Volume 13 | Issue 6

 Abstract

BACKGROUND: Wheelchair is one of the commonest mobility devices for improving functional independence and active participation among persons with mobility limitations. However, there is limited understanding of how a wheelchair affects self-care and health management. The aim of this research is to understand the perspective of manual wheelchair users in completing self-care and health management. METHOD: This study used the Qualitative Research method. In which Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was used. Wheelchair users with manual wheelchairs were selected as participants. A convenient sampling was adopted for the study. A total number of 7 manual wheelchair users were placed in the group. The duration of discussion lasted for 1 hour 30 minutes which included a warmup session, discussion session, and feedback session. The sessions were audio recorded and Recordings were transcribed in the Tamil language and translated into English for study purposes. Data collected during the focus group discussion was analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS: Three themes- wheelchair product, barriers, and personal factors were found, along with nine subthemes- wheelchair durability, problems in day-to-day activities, suggestions for modification, environmental and non-environmental, environmental adaptation, condition-specific challenges, and economic condition. Offering a comprehensive understanding of the challenges and adaptive strategies of wheelchair users. CONCLUSION: The study concluded the importance of a holistic approach for wheelchair users, highlighting barrier removal, inclusive wheelchair design, and customized interventions. The government, healthcare professionals, and designers can work together to create an environment that supports wheelchair users' independence and improves their quality of life by incorporating user perspectives.

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Wheelchair User, Self-Care, Health Management, Focus Group Discussion.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming patent examination with more efficiency, accuracy, and consistency through tools such as Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), and Large Language Models (LLMs) for prior art searching. While these advancements promise significant benefits for innovators by streamlining the protection of their intellectual property, their implementation also introduces major challenges such as algorithmic bias, interpretability (the "black box" issue), and complexities in legal adaptability. This review consolidates evidence from international patent office strategies, case studies, technical assessments, and policy reviews to critically evaluate whether AI considerably reinforces the patent system or adds systemic risks that can jeopardize its fundamental principles. While AI has tremendous potential to minimize human error, automate workflows, and tackle rising application volumes, its responsible implementation requires strong human intervention, the development of comprehensive ethical guidelines, and active patent law modernization to address AI-generated inventions and accountability, ensuring the patent system continues to reward and protect innovation.

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Artificial Intelligence, Patent Examination, Intellectual Property, Property Rights, Algorithmic Bias, Legal Modernization, Human-AI Collaboration, Transparency

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As we know that we were following the traditional examination system for longer time. But In recent times traditional examination system is getting replaced by the online examination system, which is an modern approach to the assessment. Online examination system converts the traditional methods of exams or assessments in educational and professional settings. As we know we got to know more about online examination system during the COVID-19 pandemic because at that time traditional method can not be used. Online examination system offers flexibility, scalability and efficiency. It also provides the advantages of the system and also having the challenges like ensuring security, preventing cheating.

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PHP, Web Applications, Examination Systems, Database, Web Server.

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The concept of "One Nation,One Election" has gained traction in recent years,pushing for synchronization of elections at all levels of government within a country. This article examines the possible benefits and obstacles of implementing such a program in India. This paper intends to contribute to the continuing discussion about this key policy effort by examining its historical context, comparative comparison with other countries,and potential consequences for democratic government.

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One Nation,One Election

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The main purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between stress, depression, and adjustment among school-going adolescents in Ranchi. The total sample consisted of 320 high school students from various government schools selected from Ranchi city. The sample was chosen using purposive sampling. I utilized tools such as the Students' Stress Scale developed by Akhtar (2011), Beck's Depression Inventory created by Aaron Beck (1961), and the Adjustment Inventory for School Students developed by Sinha and Singh in 1993. The findings reveal that there is a positive relationship between stress, depression, and adjustment related to religion (Hindu and Muslim). Additionally, there is a positive relationship between stress, depression, and adjustment based on gender (boys and girls) and education level (9th and 10th grade) among school-going adolescents.

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Stress, Depression, Adjustment,Adolescent, School students.

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Manju Kapur's novel, _Difficult Daughters_, presents a poignant exploration of Virmati's existential struggles in early 20th-century India. This abstract examines the agony of Virmati's existence as she grapples with societal expectations, personal desires, and the quest for identity. Virmati's life is marked by contradictions, bound by traditional conventions yet yearning for independence and intellectual fulfillment. Her pursuit of higher education and involvement with a married man, Professor Harpal Singh, lead to self-discovery, societal ostracism, and personal turmoil. Through Virmati's narrative, Kapur masterfully captures the essence of existential angst, highlighting the limitations imposed by society, family, and circumstances. Virmati's story is a powerful exploration of the human condition, laying bare the complexities of desire, sacrifice, and the pursuit of happiness. This abstract explores the tensions between tradition and modernity, as Virmati navigates her desires and aspirations. The novel's portrayal of Virmati's agony testifies to Kapur's nuanced understanding of the human experience. Virmati's story sheds light on the difficulties faced by women in patriarchal societies, highlighting the ways societal expectations shape and suffocate individual identity. _Difficult Daughters_ is a powerful exploration of the human condition, resonating with readers today. Virmati's story reminds us of the importance of self-awareness, personal agency, and pursuing one's desires, even in adversity. By examining Virmati's existential agony, this abstract aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of the novel's themes and struggles. Through a close reading, this study illuminates the ways _Difficult Daughters_ offers a powerful exploration of the human experience, captivating readers with its nuanced portrayal of existence. Ultimately, Virmati's story serves as a poignant reminder of the complexities of human existence and the importance of individual identity.

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Existential agony, Identity, personal turmoil, self-discovery, self-awareness, societal ostracism, societal expectations, patriarchal society.

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This paper explores the archetype of the feminine sage in mythology and mysticism, focusing on how intuitive, esoteric wisdom embodied by female figures often exists in creative tension with institutionalised, patriarchal authority. We examine Hindu mythology in depth - the goddess Saraswati as the personification of wisdom and revered women sages like Gargi and Maitreyi - alongside brief comparative insights from Western traditions, including Sophia of Gnostic lore and the Greek goddess Hekate. Through literary and philosophical analysis, we illuminate how these "sage" figures, often symbolised by the serpent as a conduit of hidden knowledge, challenge or subvert orthodox power structures. We also consider modern retellings and interpretations in literature, film, and feminist theory that reclaim and reinterpret these archetypes for contemporary empowerment. The study underscores a recurrent theme: feminine wisdom as a force of insight and transformation, frequently marginalised by official dogma yet persistently resurfacing as a guiding "serpent" of truth.

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Feminine Archetypes; Wild Woman Archetypes; Sage Archetype; Mystic Archetype; Myth; Mythology; Religious Studies

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Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming industries from education to software development, driven by advancements in transformer-based architectures. This article synthesizes a comparative analysis of four leading LLMs: OpenAI's GPT, DeepSeek, Google's Gemini, and xAI's Grok. We evaluate their technical architectures, performance on benchmarks (e.g., MMLU, HumanEval), real-world applications (e.g., coding, creative writing, real-time trend analysis), and ethical implications. Key findings highlight GPT's versatility, DeepSeek's cost-efficiency, Gemini's multimodal prowess, and Grok's real-time social media integration. Novel contributions include a focus on cost-performance trade-offs, user experience as a qualitative metric, and potential synergies among models. The study underscores the importance of context-specific model selection and proposes future research directions for ethical governance, energy efficiency, and model interoperability.

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GPT, deepseek, grok, gemini, large language model

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In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made significant strides in transforming how educational materials are developed and delivered. This report introduces the AI HUB Platform, an innovative system designed to automate the creation of educational content. The platform can generate question-and-answer (Q&A) pairs, multiple-choice questions (MCQs), summaries, and even convert natural language into SQL queries for database searches. It leverages powerful AI technologies like Mistral 7B for natural language understanding, LangChain for structured query translation, and FastAPI for smooth deployment and integration. The research highlights how this platform reduces the need for manual work, enhances user interaction, and makes educational resources more accessible. Results show that the system significantly improves efficiency and user experience in educational content generation.

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Generative AI, Natural Language Processing, Education, Automated Content Creation, Q&A Systems, Text-to-SQL Conversion

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Employee attrition has emerged as a significant challenge in the IT sector, affecting organisational stability, productivity, and growth. This study aims to analyze the key factors leading to employee attrition and its overall impact on IT organizations. The research identifies common causes such as lack of career growth, job dissatisfaction, work-life imbalance, and competitive job offers. The study further examines how attrition affects training cost, employee morale and organizational performance. The findings highlights the need for effective human resource strategies to improve retention, including career development programs, employee engagement initiatives, and competitive compensation structures. This study provides valuable insights for HR managers and policymakers to understand attrition patterns and develop proactive measures to reduce turnover in the IT industry.

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Employee Attrition, Rention strategies, Human Resources, Turnover, Employee Engagement, work-life immbalance

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Sophocles' Oedipus Rex explores the tragic interplay between predestined fate and individual free will, constructing a narrative where human agency and divine prophecy collide. This paper critically analyses that paradox, integrating a psychoanalytic lens- especially Freudian interpretations of the Oedipus complex- to uncover the subconscious dimensions of Oedipus' choices and desires. The argument situates Oedipus as a figure of existential tension: a man condemned by fate but active in shaping his downfall. Using thematic analysis, character psychology, and textual interpretation, the paper argues that the tragedy lies not merely in fate's inescapability but in the illusion of freedom. Citations from classical and modern critics are used to support key points, illuminating the enduring relevance of Sophocles' masterpiece.

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Fate, Agency, Unconscious, Tragedy, Identity.

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The Panchatantra, an ancient Indian collection of animal stories, has always been cherished for its moral teachings. However, its significant environmental wisdom is often overlooked. This paper re-examines some of these classic stories through an eco-critical lens, focusing on nature and our relationship with it. By delving into these fables, we uncover their subtle emphasis on ecological balance, highlighting the interconnectedness and interdependence of all natural elements. They also give a voice to non-human agency, demonstrating that animals are not mere narrative props but active participants with their own roles and impact on their surroundings. Examining how animals interact with their environments in these tales reveals timeless lessons about our treatment of nature and how different communities, both human and animal, can coexist. This study underscores how ancient narratives remain incredibly relevant when addressing modern ecological challenges.

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Panchatantra, Environment, Eco-Criticism, Modern Ecology.

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Advaita Mallavarman's Titas, the name of a river, is not just a portrait of the life of a marginalized community, but rather a literary translation of a multidimensional human tragedy.In this novel, women, rivers, and loneliness become symbols of a socially alienated existence. Motherhood, love, broken dreams, and the crisis of self-identity--all of these interrelationships are built within a historical and anthropological context.Basanti, Ananta's mother, and Anantabala--none of them are just 'characters', but rather they are silent reflections of the self-sacrificing life of Bengali women.The characters of Kishore and Ananta reflect the real pain and breakdown of patriarchal society. The river and the woman stand in coexistence with each other--on the one hand, the bearer of culture, on the other, the reflection of emptiness.This study analyzes the novel's literary qualities, feminist reading, sociological depth, and philosophical questions, where the inherent gap between expectation and achievement becomes a resonance of the eternal failure of human life.

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Feminism, motherhood, self-identity, river symbolism, marginalization, cultural decline, loneliness.

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 Abstract

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Multitasking is an integral part of the teaching profession. Teachers want to manage simultaneous responsibilities, such as delivering engaging lessons, addressing student inquiries and completing administrative tasks, all while fostering a supportive learning environment. Despite its importance, limited research has explored how teachers experience and navigate multitasking in their daily professional lives. Teachers often face the challenge of balancing multiple tasks simultaneously in their classrooms. This literature review explores the role of multitasking in teaching effectiveness, drawing on various studies that analyse its implications for pedagogy, student outcomes, and teacher well-being. While multitasking is often unavoidable in educational settings, its effects can vary significantly depending on task complexity, teacher proficiency, and contextual factors. This paper synthesizes existing research review, see the multitasking effect on teaching effectiveness and suggests strategies to optimize its benefits while mitigating its drawbacks.

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Multitasking, Teaching, Teaching Effectiveness.

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Over the past decade and a half, social media has transitioned from being a consumer-centric communication medium to a vital strategic tool for modern corporations. Companies across sectors now utilize platforms such as LinkedIn, X (formerly Twitter), Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok to build brand equity, engage customers in real time, co-create products, attract talent, and maintain investor relations. This literature review synthesizes current academic and industry findings on the multifaceted impact of social media on corporate performance. While numerous studies report positive outcomes such as increased sales, enhanced customer loyalty, reduced marketing costs, and improved brand visibility, other research highlights risks including reputational crises, misinformation, and data privacy breaches. The paper categorizes these effects under value creation and value erosion, and identifies the contextual factors -- such as industry type, platform strategy, and organizational readiness -- that moderate these outcomes. By clarifying existing evidence and reconciling divergent findings, this review also outlines key gaps in the literature and proposes directions for future research, especially in emerging markets and underrepresented industries. The findings underscore the importance of an integrated, analytics-driven social media strategy to maximize corporate performance while mitigating digital risks.

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A Literature Review on the Impact of Social Media on Corporate Performance

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"The culture of silence is what enables sexual harassment to thrive. We must break the silence and create safe spaces for victims to speak out." How safe are sports events for athletes, participants, and fans? As the alarming rate of sexual harassment incidents is reported in sports events, the question has emerged as one of the forefronts of discussions in connection with athletes' welfare and event safety. This study aims to explore the dynamic of sexual harassment in sports more importantly the experiences and perspectives of victims. It further looks at the complex power structure, gender dynamics, and culture which all play a role in the prevalence of sexual harassment in sports settings. This paper outlines the case studies and legal frameworks. It reveals the psychological, emotional, and career implications of the act to the victims most of which remain silent and unreported since anticipate being fired, stigmatized, or lack support. This research reveals the inadequacy of current protective measures and response protocols, highlighting that more effective preventive strategies and awareness programs should be provided to sports organizations. Where possible, the focus has been shifted to amplify victims' voices to draw attention to the changes in the global sports events that are much needed for safety, and inclusiveness.

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Sexual harassment in Sports, victim perspective, Case studies, Measures, Legal frame, Sports event

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Abstract: Malware propagation in dynamic computer networks poses a significant threat to enterprise security, often bypassing traditional detection systems due to its adaptive and stealthy nature. Existing solutions based on rule-based or static machine learning models fail to capture the complex, evolving relationships between network entities over time. This paper proposes a novel approach leveraging Temporal Graph Neural Networks (TGNNs) for the effective detection of malware propagation in dynamic network environments. By modeling the computer network as a time-evolving graph, where nodes represent hosts and edges represent communication flows, the framework captures both structural dependencies and temporal patterns inherent in malware behavior. The proposed model integrates temporal attention mechanisms and dynamic node embeddings to learn context-aware representations, enabling accurate differentiation between normal and malicious propagation paths. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets such as CTU-13, CICIDS2017, and UNSW-NB15 demonstrate that our TGNN-based approach significantly outperforms traditional intrusion detection models in terms of detection accuracy, false positive rate, and scalability. This work highlights the potential of temporal graph learning as a robust and interpretable method for early-stage malware detection in real-world, time-sensitive network environments.

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Temporal Graph Neural Network (TGNN), Dynamic Networks, Network Security

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Choreography is far more than a technical arrangement of movements; it is a profound synthesis of emotion, intellect, tradition, and innovation. This study explores choreography as both a conceptual framework and a practical necessity in classical dance, emphasizing its role as a transformative force that shapes not only performances but personalities. Rooted in the intellectual depth of tradition and the evolving demands of contemporary expression, choreography becomes a medium through which inner vision meets outward articulation. The research focuses on the nuanced challenges of dance direction in the classical idiom, analyzing the interplay between form, narrative, audience perception, and performer readiness. Drawing from the insights of veteran choreographers like Jhelum Paranjape, the study highlights the importance of authenticity, conviction, and creative intent. It examines choreography as a silent dialogue--between dancer and audience, past and present, tradition and experiment. With increasing awareness among parents and students about dance's developmental value, the relevance of structured, meaningful choreography has never been greater. Ultimately, this work underscores choreography's role as the invisible force that breathes life into performance, crafting a space where history, spirituality, and innovation converge in graceful continuity.

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dance, challenges, choreography, performance, classical dance

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Women empowerment is a fundamental right. Over the years, efforts have been taken to empower women by providing equal access to education, health care, employment opportunities and resources. Gender equity is one sure way to empower women. Women must be made aware of their right to make their own choices and engaging themselves in the political, social, economic and health related decisions. On the contrary, ground reality is that many women still face violence, discrimination, oppression within their own homes. This article aims to throw light on the dual realities of celebrating women's success in the public while ignoring her existence and contribution at home. It aims to highlight the challenging life of women by not giving her chance to participate in economic decisions even when they are contributing to the household's income. This article is an attempt to present the two-faced reality of women empowerment- the visible remarkable achievements in the public domain and the subjugation in domestic life.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Women empowerment, challenges, reforms, women's safety, valuable contribution

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition