of a flight mission. The spacecraft generally keeps wandering off and must be brought back on course immediately before it starts moving along a lost path. Now an easy manner of navigation to different planets will make the spacecraft more independent from Earth-based monitoring stations positioned at different locations of the Earth. The necessity of orbit determination and flight path control will not be as crucial, as the spacecraft will have its own inbuilt system to keep it moving on its perfect linear trajectory. Also, as its maneuvering will not depend on signals from the earth stations, it will be extremely tough for the hostile entities to disturb its planned trajectory by cyber assaults. It will have a new function to make it tour parallel to the Sun's rays. That is, its main trajectory will be continually toward or away from the Sun. For precise touchdown on the Moon, Mars, or other planets, the time of uplift from the Earth will be based on its speed and the time of the planet that will approach its travel path. The same logic will be used to make it return to Earth. This system of navigation will make it adopt an auto-orbit correction system without depending on Earth-positioned monitoring stations that utilize complex technologies. The probabilities of the spacecraft getting drifted from its trajectory will be minimal, as a simple photoelectric cell tracking system will keep it moving parallel to the Sun's rays. For any trajectory deviation, a quick automatic maneuver will hold the spacecraft on path. It will use satellite-based mobile phone technology for communication and tracking purposes. This will assist in lessening its operational costs and dependencies on high-priced earth-based stations. Already orbiting satellites that are supporting the operation of satellite mobile phones will be the main source of communication.

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flight paths, trajectory, external forces, orbit determination, manoeuvring management, communication antennas, navigation, cyber assaults, auto orbit correction, satellite technology, spacecraft, spacecraft architecture, spacecraft builders, spacecraft design, spacecraft drawing, spacecraft development, spacecraft examples, fastest manned spacecraft, spacecraft journey, spacecraft landing, unmanned spacecraft, thruster operation, orbit determination, flight mission, linear trajectory, photo ele

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India The flagship health insurance programme of India, the Ayushman Bharat - Pradhan Mantri Jan Arogya Yojana (PM-JAY) was launched in 2018 to alleviate the economic drain on poor and vulnerable groups so as to help them cover the cost of healthcare. Covering 5 lakh rupee per family each year, PM-JAY is expected to cover more than 50 crore beneficiaries throughout the country. This paper measures the efficiency of PM-JAY to guard the household against catastrophic health expenditure (CHE), whereby healthcare costs are higher than a substantial percentage of household earnings. Basing on the 75 th round of the National Sample Survey (NSSO) and existing PM-JAY impact evaluations, the article presents the current trends of out-of-pocket spending, insurance cover, and financial risk exposure having low-income households. The analysis points out the weaknesses and strengths of PM-JAY on meeting the universal health coverage objectives. The lack of coverage of outpatient and follow-up costs, awareness and enrolment gaps is indicated in the findings that the scheme has increased access to the inpatient care, and allowed by the improvement of financial protection in some states.

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PM-JAY, Vulnerable populations, Catastrophic health expenditure

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Floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) are designed with a lower bulk density than gastric fluids, enabling them to remain buoyant in the stomach for extended periods without affecting the gastric emptying rate. While floating on the stomach's contents, these systems release medication in a controlled and sustained manner. Once the drug is fully released, the system disintegrates or is emptied from the stomach. This mechanism increases the Gastric Residence Time (GRT), leading to improved control over fluctuations in plasma drug concentration. To achieve this, FDDS must possess sufficient structural integrity to form a cohesive gel barrier and release the drug gradually while maintaining a density lower than that of gastric fluids. These systems are typically developed using effervescent and non-effervescent approaches that rely on buoyancy mechanisms. Such methodologies are particularly beneficial for delivering drugs with a narrow therapeutic window. Our review aims to provide detailed insights into the pharmaceutical principles guiding the design, classification, and preparation of FDDS. It also explores factors influencing their performance, their advantages, applications, limitations, and potential future advancements in this innovative drug delivery system.

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Floating drug delivery system, Pantoprazole, Polymer, Gastroretentive system, Prolonged Gastric Retention

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Background and purpose Geriatrics is the study of elderly aged people. Older people can move less, making them prone to deconditioning and a host of other consequences including stiffness, weakness, Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular changes, decreased balance, cognitive disorders etc. Aerobic or endurance training can help to maintain various aspects of heart and lung function and cardiac output. Aerobic activity enables the body to burn calories, a function referred to as a metabolic equivalent (MET). Aerobic activity is defined as any activity that uses large muscle groups, can be maintained continuously, and is rhythmic in nature. This study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Aerobic exercise in Geriatrics in improving the functional status. Methodology 30 elderly subjects were randomly selected based on selection criteria. Aerobic exercises such as walking, jogging and bicycle ergometry in less repetition per minute (RPM) were selected by patients depending on their convenience. Blood pressure, Pulse rate, Respiratory rate, Dynamic lung functions such as forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume percentage (FEV%), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), and maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and their wellbeing was measured for all the subjects before and after each season of aerobic exercise. Results The statistical analysis was done using independent Student's t test for comparing two different sets of data. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) Newman-Kaul's multiple range tests with Bonferroni-Holm method was used for multiple comparisons. Conclusion The results indicated that after the aerobic exercise program there was a significant reduction of blood pressure and increase in pulse rate, respiratory rate (RR) and dynamic lung functions such as FVC, FEV1, FEV%, PEFR and MVV, and the wellbeing of elderly subjects participated in the study. Hence the result proves that the low intensity aerobic exercises help elderly persons in improving the cardiovascular endurance and quality of life.

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Key words: Aerobic exercise, Repetition per minute, Anova, Newman-kaul's Multiple range Test, Bonferroni Holm method

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Abstract The relationship between law, spirituality, and justice in India reflects a deeply rooted and evolving synthesis, shaped by centuries of philosophical, cultural, and legal development. This article examines how spiritual principles such as Dharma (moral duty) and Nyaya (justice) have historically informed Indian jurisprudence and continue to influence contemporary legal thought. Drawing on foundational texts like the Vedas, Upanishads, and Dharmashastras, it highlights the enduring ethical values of equity, fairness, and compassion embedded in India's justice tradition. Tracing the evolution of Indian legal systems--from ancient codes and customary law to the transformations under medieval and colonial regimes--the article explores how spiritual ideals have persisted and adapted within the modern constitutional framework. Landmark judicial decisions affirming human dignity, environmental protection, and restorative justice illustrate the ongoing integration of spiritual values into legal reasoning. At the same time, the paper addresses the complexities of navigating spiritual influence within a secular, pluralistic democracy. The tension between constitutional guarantees and religious practices underscores the need for a jurisprudence that is both inclusive and just. The contemporary relevance of spirituality is further reflected in areas such as social justice, human rights, and environmental law, with mechanisms like Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)--inspired by Gandhian ethics--exemplifying the practical application of these values. The article concludes by advocating for a thoughtful synthesis of spiritual heritage and constitutional principles, fostering a justice system that is both rooted in tradition and responsive to modern democratic ideals.

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Key words: law, spirituality, justice, modern Indian judiciary and spiritual values, criticism, call for a balanced approach.

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Mobile payment systems have become very fast, and the number has shot up rapidly changing the face of financial transactions with a high level of convenience. This development however comes along with a rising menace of security. The present paper is a review paper which takes a detailed look at security in mobile payment applications and pays particular attention to the issue of user awareness, which has become especially relevant to maintaining security posture. Benefitting on the bespoke recent academic literature, this review examines how user preferences, perceived security as well as usability related questions across distinct demographics affect security measure adoption and success. We also synthesize our findings on recurrent threats to security and the systems developed to combat these threats respectively with the aim of noting how the behaviour of the users which in many instances is influenced by lack of awareness or the comfort of the user may jeopardise the most secure security protocols. The insights we have gained stipulate the importance of collaborating the user-friendly design standards with good technical security to create a more secure mobile payment environment.

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Mobile Payment Systems, Security, Mobile applications, Threats and challenges, Encryption and Data privacy, Perceived security, ease of use of users, payment preference, human-computer interaction (HCI), and accessibility, older adult / Senior citizens, consumer behavior / users continuance intention.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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