Volume 12 | Issue 7

 Abstract

Safe sanitation is one of the foundations of a healthy, comfortable and dignified life. Yet, two billon people around the world lack safe drinking water. Almost half of the population, 3.6 billion people lacks safe sanitation. Despite progress, over half of the world's population, 4.2 billion people, uses sanitation services that leave human waste untreated, threatening human and environmental health. The Oxford Economics report states that in terms of total cost, India suffer the most, with US $ 106.7 billion wiped off the GDP in 2015. Poor sanitation costs India 5.2% of its Gross Domestic Product annually. Sustainable sanitation encompasses of the entire sanitation cycle, which includes user interface, containment and storage, transport, treatment, disposal or reuse. Along with Sustainable sanitation approach promotes human health by breaking the vicious cycle of diseases. This approach considers waste as a resource and minimizes waste which is economically viable and environment friendly approach. Sustainable sanitation can help the nations in achieving the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. This is highly incorporated with major Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This paper is theoretical in nature and put a detailed note on sustainable sanitation. Though it is relied on secondary data and data has been collected from various published sources such as periodicals, articles reports and books.

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safe sanitation, sustainable sanitation, human and environmental health, sustainable development, SDG

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ABSTRACT The recent India-Bangladesh transit treaty, signed by Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, represents a pivotal advancement in regional connectivity and economic cooperation. This agreement introduces a direct rail corridor linking Kolkata, India, to the northeastern states of India and the Dooars region in West Bengal. By addressing longstanding logistical issues, the treaty is poised to enhance trade efficiency, reduce transportation costs, and foster greater regional integration. This development not only strengthens bilateral relations but also reflects a shared commitment to economic growth in South Asia. The treaty emerges from a context of complex historical ties and recent cooperative efforts, aiming to overcome geographical challenges and optimize trade flows between the nations.

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Keywords-Transit Treaty, Connectivity, Bilateral Relations, Trade Efficiency, Economic Cooperation, Regional Integration.

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This work explores the green, convenient and one-pot preparation of Iron- graphite oxide nanocomposite. A series of measurements like X-ray powder diffraction analysis (XRD) was carried out to identity the crystalline structure and phase of the synthesized sample. The surface morphological features, crystal structure and basic chemical elements of synthesized nanocomposite were analysed using SEM and EDAX analysis. A study is carried out for the application of synthesized nanocomposites for the electrochemical degradation of a carcinogenic textile dye, Deep Green 474, in an electrochemical cell having carbon electrodes. The dye decoloration of 99.8% takes place in the presence of 0.003g/L of GO, at a current density of 0.04A/cm2. The results indicated that the synthesized nanocomposite has high dye removal capacity with good reusability. Therefore, the obtained nanocomposite from this facile one-pot synthesis method exhibit great potential in biological and environmental remediation.

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carcinogenic, dye degradation, electrochemical, graphene oxide, nano composite

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????? ?? ?????? ?? ????????, ????????, ????????? ????????

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BACKGROUND: Neck pain is musculoskeletal condition which is the leading cause of disability with high prevalence. Previous studies have shown that alteration in cervical proprioception is associated with the neck pain. It is evaluated using Joint Position Error (JPE) test which determines the person's ability to return his head to the predefined position after cervical movements. Exercise intervention are needed for the management of patients with neck pain and altered cervical proprioception. The objective of the study is to compare the Proprioceptive Training and Craniocervical Flexion (CCF) Training in reducing pain and improving Cervical Joint Position Sense. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 64 subjects were assessed and identified with mechanical neck pain and recruited for the study and randomly divided into two groups. In one group Proprioceptive Training and in another group Craniocervical Flexion Training had been given for 4 weeks. RESULTS: On comparison of proprioceptive training group and Craniocervical Flexion training group for pretest and posttest values of NPRS (P< 0.0001), JPE for right rotation (p<0.0001), left rotation (p<0.0001), extension (p<0.0001) and NDI (p<0.0001) Extremely significant difference found. On comparison between Proprioceptive training group and Craniocervical Flexion training group, there was significant difference found for NPRS(p=0.0373), JPE for Right rotation(p=0.0162), Left Rotation(p=0.0335), Extension(p=0.0372) and NDI(p=0.0173) CONCLUSION: This study showed that Proprioceptive training is more effective than Craniocervical Flexion training in improving Cervical Joint Position Sense and reducing patients perceived pain and disability.

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Joint Position Error, Proprioception, Deep neck flexors, Neck pain.

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Indigenous communities are often marginalised due to a lack of recognition of their rights, culture and traditional living standards. Adivasis have been socially discriminated and excluded from the mainstream society. The social biasness prevailing in the society not only offends human dignity but also in breach the human right of living as an equal citizen. This paper focuses on the Adivasis resistance of forced displacement in the context of development. The paper tries to voice the angst of indigenous people of Jharkhand against the social bigotry. Through the short story collection of Hansda Sowvendra Shekhar The Adivasi Will Not Dance the consignment of Adivasis to a lower social strata will be discussed. Adivasis have withstand the social and economic adversities and are now acclaiming their presence in the mainstream society. The selected stories of this collection describe the Adivasi resistance against exploitation and also present Adivasis remarkable resilience despite all adversities.

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Indigenous, marginalised, displacement, resistance, resilience.

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ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and asthma are the two main forms of Obstructive Lung Diseases (OLD). Due to the airway lumen narrowing, they are characterized by reduced airflow out of the lungs. Since inhalers make it easier to administer medication to the respiratory tract, they are the treatment of choice. Inhalers aid in preventing flare-ups and the worsening of symptoms. However, in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effect, the inhalers must be used correctly. The patient may make mistakes when using the inhalers because they may not receive enough information or counselling. A higher prognosis for obstructive pulmonary disease is linked to appropriate medication adherence and usage. Appropriate patient counselling reduces the likelihood of inhalational technique errors and increases adherence to inhalers. AIM: To investigate how often inhalers are prescribed and assess how well Obstructive Lung Disease patients adhere to their inhalational regimen. OBJECTIVE: To study the prescribing pattern of inhalers in Obstructive Lung Disease, to find the errors in inhalational techniques before and after patient counselling and to evaluate the adherence to inhalers before and after counselling in patients with Obstructive Lung Disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 61 patients with COPD or asthma were included in a prospective observational study. Proforma from the outpatient record and in-person interviews with the patient were used to gather patient data. Patients were instructed to use their inhalers, and a standard checklist was used to evaluate any errors in inhalation technique. The Evaluation of Adherence to Inhalers (EAI), a 12-item questionnaire, was used to evaluate inhaler adherence. The total questionnaire score was used to calculate adherence. Following the evaluation, each participant received instruction and counselling on appropriate inhalation techniques. A month after the patient counselling, the assessment of inhalational technique errors and the adherence test were conducted again. RESULT: According to the study, 44.26% of the sample was older than 60. Of them, women made up the majority (63.9%). Patients with asthma made up about 60.6% of the total. 80.3% of patients only use one inhaler at a time. The MDI was the most commonly used inhaler (42.6%), followed by the DPI (45.9%) and the MDI with spacer (11.48%). Budesonide + Formoterol fumarate combination is the most commonly used inhalation medication. The age group of 41-60 years old had the lowest error frequency (p value <0.05), followed by that of 61-80 years old. Following patient counselling, patients with COPD and asthma were more likely to adhere to their inhalers (P value = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The majority of patients exhibited difficulty in correctly using the MDI with spacer. All medical professionals need to be more aware of this; in particular, pharmacists should make sure they understand the proper way to use inhalers, even though the majority of patients in our study were actually given advice on how to use them by nurses. Patients with asthma and COPD were more often prescribed Formoterol + Budesonide inhalers. Since there was a significant improvement in adherence to inhalers following pharmacist intervention in our study, the current results demonstrated that pharmacist counselling can improve adherence to inhalers in patients with Obstructive Lung Disease.

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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), Obstructive Lung Disease (OLD), Asthma, Inhalers, Errors, Adherence, Patient counselling.

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Dakshina Kannada is a part of Karnataka state and geographically situated on the south western part of India. From earlier, the Arabs had trade contact with Dakshina Kannada. later It trade contact leads to colonial domination. In this paper we discussed how the regional resistance emerged and spread against colonialism and its machinery. it is a glance to the role of a micro region Dakshina Kannada in the Freedom Struggle.

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Dakshina Kannada, Kanara, Mangalore, Freedom Struggle, Karnad Sadashiva Rao, Kudmul Ranga Rao.

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Background/Introduction: Musculoskeletal disorders are common among health care workers worldwide. They are a common cause of severe, longterm pain and physical disability. Physiotherapists are highly skilled, licensed health care professionals who work to aid patients relieve pain, restore strength and improve mobility so the purpose of this study was to ascertain the prevalence for WRMDs among north Gujarat region physiotherapists. Methodology: A cross-sectional survey study was conducted in the north Gujarat region over a period of six months. The questionnaire was emailed to 120 physiotherapists. Questionnaire included demographic information such as age and clinical experience. Self-reports of workrelated musculoskeletal symptoms and troubles they experienced during work and another questionnaire had questions regarding which body part is affected. The data was analyzed using the Microsoft Excel. Results: 120 participants completed a musculoskeletal health questionnaire and participants were identified as having musculoskeletal symptoms. The most common site of injury was the neck (40.83%). The lower back (33.33%) was the second most common site of injury. The majority of respondents cited managing a large number of patients a day, continuously assuming uncomfortable positions, and manual therapy methods as risk factors. Reducing contact time with patients was identified as the most common coping strategy. Conclusion: Work-related musculoskeletal disorders constitute a significant health risk in the field of physiotherapists. The prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders among physiotherapists in North Gujarat region is high.

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Physiotherapist, Work related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMDs), Work-related injuries

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Weather forecasting using machine learning represents a significant advancement in meteorological science, leveraging data-driven approaches to improve prediction accuracy and efficiency. Machine learning algorithms, particularly deep learning models, can analyze vast datasets from diverse sources, including satellite imagery, historical weather data, and real-time sensor information. These models identify complex patterns and correlations that traditional methods might miss, enabling more precise short-term and long-term forecasts key machine learning techniques in weather forecasting include regression analysis, classification, and neural networks, each suited to different types of predictive tasks. For example, regression models can predict continuous variables like temperature and precipitation levels, while classification models might be used for predicting categorical outcomes such as weather conditions (sunny, rainy, snowy). The integration of machine learning also facilitates adaptive learning, where models continuously improve by incorporating new data, thus enhancing their predictive performance over time. This approach is particularly beneficial in addressing the non-linear and dynamic nature of weather systems. Moreover, machine learning-driven weather forecasting can aid in mitigating the impacts of climate change by providing early warnings for extreme weather events, helping communities prepare and respond effectively. The synergy between machine learning and meteorology promises to transform weather prediction, making it more accurate, reliable, and accessible

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Classification Models, Satellite Imagery, Historical Weather Data, Real-time Sensor Data, Predictive Models, Adaptive Learning, Data-Driven Approaches, Non-linear Systems, Climate Change Mitigation, Extreme Weather Events

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Cancer poses a significant global health challenge, contributing to a rising number of patients and fatalities. Notable, one of the most common types of cancer nowadays is skin cancer. Enhancing the survival rates of individuals grappling with skin cancer and curbing treatment expenses can be achieved through timely diagnosis. However, current diagnostic methods within healthcare systems have limitations, including their dependence on extensive human resources, prolonged turnaround times, and limited accessibility for all individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent need for systems that are easy to us, provide accurate results based on scientific techniques, and are available to a wide range of users for early identification of skin cancer. To achieve this, various algorithms, including CNN, KNN, and Decision Tree, were employed for image classification. The study applied augmentation techniques to the "Benign" dataset within the ISIC: Skin Cancer: Malignant vs. Benign experiments. The Transfer Learning algorithm emerged as the most successful, achieving a 94.89% accuracy rate. The suggestion solution has the extra advantage of alerting users via a mobile device, confirming artificial intelligence's promise in early skin cancer detection.

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CNN, KNN, Skin cancer, Data augmentation, Dermoscopy.

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Abstract: Folk or traditional systems of medicines always played an imperative role in global health care system. These types of medicines are still playing a vital role, basically in rural areas. Folk medicine can be explained as the diverse health practices and approaches, complied knowledge, skills and practices related to animals, plants and mineral which are related to the beliefs, spiritual remedies, manual practice procedures and ancient indigenous experience that use to maintain health and comfort as well as to cure diagnose or prevent illness. Assam has also reach in traditional or Folk medicines used in treatment of human disease. Folk medicines are absolutely herbal collections by Ohjas/Bez/Kaviraj. Modern scientific word they also called patent holder. From the pre-industrial era Assam and its kingdom mayang people depend upon Tranta-Mantra and Folk medicines.In the mayong area, there are so many valuable Trantra-Mantra, Folk medicines and Magic books in manuscripts and this types of manuscripts are the powerful medium for preservation of our literary, linguistic, artistic and cultural heritage and constitute our most precious national heritage as rare pieces of recorded knowledge.

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Folk Medicines, Trantra-Mantra, Manuscripts, cultural heritage, Preservation

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Allergic rhinitis, a prevalent condition characterized by nasal inflammation due to allergens, significantly impacts patients' quality of life. Conventional treatments, including antihistamines, decongestants, and corticosteroids, offer symptom relief but often come with side effects. Homoeopathy, a complementary and alternative medicine system, provides a holistic approach to managing allergic rhinitis by individualizing treatment and using natural remedies based on the principle of "like cures like." This comprehensive review examines the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis, conventional and homoeopathic management strategies, and the efficacy of homoeopathic treatments. Through an analysis of clinical studies, case reports, and comparative evaluations, this review highlights the potential benefits and challenges of integrating homoeopathy into allergic rhinitis management. Emphasis is placed on the need for further research to validate homoeopathic approaches and explore their mechanisms of action. The review concludes with a discussion of the future directions of homoeopathic research and its role in offering safe, cost-effective, and personalized care for allergic rhinitis patients.

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Allergic Rhinitis, Homoeopathy, Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Natural Remedies, Symptom Management, Individualized Treatment, Clinical efficacy, Holistic Health, Immunological effects, Comparative Analysis.

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In recent decades, the consumption of ultra-processed food has surged, becoming a dominant feature of modern diets worldwide. Characterized by their high levels of additives, preservatives, and refined ingredients, these convenience foods offer quick meals but often sacrifice nutritional value, leading to a range of adverse health effects. As concerns mount over rising rates of obesity, diabetes, and other diet-related diseases, the need to explore alternatives to ultra-processed food has never been more urgent. This article aims to delve into the landscape of alternative food options, offering insights into whole foods, minimally processed alternatives, and homemade meals. By understanding the nutritional benefits, environmental impacts, and societal implications of these alternatives, we can empower individuals and communities to make healthier dietary choices. Through this exploration, we seek to address the pressing challenges posed by ultra-processed food consumption and pave the way toward a healthier, more sustainable future.

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Ultra processed, alternatives

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The demand for probiotic food products is rapidly increasing due to their well-documented health benefits. However, the health claims of probiotics are highly strain-specific, and information related to the suitability of indigenous probiotics for product development is scanty as they often lack certain techno functional properties. Probiotic foods enhance the composition of the gut microbiota and overall health. Probiotics are beneficial bacteria that provide health advantages when consumed in sufficient amounts. Fruit juices are being increasingly utilized as carriers for probiotic microorganisms, offering an alternative for individuals who do not consume dairy products. This study evaluated seven indigenous probiotic strains (viz. Lactobacillus acidophilus (15), L. plantarum (2083), L. delbrueckii (2025), L. rhamnosus (296), L. casei (5752), L. helveticus (2156), and L. fermentum (2165)) for their in-vitro tolerance towards low pH, bile salt, and simulated gastric juice, as well as cell surface hydrophobicity, and their ability to grow in kiwi fruit juice composite. The goal was to improve the preparation and storage stability of kiwi fruit juice. Among these strains, L. delbrueckii (2025), L. helveticus (2156), and L. fermentum (2165) exhibited the highest proteolytic activity, significant cell surface hydrophobicity, and resistance to low pH, simulated gastric juice, bile salt, and acid tolerance. The sensory, chemical, and microbiological aspects of kiwi fruit juice-based probiotic beverages were evaluated during storage at refrigerator temperature using optimum formulations (2%, 4%, and 6% probiotic inoculum). It was observed that the probiotic fruit juice beverage was acceptable for 14 days. However, it could potentially be acceptable for a longer duration, but the study was limited to 14 days due to slightly higher perceived acidity. During storage, the probiotic count, TSS (total soluble solids), and pH decreased, while titratable acidity increased significantly. Continuous acid production during refrigerated storage limited the shelf life, indicating the need for further investigation.

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Keywords: Kiwi fruit juice, L. delbrueckii, L. helveticus, L. fermentum, Microorganisms, Probiotic.

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This paper explores the manifestation and dissemination of cultural identities in the digital age, focusing on the representation of Punjabi cultural identity on the website PunjabiMania.com. Drawing on cultural studies and digital humanities theories, the study examines how PunjabiMania.com reflects and influences the evolving nature of Punjabi cultural identity. Using Franco Moretti's concept of "Distant Reading," the paper employs quantitative methods to analyze the content and structure of PunjabiMania.com. It considers how the website represents Punjabi cultural practices, beliefs, and values, and how these representations are disseminated to a digital audience. The analysis also applies Henri Lefebvre's theory of "The Production of Space" to understand how the digital space of PunjabiMania.com constructs and shapes the cultural identity of its users. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on digital culture and identity by providing a nuanced analysis of PunjabiMania.com as a site of cultural representation and dissemination. The findings offer insights into the complex interplay between digital technologies and cultural identities, highlighting the ways in which digital platforms shape our understanding of cultural heritage and tradition in the contemporary world.

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Provincial Identity, Punjabiyat, Cyberspace, Digital Realm, Digital Humanities, Cultural Studies, Media Studies, PunjabiMania.com

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Government schemes play a crucial role in socio-economic development by addressing various needs and challenges faced by citizens. Karnataka, a southern state in India known for its cultural heritage and technological advancements, has implemented several schemes aimed at uplifting its residents across different sectors. This abstract explores the landscape of government schemes in Karnataka, focusing on key initiatives in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and infrastructure. These schemes are designed to improve the quality of life, promote inclusive growth, and ensure sustainable development across urban and rural regions. In healthcare, schemes like the Ayushman Bharat-Arogya Karnataka provide financial protection against healthcare expenses, while initiatives in education such as the Vidyagama program aim to ensure continuity in learning during challenging times. Agriculture schemes like Raitha Siri offer financial assistance and support to farmers, enhancing agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods. Infrastructure development is another priority, with projects like the Basava Vasati Yojana focusing on providing housing for economically weaker sections. Additionally, initiatives promoting renewable energy and environmental conservation reflect Karnataka's commitment to sustainable development. Through these schemes, Karnataka's government endeavors to create a more equitable society, empower marginalized communities, and foster economic growth. However, challenges such as effective implementation, funding constraints, and reaching remote areas remain pertinent. This abstract concludes by highlighting the importance of continuous evaluation and stakeholder engagement in ensuring the success and impact of government schemes in Karnataka. This abstract provides a concise overview of the diverse government schemes in Karnataka, illustrating their intended impact and highlighting key areas of focus. Government schemes play a crucial role in socio-economic development by addressing various needs and challenges faced by citizens. Karnataka, a southern state in India known for its cultural heritage and technological advancements, has implemented several schemes aimed at uplifting its residents across different sectors. This abstract explores the landscape of government schemes in Karnataka, focusing on key initiatives in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and infrastructure. These schemes are designed to improve the quality of life, promote inclusive growth, and ensure sustainable development across urban and rural regions. In healthcare, schemes like the Ayushman Bharat-Arogya Karnataka provide financial protection against healthcare expenses, while initiatives in education such as the Vidyagama program aim to ensure continuity in learning during challenging times. Agriculture schemes like Raitha Siri offer financial assistance and support to farmers, enhancing agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods. Infrastructure development is another priority, with projects like the Basava Vasati Yojana focusing on providing housing for economically weaker sections. Additionally, initiatives promoting renewable energy and environmental conservation reflect Karnataka's commitment to sustainable development. Through these schemes, Karnataka's government endeavors to create a more equitable society, empower marginalized communities, and foster economic growth. However, challenges such as effective implementation, funding constraints, and reaching remote areas remain pertinent. This abstract concludes by highlighting the importance of continuous evaluation and stakeholder engagement in ensuring the success and impact of government schemes in Karnataka. This abstract provides a concise overview of the diverse government schemes in Karnataka, illustrating their intended impact and highlighting key areas of focus. Government schemes play a crucial role in socio-economic development by addressing various needs and challenges faced by citizens. Karnataka, a southern state in India known for its cultural heritage and technological advancements, has implemented several schemes aimed at uplifting its residents across different sectors. This abstract explores the landscape of government schemes in Karnataka, focusing on key initiatives in areas such as healthcare, education, agriculture, and infrastructure. These schemes are designed to improve the quality of life, promote inclusive growth, and ensure sustainable development across urban and rural regions. In healthcare, schemes like the Ayushman Bharat-Arogya Karnataka provide financial protection against healthcare expenses, while initiatives in education such as the Vidyagama program aim to ensure continuity in learning during challenging times. Agriculture schemes like Raitha Siri offer financial assistance and support to farmers, enhancing agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods. Infrastructure development is another priority, with projects like the Basava Vasati Yojana focusing on providing housing for economically weaker sections. Additionally, initiatives promoting renewable energy and environmental conservation reflect Karnataka's commitment to sustainable development. Through these schemes, Karnataka's government endeavors to create a more equitable society, empower marginalized communities, and foster economic growth. However, challenges such as effective implementation, funding constraints, and reaching remote areas remain pertinent. This abstract concludes by highlighting the importance of continuous evaluation and stakeholder engagement in ensuring the success and impact of government schemes in Karnataka. ________________________________________ This abstract provides a concise overview of the diverse government schemes in Karnataka, illustrating their intended impact and highlighting key areas of focus.

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Schemes, Gruhalksmi, Gruga jyoti, vidya nidhi, etc

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Brain tumor classification is a very important step after detection of the tumor to be able to attain an effective treatment plan. Hence, early detection helps to come up with better medications, it can also save a life in due time. We have used five Deep Learning (DL) models to classify brain tumors. The accuracy of the VGG19 had lowest with 50% and ResNet101 was 96.7% and Xception was 99.5% and ception +MobileNet was 99.9%. However, the MobileNet model performed the best, with an accuracy of 100%.

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Xception, Mobilenet, Deep Learning, Brain Tumor

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Due to extensive growth of internet, security of the internet is area of interest for the researchers. An efficient biometric trait these days are sclera blood vessels. Sclera is a white region in the eye, around the eyeball which contains blood vessel patterns that can be used for personal identification. In this paper we present the existing sclera segmentation methods and their working in with their limitations and ideas to enhance them.

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Sclera, Segmentation, Iris, Feature extraction, Classification.

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Indian have a very different mind set for gold as compared to others. In Indian gold is considered as security over money, shares etc. India has a festive economy. Almost in very month there are some festivals celebrations. Some of the important festivals in India are Deepawali, Holi, Rakshabandhan etc. Most of the Indians buy new things in these festive seasons. The common thing to buy among all Indians is gold in the form of jewellery. In present times there are many banks and Non-Banking Financial Institution (NBFC's) who offer gold loan for its customers. Some of the major players are SBI, HDFC, Muthoot Finance etc. They all offer a range of schemas having different combinations of interest, amount and time as per the requirement of the customers.

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Gold Loan, Banking, NBFC

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