Volume 13 | Issue 7

 Abstract

This paper explores the intersection of Christian identity, feminist consciousness, and literary expression in the life and works of Krupabai Satthianadhan (1862-1894), the first Indian woman to write novels in English. Situated in the complex socio-religious context of 19th-century colonial India, Krupabai's writings--Saguna: A Story of Native Christian Life and Kamala: A Story of Hindu Life--articulate a powerful critique of patriarchal norms and a nuanced appropriation of Christian theology as a source of agency, reform, and spiritual resilience. Rather than presenting faith as a private interior experience, Krupabai's Christian identity is embedded in her public struggle for education, moral vision, and gender justice. Through close textual analysis, this study reveals how her faith empowered her to navigate the tensions of caste, colonialism, and cultural expectations, while constructing an early model of Indian Christian feminism. Drawing from literary criticism, postcolonial studies, and theological reflection, this paper repositions Krupabai as a significant voice not only in Indian English literature but also in the development of contextual Christian thought and gender reform. Her life and novels offer a compelling example of how literature shaped by faith can participate in public discourse and social transformation.

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Krupabai Satthianadhan Indian Christian literature Feminist theology in India Colonial Indian women writers Christian feminism Indian English novel Saguna Kamala Gender and religion 19th-century Indian women Postcolonial theology

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This paper explores the reclamation of identity and the articulation of resistance in Indian postcolonial literature through the works of Salman Rushdie. Focusing primarily on Midnight's Children and The Moor's Last Sigh, the study investigates how Rushdie challenges colonial historiography, linguistic hegemony, and nationalist essentialism. Drawing on postcolonial theory--particularly the ideas of Homi Bhabha, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak, and Ng?g? wa Thiong'o--the paper examines Rushdie's deployment of magical realism, historiographic metafiction, and linguistic hybridity as tools of decolonial aesthetics. Through fragmented narratives, intertextuality, and hybridized language, Rushdie critiques monolithic representations of history and identity, offering instead a dynamic and pluralistic vision of postcolonial subjectivity. Ultimately, the paper argues that Rushdie's fiction not only rewrites colonial and nationalist narratives but also exemplifies literature's capacity to serve as a mode of cultural resistance and resilience in the postcolonial context.

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Salman Rushdie, linguistic hybridity, historiographic metafiction, postcolonial identity, decolonial aesthetics, magical realism, national fragmentation

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This research paper explores the dynamic interplay between Indian traditions and cultural transformation as depicted in the literary works of Gita Mehta. Through a close reading of her prominent texts such as Karma Cola, A River Sutra, Raj, and Snakes and Ladders, the study investigates how Mehta critiques the effects of colonialism, globalization, and modernity on India's socio-cultural fabric. Her narratives portray a wide spectrum of Indian experiences, from spiritual journeys to royal decline, all framed within the tension between preserving tradition and embracing change. Mehta, positioned between Eastern heritage and Western education, brings a unique insider-outsider perspective to her critique. She highlights the commodification of Indian spirituality, the decay of feudal systems, the persistence of myths and rituals, and the contradictions in postcolonial identity. This study draws upon postcolonial theory, cultural criticism, and feminist perspectives to analyze how Mehta's characters navigate traditional expectations while confronting the demands of a rapidly modernizing world. Ultimately, the research argues that Mehta neither wholly glorifies nor entirely rejects Indian traditions. Instead, she reveals them as fluid constructs--resilient in some contexts, vulnerable in others. Her work serves as a cultural commentary on how India's traditions are being redefined in the face of historical, political, and social transitions.

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Gita Mehta, Indian traditions, cultural critique, postcolonialism, modernity, globalization, gender, spirituality

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This study attempted to find out the relationship of Scientific Temper and Professional development among Teacher Educators. The sample consisted of equal number of (80 each) male and femaleteacher educators were chosen from 21 different colleges of teacher Education in and around from Yadgir District, Kalaburagi District and Raichur District. The teacher educators' Scientific Temper measured by the Scientific Temper Scale (STC) developed by Dr. Smt. Leela Pradhan (2012) and Professional Developmentmeasured by the Professional Development Scale (Yodida Bhutia, 2014).Results revealed that: There is significant difference among the means of scientific temper and professional development of different demographic variables of teacher educator. Teacher Educators are considered as the main pillar in the educational system. They are the moderators through which the knowledge can be transferred to the students who represent the foundation of the society. Teacher Educators cannot be the effective source of knowledge unless they are possessed with the good professional development.

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Scientific Temper, Professional development, Teacher Educator.

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Abstract: In this paper, I analyze the universal spiritual themes in John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress and Sri Madhusudan Sai's Bhagavad Gita - A Summary. Both guided by deep religious and cultural traditions--Christianity and Hinduism, respectively--these writings contain the universal quest for spiritual change. I intend to address recurrent themes such as the soul's journey, the seeker's challenges and temptations, faith and devotion's contribution, the good and evil dichotomy, and the final objective, which is liberation or salvation. The journey in Bunyan's tale of Christian's allegorical pilgrimage from the City of Destruction to the Celestial City reflects the Christian life of faith and redemption. Conversely, Arjuna's bewildered struggle on the Kurukshetra battlefield, illuminated by Lord Krishna's guiding wisdom, represents the redemptive journey from confusion to clarity via dharma and devotion. Both texts, despite different theological sculpting, unite in the portrayal of the struggle as transforming the self, the struggle spiritually, and the process is beyond this world. The analysis brings forth the differences of spiritual perspectives in distinct traditions, revealing the underlying shared aspirations within humanity. Keywords: John Bunyan, Sri Madhusudan Sai, The Pilgrim's Progress, Bhagavad Gita - A Summary, spiritual journey, universal spirituality, faith and devotion, good and evil, liberation, salvation, comparative religion, inner transformation

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Keywords: John Bunyan, Sri Madhusudan Sai, The Pilgrim's Progress, Bhagavad Gita - A Summary, spiritual journey, universal spirituality, faith and devotion, good and evil, liberation, salvation, comparative religion, inner transformation

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Abstract: In the world, the idea of a welfare state is spreading and is gaining momentum in development against free mercantilism and the world is sitting on our side, if we want to maintain the pace of this development and maintain the continuity of sustainable development, it is necessary to brainstorm some economic-social matters and formulate a new strategy and plan it to start from the rural sector. While taking pride in a country where 65 percent of the population is young, we should not forget that they do not get education, employment and respect. Only then can we move the country forward. We are poor not because of natural resources but because of lack of approach. Economic prosperity is possible only when the people of the country are enterprising. Not everyone wants to work, does not contribute to production and without work, everything is wanted for free. The job of the so-called economists of the country is to be a guide to the governments and not to complicate the problems further. The future of the economy may be seen in cities, but its roots are in villages. The heart of the Indian economy is the village. Its breath flows from the village. In the rural sector, there has now been a revolution in the field of communication through mobile phones through internet technology. But the problems of drinking water, sanitation and employment generation are yet to be solved. Due to the lack of labor-intensive industries and small commodity industries that can create employment, rural youth is being wasted in unemployment. We cannot be a leader in demographic dividend, i.e. population returns, but instead of focusing on the supply of cheap manpower in India, we can put more emphasis on skill development through training and creating high-tech manpower through skill development schemes, skill loan schemes, entrepreneurship, etc. If we cooperate in the great campaign to fulfill the resolutions of Make in India, Digital India, Swachh Bharat, Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan, Skill India, as well as Beti Bachao-Beti Padhao, and provide education and training to the workers so that they acquire the skills to use technology, we will definitely be able to build a new India.

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While taking pride in a country where 65 percent of its population is young, we should not forget that they do not get education, employment and respect. We need to change our approach only if we can move the country forward. We are poor not because of natural resources but because of lack of approach. Youth can get equal opportunities only when they get a good profession or a good job.

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Wetlands are important habitats for group of birds, those use it for feeding, resting, shelter, social interactions, breeding, nesting, and rearing of their young. These are broadly defined as wetland birds, which includes waterfowl, shorebird or waders and seabirds. Birds belonging to family Anatidae and Order Anseriformes are called anatids which are exclusively waterbirds, and are an ideal indicators of the health of a wetland habitat and the biodiversity richness of these productive ecosystems. Regular monitoring and population study of anatids plays significance in solving many ecological issues of wetlands. Mangalajodi, and its surrounding marshland located at northern end of Chilika lake, is one of the Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas and is renowned for carrying different species of birds and also plays a pivotal role in maintaining a constant population of anatids in Central Asian Flyway. A detailed population diversity study of anatids was carried out for 6 years from Sept 2017 to August 2023. Species richness, Relative abundance and Shannon-Weiner index of each species was measured in each zone of study area and overall study area. Study showed species like Northern Pintail, Gadwall, Garganey, and Northern Shoveler were predominant while Falcated Teal, Common Shelduck, and Baer's Pochard, have negligible or zero relative abundance. The Shannon Diversity Index was highest in Bhusandpur and Balipatpur, but Mangalajodi, despite its species richness, showed lesser evenness. Certain anatids that were completely absent or infrequent may be due to gaps in conservation efforts. The data indicate geographic variability in habitat and the necessity for zone-specific wetland management to preserve avian diversity and support rare species.

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Wetlands, Waterbirds, Species richness, Relative abundance, Wetland management.

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India has reconsolidated the labour laws of various statutes into four labour codes, ie. Code on Wages 2019, The Industrial Relations Code 2020, Code on Social Security 2020 and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code 2020. These Codes have been prepared on the basis of the statutory laws like the Payment of Wages Act, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947, the Trade Unions Act, etc. India is a member of the international Labour Organisation. These statutory codes have been in pursuance of the ratification of the International Conventions on Labour law. This paper aims to provide a glimpse of the International Labour conventions ratified by India and their provisions.

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Child Labour, Labour welfare; Constitution of India; International Labour Organization

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Background: The SARS COV-2 pandemic has led to a disruption of synchronous education in the classrooms throughout the world. In this situation, E-learning has been a boon for sustenance of continued uninterrupted teaching and learning processes without geographical restrictions. However, E-learning is a novel experience for majority of students. Aim: The study was therefore, conducted with the aim to investigate the attitude of nursing students in Farasan, Jazan University, KSA towards e-learning to evaluate if e-learning enables students to continue their education similar to the traditional approach during this global health crisis (SARS COV-2). Methodology: A cross-sectional survey was carried out using online Google survey questionnaire with 5-point's likert's scale. The study had 228 nursing students (aged between 19-23 years) from Department of Nursing, Farasan University College. The students were from different academic years during the academic semester 2020-2021. The survey questionnaire focused on student's attitude towards synchronized E-learning and had multiple questions that made up a score that reflects their attitude towards synchronized online learning experience during current situation of SARS Cov-2 precautions. The study was focused on research investigating if e-learning enables students to continue their education similar to the traditional approach. The survey was voluntarily, and all data were collected and recorded via Google forms with maintaining high levels of anonymity. Since the study does not require any kind of sampling from human body directly and indirectly, informed consent was considered as the ethical approval form. Descriptive statistics was performed for data analyses. Spearman correlation was applied to find statistical difference between different variables of the study. Statistical significance was fixed at P-value <0.05. Results: The results revealed that The college administration maintained all strings attached between faculty, students, and the administrative assistants and closely monitored all educational activities Despite its several benefits, students are of opinion of hybrid teaching sessions as they feel that E-learning alone cannot compensate with the psychomotor skills they develop during actual laboratory sessions and also the cognitive skills which they develop during actual seminar presentation in front of audience and Instructors/Faculties. Overall, 68.6% of students had negative attitudes towards exclusive online laboratory sessions and seminar presentation. Highest level of unsatisfaction was recorded for the final year students (56.6%) and the lowest level of total negative attitude was noted among academic students in the first and second year students (12%) using e-learning. However, network issues remained as one of the most common reasons of the negative attitude among students at all levels who belong to remote areas (31.1%). Conclusions and Recommendations: Students' feedback can help institutions to improve the exclusive e-learning experience for students in the time of the pandemic. Since synchronized e-learning at this large scale is a new experience for student's community, the outcomes of the study could be helpful to plan a systematic strategy for further improvement of e-learning. A moderately negative correlation was found between e-learning and the attitudes (r=-0.564). Students' feedback as the outcomes of present study could help to chalk out plans for future.

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E-learning, Farasan Island, Nursing undergraduates, Synchronous, SARS Cov-2

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Rail Crack Detection, YOLOv8, Deep Learning, Object Detection, Real-time Processing, Railway Safety, Computer Vision, Infrastructure Monitoring, AI-Based Inspection

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Solar Cycle 24 (2008-2019), despite being the weakest solar cycle in over a century in terms of sunspot activity and overall solar irradiance, produced several intense geomagnetic storms with significant space weather consequences. This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the major geomagnetic storms of Solar Cycle 24, with a particular focus on their solar origins, geoeffectiveness, and upper atmospheric responses. The storms are characterized using geomagnetic indices such as the Dst (Disturbance Storm Time) and Kp index, and include high-impact events such as the March 17, 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm,which recorded a peak Dst of -223 nT--the most intense of the cycle. The research integrates data from solar wind parameters, coronal mass ejection (CME) observations, and interplanetary magnetic field conditions, along with thermospheric density anomalies derived from the GRACE satellite. Peak Kp values are examined across multiple storms to quantify auroral activity and magnetic field perturbations, while comparative Dst analysis reveals variability in storm intensities and energy coupling efficiency. The study also highlights the thermospheric response to storm-time energy input, demonstrating significant heating and expansion of the upper atmosphere, which led to increased atmospheric drag on satellites and disruptions in radio communication systems. Despite lower overall solar activity, the findings underscore that Solar Cycle 24 produced disproportionately strong geomagnetic responses relative to its sunspot output, suggesting a complex interplay between CME structure, interplanetary magnetic field orientation, and magnetospheric dynamics. This research contributes to the growing understanding that even weak solar cycles can produce high-impact space weather events and reinforces the importance of continuous monitoring, modeling, and mitigation efforts for the protection of modern technological infrastructure.

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Solar irradiance, Geoeffectiveness, Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)

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Bessie Emery Head was an African writer. She has contributed numerous short stories and novels to African Literature. Through her writings, she has described both pre- and post-colonial African society. She has portrayed the struggling lives of the African people, particularly the women. The Collector of Treasures, and Other Botswana Village Tales (1977) is a volume of thirteen short stories. The stories focus on the place of women and the value and significance of traditional religious belief of the tribal people. Dikeledi Mokopi is the central character in the story The Collector of Treasures whose suffering has been described in the pre-colonial, colonial, and post-colonial periods. Head has portrayed her character against the injustice and inequality. The present article tries to show the oppression that Dikeledi had to undergo and at the same time how she withstands the obstacle with her resilience.

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Bessie Head, Dikeledi, oppression, resilience

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In recent years, advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics have revolutionized defense and security operations, particularly through the deployment of autonomous systems. This research presents the design and implementation of an autonomous camouflage color adaptive robotic vehicle aimed at enhancing stealth and threat response capabilities in military environments. The proposed system leverages computer vision algorithms and sensor fusion techniques to dynamically adapt its surface color in real-time, allowing it to blend seamlessly with varying surroundings. This adaptive camouflage significantly reduces the risk of detection during covert operations. Additionally, the robot is equipped with an automated turret gun system powered by deep learning models, enabling autonomous identification and engagement of threats such as enemy intrusions and micro-unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). These features collectively enhance situational awareness, improve response times, and bolster the effectiveness of modern defense strategies. The research was conducted independently, with no external funding or conflicts of interest. Overall, this study contributes to the development of intelligent, adaptive robotic systems for advanced military applications.

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Keywords--Autonomous Robot, Camouflage Technology, Adaptive Color Blending, Computer Vision, Sensor Fusion, Automated Threat Detection, Turret Gun System, Deep Learning, Military Robotics, Micro-UAV Detection, Stealth Operations, AI in Defense Introduction

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Investing is an important aspect of an individual's life. Although majority of India's population is the youth, there is a lack of awareness regarding investment avenues and its importance. Investment means putting your money to work for you. It is a different way to think about how to make money. Growing up, most of us taught that you could earn your income only by getting job & working. And that's exactly most of us do. This report is about study were to identify the preference of investors towards various investment avenues, public awareness & preference of mutual funds and find out the purpose and objectives of the investment. Also, the risk profile was accessed information pertaining to the factors affecting choice of mutual preferred mutual funds scheme's purpose of investment etc. The research design adopted was descriptive type. The sampling technique which adopted was cluster simple random sampling. A total of 120 samples were interviewed and appropriate data were collected. All the data were compiled and analyzed, using descriptive statistics as well as inferential statistics. Simple percentage analysis was used for descriptive analysis. Cross tabulation and chi-square were used for the inferential statistics. There are many different ways we can go through making an investment.

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Stock Market, Investment Pattern, Investors, Return and Investment Period.

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Abstract This paper examines the reinterpretation of two prominent female characters from Indian mythology, Sita and Uruvi, depicting the modern mythological retellings by Devdutt Pattanaik and Kavita Kane. While Sita, from the Ramayana, has been the subject of extensive literary and cultural analysis, Uruvi, the lesser-known wife of Karna from the Mahabharata, finds voice in Kavita Kane's fiction. This study explores how both authors reclaim these silenced voices, providing agency and individuality to the characters. By analysing Pattanaik's Sita: An Illustrated Retelling of the Ramayana and Kane's Karna's Wife: The Outcast's Queen, this paper highlights that today's mythological fiction has become a medium of feminist revisionism that challenges traditional patriarchy, rewrites historical silence, and offers nuanced female perspectives.

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Keywords: Mythological retelling, Sita, Uruvi, feminism, voice, agency, Indian mythology.

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Coloboma is a congenital ocular defect resulting from incomplete closure of the embryonic fissure during the 5th to 7th weeks of gestation. It may affect various ocular structures including the iris, retina, choroid, and optic nerve. Here we present a case of a 40-year-old female presented with diminished vision in the right eye since childhood, with recent worsening over the past few years. On ocular examination, she was found to have an iris coloboma inferonasally, associated with a choroidal coloboma involving the inferior fundus. Additionally, a nucleus sclerosis grade III (NS III) cataract was noted in the affected eye. The patient underwent successful manual small incision cataract surgery (SICS) with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Intraoperative care was taken to avoid complications related to colobomatous tissue and to ensure proper centration of the IOL. Postoperatively, the patient achieved a visual acuity of 6/60, after performing Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, limited by the extent of the posterior segment coloboma. This case highlights the importance of careful preoperative evaluation and surgical planning in patients with colobomatous anomalies undergoing cataract surgery.

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Coloboma, iris coloboma, choroidal coloboma, manual SICS, complicated MSICS

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The rapid evolution of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has significantly reshaped the landscape of digital marketing, offering transformative capabilities in data-driven decision-making, personalization, and consumer engagement. This review explores how AI technologies are integrated into digital marketing strategies and analyses the resulting shifts in consumer behaviour. By adopting an integrative review methodology, the study synthesizes findings from peer-reviewed academic literature, industry reports, and authoritative whitepapers published between 2015 and 2024. Key AI-driven strategies such as predictive analytics, personalization engines, chatbots, programmatic advertising, and automated content creation are examined for their effectiveness and impact on marketing efficiency. The paper also investigates emerging consumer behaviour trends, including increasing demand for personalization, concerns over data privacy, and reliance on AI-influenced recommendations. While AI enhances marketing precision and scalability, it also raises ethical concerns related to algorithmic bias, transparency, and consumer manipulation. The review concludes by highlighting future research directions and emphasizing the need for ethical, human-cantered approaches to AI integration in marketing.

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Artificial Intelligence, Digital Marketing, Consumer Behaviour, Personalization, Data Analytics, Marketing Automation

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In the digital age, electronic commercial contracts (e-contracts) have transformed how business transactions are conducted. While India has made considerable progress in recognizing and regulating electronic contracts, key legal issues persist. This paper critically examines the current Indian legal framework governing e-contracts, primarily focusing on the Information Technology Act, 2000, and the Indian Contract Act, 1872. It analyzes specific challenges such as consent, authentication, jurisdiction, identity verification, and data privacy. A comparative analysis with international legal standards--including the UNCITRAL Model Law and the legal frameworks of the UK and USA--reveals critical gaps in Indian regulation. The study concludes with recommendations for legal reforms, including clearer statutory definitions, better enforcement mechanisms, and specialized adjudication forums to support India's evolving digital economy.

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Electronic Contracts, E-Commerce Law, Digital Signature, Indian Contract Act, Information Technology Act 2000, Online Agreements, Legal Framework, Cyber Law India, Consumer Protection, Jurisdiction in E-Contracts

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Blockchain technology, originally developed for cryptocurrency, has emerged as a transformative force in education, offering solutions to persistent challenges such as credential fraud, inefficient academic record management, and a lack of data sovereignty. This study presents a bibliometric analysis of global research on blockchain applications in education, drawing on 545 Scopus-indexed publications from 2016 to 2024. Using tools such as VOSviewer and Bibliometrix, this study maps publication trends, key contributors, thematic clusters, and citation patterns. The findings reveal a surge in publications since 2018, with significant contributions from India, China, and the United States. Thematically, research has concentrated on digital certification, academic records, and micro-credentials in higher education. However, gaps persist in empirical validation, real-world implementation, and applications in K-12 and vocational education. This study also highlights the underexplored intersections between blockchain and emerging technologies such as AI and IoT. Ethical concerns, data privacy, and regulatory complexities remain critical barriers to their use. By synthesizing fragmented literature and identifying research gaps, this study offers a roadmap for future interdisciplinary efforts aimed at integrating blockchain technology into inclusive, secure, and scalable educational systems. The findings inform scholars, policymakers, and practitioners seeking to leverage blockchain technology for educational innovation and equity in a post-pandemic digital landscape.

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Blockchain, vocational education, K-12, Scopus indexing, VOSviewer, Bibliometric

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Abstract: Chitra Banerjee Divakaruni, a prominent diasporic writer, explores the profound experiences of displacement and the intricate formation of identity through her imaginative retellings of classic Indian epics, such as The Mahabharata and The Ramayana. Her literary endeavors, specifically works like The Palace of Illusions and The Forest of Enchantments, project the inseparable connection between the individual and their homeland, incorporating its culture, myths, legends, and ancient glories. Divakaruni delves into the concept of "diaspora" by examining individuals, particularly those who have been compelled to migrate from their homelands, and their continuous yearning to return or maintain a connection. This article will explore how Divakaruni employs the narrative structures of these ancient texts to illuminate the nuanced experiences of diasporic individuals, focusing on themes of dislocation, relocation, the search for belonging, and the re-visioning of identity from varied perspectives, particularly through her portrayal of characters like Panchaali and Karna.

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Keywords: diaspora, dislocation, relocation, re-visioning of identity.

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