Volume 13 | Issue 6

 Abstract

E-commerce platforms are transforming the landscape of retail business by offering consumers and vendors a virtual environment to interact. This project presents the design and implementation of a generalized E-commerce system developed using Django and SQLite3. The platform enables vendors to manage product listings across various categories such as electronics, books, and home appliances. Users can browse, purchase, and review products efficiently. This paper details the motivation behind the project, the development methodology, system architecture, key features, outcomes, and scope for future improvement.

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E-commerce, Online Shopping, Retail Management, Django Framework, Web Application, Product Catalog, Order Tracking, Admin Dashboard, Digital Marketplace, Web Development.

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As industrial systems advance, edge devices are producing unprecedented volumes of data daily. However, much of this data remains siloed within centralized data centers, creating substantial barriers to secure and efficient data exchange across various domains. The rise of decentralized edge computing and blockchain technologies has introduced new possibilities for transforming smart logistics infrastructures. In response to the growing need for secure, scalable, and privacy-preserving data sharing in logistics networks, we propose a novel architecture that integrates Hierarchical Attribute-Based Encryption (HABE) with blockchain and edge computing. The proposed solution employs a privacy-centric encryption mechanism that enables edge devices to transmit sensitive data securely to proximate cloud nodes for further processing. A blockchain-enabled data-sharing framework is incorporated to facilitate decentralized access control by leveraging both edge and cloud storage. To reinforce authentication and ensure data integrity, the system integrates a Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), enabling tamper-proof and verifiable access rights enforcement at the network edge. By harmonizing HABE, blockchain, and SHA-based validation, the architecture achieves robust privacy safeguards, secure data dissemination, and enhanced authentication performance. Experimental results validate the system's superiority in preserving data confidentiality, strengthening access control, and improving data-sharing efficiency compared to traditional centralized models, rendering it highly effective for next-generation industrial logistics environments.

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Industrial Logistics, Edge Computing, Blockchain, Hierarchical Attribute-Based Encryption (HABE), Secure Data Sharing, Decentralized Access Control, Data Privacy, Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA), Authentication, IIoT Security

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In the present scenario our nation population is increasing and employment opportunities are decreasing so the educationists, policy makers and stakeholders are including skill development Programmes in higher education curriculum. Therefore, researcher has chosen Impact of skill development Programmes among arts and science college students in Cuddalore district, Tamilnadu. They have framed objectives of the study ie. To find out whether any significant difference in the Impact of skill development Programmes in arts and science college students with respect to Gender, Locality of the College and Locality of the students. Research tool constructed and standardised by the researchers. The researchers have utilized descriptive survey method and simple random sampling for collecting the data from the sample. Descriptive and Differential statistics analyses are utilized in the study. This study found that there is no significant difference in the Impact of skill development Programmes in arts and science college students with respect to Gender, Locality of the College and Locality of the students.

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Impact, Skill Development, Arts and Science, Gender, Locality of the College and Locality of the students

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-To assess the level of knowledge regarding effects of consanguineous marriage on fetus. -To assess the attitude regarding effects of consanguineous marriage on fetus. -To find out the co-relation between knowledge and attitude regarding effects of consanguineous marriage on fetus. -To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge and attitude regarding effects of consanguineous marriage on fetus. METHODOLOGY: This study was conducted among 60 adolescent girls in a quasi experimental study, pre experimental one group pre-test and post-test design using purposive sampling technique. knowledge and effectiveness of consanguineous marriage among adolescents girls was assessed using pretest and provided informational booklet ,demographic variables and 3-point likert scale were analyzed with descriptive status(percentage, mean, standard deviation) and correlated knowledge and attitude with demographic variables by inferential statistics(paired with pre test, post test and chi-square). After providing informational booklet, post test was conducted using the same scale. RESULTS: In this study out of 60 students pre test level of knowledge on effects of consanguineous marriage on fetus among 60 samples ,inadequate knowledge (80.00%), moderate knowledge (18.30%), adequate knowledge (1.70%),and post test level of knowledge, had inadequate knowledge(3.30%), moderate knowledge(30.00%), adequate knowledge(66.70%). Pre test level of attitude (43.30%) had negative attitude, (56.70%) had positive attitude and Post test level of attitude (13.30%) had negative attitude, (86.70%) had positive attitude. There is statistical correlation pretest and posttest knowledge coefficient value is 0.617, correlation of pretest and posttest level of attitude coefficient value is 0.738.Association between pretest and posttest knowledge and selected demographic variables p<0.05. CONCLUSION: The majority of students in Degree College have good knowledge about consanguineous marriage, but a lack of knowledge about effects of consanguineous marriage on fetus. In addition to increase knowledge based programs in schools and colleges, efforts should also be made to increase the decision making capacity through evidence based approach. Beating consanguineous marriage is possible through research, outreach, and education. Let us hope that the novel option for consanguineous marriage prevention is a gateway to reduce global burden.

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"A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STRUCTURED TEACHING PROGRAMME ON EFFECTS OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGE ON FETUS AMONG ADOLESCENT GIRLS AT SELECTED DEGREE COLLEGES, CHITTOOR WITH A VIEW TO DEVELOP AN INFORMATIONAL BOOKLET."

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The Metaverse is an emerging digital ecosystem that integrates Artificial Intelligence (AI), Augmented Reality (AR), and Virtual Reality (VR) to create immersive, interactive, and engaging environments. Initially popular in gaming and social networking, the Metaverse is now transforming education by enabling virtual classrooms, AI-driven tutors, and gamified learning experiences. This research explores the role of the Metaverse in modern education, examining its impact on student engagement, experiential learning, and global accessibility. By leveraging 3D simulations, real-time collaboration, and AI-powered personalization, the Metaverse allows students to visit historical sites, conduct scientific experiments, and interact with digital models. Furthermore, technologies like blockchain enhance security and credential verification in virtual learning. This study presents a literature review on the latest advancements in digital learning, the architectural components of Metaverse-based education, and its potential challenges, including cost, accessibility, and data privacy.

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Architecture, Virtual Reality (VR), Aug-mented Reality (AR), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Blockchain in Education, Gamified Learning, Virtual Classrooms, Educational Technology (EdTech), 3D Learning Envi-ronments, Real-Time Collaboration, Future of Education

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भारतीय ज्ञान प्रणाली (IKS) की आधुनिक शिक्षा में प्रासंगिकता: राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 के संदर्भ में

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भारतीय ज्ञान प्रणाली (IKS) की आधुनिक शिक्षा में प्रासंगिकता: राष्ट्रीय शिक्षा नीति 2020 के संदर्भ में

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This abstract summarizes a digital notice board system using a mobile application for easy dissemination of information, replacing traditional paper-based notice boards. It highlights the ability to send and display notices from anywhere, with features like text, images, and other media, all controlled through an Android application. The system also incorporates voice recognition and email notification features.

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Notice Board, Mobile App, Digital Notice Board, Communication, Announcements, Notifications, Information Dissemination, Remote Access, Content Management, Scheduling, Multimedia, Smart Campus, Internet of Things (IoT).

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Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have become pivotal agents of financial inclusion and socio-economic empowerment in India, particularly within rural and underserved regions. Originating from the Self-Help Group movement in the early 1990s, MFIs have evolved into key facilitators of access to credit, savings, and insurance for marginalized communities. Their expansion has been supported by institutional innovations, regulatory frameworks, and government-backed schemes such as MUDRA and CGTMSE, with over INR4.33 lakh crore in outstanding loan portfolios and more than 30 million active borrowers as of 2024. This study explores the financial sustainability of Indian MFIs defined as their ability to cover operational and financial costs without external subsidies. The paper analyses how MFIs achieve sustainability through diversified funding sources (e.g., equity, debt, securitization), efficient digital operations, robust risk management, and client-centric approaches. Challenges to sustainability include regulatory constraints, operational inefficiencies, financial volatility, and stakeholder resistance. Furthermore, external factors like economic downturns and technological disruption compound these risks. The study also highlights the transformative socio-economic impact of MFIs: enhancing rural household income, promoting women entrepreneurship, reducing reliance on informal credit, and fostering micro-enterprise development. Using empirical data from institutions like SIDBI and RBI, it underscores the importance of financial sustainability in enabling MFIs to maintain long-term service delivery and developmental impact. The research concludes by proposing strategic measures such as capacity building, diversified funding, policy engagement, and technology integration to strengthen financial resilience. By doing so, MFIs can continue to advance inclusive economic growth while staying true to their social mission. This paper contributes to the broader discourse on sustainable microfinance as a cornerstone of rural development and poverty alleviation in India.

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Financial Sustainability, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs), Financial Inclusion, Economic Growth, Rural Development

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Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyaan, or the Self-Reliant India Campaign, is a vision for a new and empowered India as articulated by Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi. In support of this initiative, the central government announced a special economic and comprehensive package worth INR20 lakh crore, which is approximately 10% of India's GDP. The core objective of this campaign is to make India and its citizens self-sufficient and resilient in all aspects.To realize this vision, the government has introduced several bold reforms, including agricultural supply chain improvements, a rationalized tax structure, simplified and transparent legal frameworks, development of skilled human resources, and a robust financial system. The Prime Minister's call to be "vocal for local" has provided a significant boost to domestic industries. The fast-moving consumer goods (FMCG) sector plays a vital role in driving India's GDP. Characterized by the strong presence of multinational corporations, intense competition between organized and unorganized players, an extensive distribution network, and low operating costs, the FMCG sector holds considerable potential to support the goals of the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative. This paper explores how the Atmanirbhar Bharat Mission has acted as a catalyst in strengthening the domestic FMCG ecosystem--driving employment, fostering innovation, and positioning India as a key player in the global consumer goods market.

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FMCG, Atmanirbhar Bharat, Self-reliant India, Local Manufacturing, Supply Chain Transformation, Rural Market Penetration

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This study aims to evaluate the financial performance of CS Aluminium over a specified period, with a focus on assessing the company's profitability, liquidity, solvency, and operational efficiency. By analyzing key financial ratios and indicators derived from the company's income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements, the research provides insights into the overall financial health and sustainability of the business.

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Keywords: Financial Performance, CS, Ratio Analysis, Profitability, Liquidity, Solvency.

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Autonomous vehicles rely heavily on object detection systems to navigate safely, but their performance significantly degrades under low light conditions. This project explores a novel approach that combines federated learning with advanced image enhancement techniques to improve object detection in such challenging environments. By leveraging decentralized learning across multiple vehicles, the system preserves data privacy while continuously refining detection models with diverse, real-world low-light data [3][11][13]. The proposed framework enhances detection accuracy and robustness without requiring centralized data collection, thereby advancing the safety and reliability of autonomous driving at night or in poorly lit areas. This project explores the integration of Federated Learning for object detection in autonomous vehicles operating under low-light conditions. By leveraging decentralized data from multiple vehicles, the system enhances object detection accuracy without compromising data privacy. The proposed framework adapts advanced deep learning models to handle illumination challenges, improving vehicle perception and safety in night-time or poorly lit environments. The study demonstrates how FL can empower autonomous systems with robust, collaborative learning while preserving data confidentiality across diverse driving scenarios.

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Federated Learning, Autonomous Vehicles, Object Detection, Low-Light Conditions, Deep Learning, Privacy-Preserving AI, Decentralized Training, Edge Computing, YOLOv5, Sensor Fusion, Differential Privacy, Secure Aggregation, Model Optimization, Vehicle Perception, Collaborative Learning

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This research focuses on the development of a bilayer interlock knitted fabric explicitly designed for sportswear applications using a combination of modal and polyester yarns. Two different structures are used in the study to explore the influence of fabric structure on key performance characteristics, such as moisture management and UV resistance. The bilayer fabric was produced using circular knitting technology and evaluated using standard textile testing protocols. The fabric has been dyed using dark colours which imparted UV protection properties and moisture management properties has also been imparted in the dyeing process, making the fabric suitable for activewear in varying environmental conditions. Further analysis revealed the specific arrangement of yarn within Structure 1 has better moisture management and UV protection properties when compared to structure 2.

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Bilayer interlock knitted fabric, modal, polyester, moisture management, UV protection.

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Modern farming is undergoing a major transformation thanks to technology. This paper presents a practical approach to precision agriculture by combining multi-spectral cameras with machine learning. The system is designed to monitor crop health, detect issues like diseases or stress early, and help farmers make smarter decisions. By capturing light beyond what the human eye can see, multi-spectral imaging reveals subtle plant changes. Machine learning then turns this data into meaningful insights. We tested our system in real-world farming conditions, and the results show it can improve yields and reduce resource use, supporting more sustainable farming practices.

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Crop Yield Prediction, Machine Learning, Soil Nutrients, Rainfall, Agriculture, Data Science, Predictive Modelling, Sustainability, Food Security

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This study focuses on formulating and polyherbal immunostimulant jellies made from Amla (Emblica officinalis), Ginseng (Panax ginseng), and Moringa (Moringa officinalis), which collectively demonstrate significant immunostimulant properties. Ginseng, a traditional herb from Asia, has an extensive research background, showcasing its diverse roles in health, including immune support and potential benefits for cancer and neurodegenerative conditions. Amla, a time-honored remedy, is packed with antioxidants like vitamin C, gallic acid, and flavonoids, along with other beneficial compounds. Moringa, often called the "miracle tree," is rich in essential nutrients. This study also examines the use of agar-agar as a gelling agent in various concentrations to optimize the jelly's texture and stability. The findings highlight the potential of polyherbal jellies as a convenient and effective immunomodulatory option, presenting a promising alternative to traditional medicines. polyherbal, Immunostimulant, food agar-agar, jellies, Traditional plants

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polyherbal, Immunostimulant, food agar-agar, jellies, Traditional plants

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract The India-Pakistan rivalry, based on the territorial competition for Kashmir, is one of the longest and mainly insecure rivalry since the partition of British India in 1947. Both nations have fought several wars and crises over the decades, with the 1998 nuclear tests being a turning point in the strategic context of South Asia. This article discusses the development of the conflict with an emphasis on how nuclear deterrence has influenced regional stability. It deconstructs significant clashes such as the wars of 1947, 1965, and 1971, the 1999 Kargil war, and post-nuclear crises such as the 2001-2002 crisis, the 2008 Mumbai attacks, and the 2019 Balakot airstrikes. The research examines India's No First Use policy against Pakistan's more pragmatic posture in the use of nuclear weapons and the effect these postures have on deterrence. The research also examines the stability-instability paradox in which the possession of nuclear weapons deters major war but facilitates limited-duration war through the use of proxy fighters and cross-border terrorism. New challenges in the form of tactical nuclear weapons, missile technology, and cyber warfare are analyzed for their effect on escalation during crises. The article also addresses the influence of international actors, especially China and the United States, in regulating tensions at the regional level and shaping strategic action. The main thesis is that nuclear deterrence has prevented war at the conventional level but has not created long-term strategic stability. Rather, it has produced a fragile and precarious equilibrium. The report ends with policy suggestions to enhance transparency, crisis management, and pursue sustained bilateral dialogue in an attempt to bring long-term peace and stability to South Asia.

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India-Pakistan rivalry, Kashmir conflict, Nuclear deterrence, South Asia strategic stability, No First Use policy, Tactical nuclear weapons, Stability-instability paradox, Proxy warfare, Cross-border terrorism

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The study investigates the impact of STEM-based instructional strategies, with a particular focus on hands-on learning, on the academic achievement of upper middle school science students. Applying a quasi-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design, the research involved Class 7 science students studying the topic "Acids and Bases." The same group of students was assessed before and after incorporating STEM-based instruction that emphasized hands-on activities, real-world problem solving, and interdisciplinary integration. The hands-on component involved active experimentation and collaborative tasks that encouraged students to directly interact with scientific concepts. Results reveals significant improvements in academic performance following the STEM intervention, reflecting enhanced conceptual understanding as well as improved application and problem-solving skills. These findings bring out the crucial role of hands-on learning within STEM education and support its amalgamation into standard middle school science curricula to promote deeper and more meaningful learning outcomes.

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STEM education, STEM instructional strategies, Hands-on learning, Academic achievement, Science education, Middle school students, Pre-test post-test design.

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Introduction: Endometrial hyperplasia is a uterine pathology in which proliferation of endometrial glands with a resulting increase in gland to stroma ratio and represents a precursor to the most common gynecologic malignancy in developed countries, endometrial cancer. It can be estimated that up to 10% of women at the age of menopause may exhibit asymptomatic endometrial hyperplasia. The incidence of endometrial hyperplasia increases with age, and the peak incidence is in the early 50s. The most common presentation of endometrial hyperplasia is abnormal uterine bleeding, often in the form of heavy menstrual bleeding. Asrigdara is a condition in which excessive, prolonged or intermenstrual bleeding per vagina are the main symptoms. Case Presentation: The patient in this case had complaint of Prolonged heavy menses (4-5 pads/day) since 20 days. After not achieving satisfactory results with other treatment, she came for Ayurvedic management in OPD of PTSR at ITRA, Jamnagar. Management and Outcome: She was managed with oral medications including Aragwadhadi kashaya, Katuki churna and Kaishora guggulu showed significant relief in symptoms. Following this protocol, the patient has Second menstrual cycle after treatment was regular, in normal quantity and without clots. Her ET has also come to normal thickness in USG.

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Key words: Ayurveda, Endometrial hyperplasia, Asrigdara, Aragwadhadi kashaya, Katuki churna, Kaishora guggulu

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Authentic experiences have been a driving force in shaping global tourism, taking travelers to remote and culturally rich destinations. Similarly, in the Indian context, we see that rural eco-tourism circuits are attracting more tourists. However, this ongoing trend presents us with a problem: tourists seeking untouched, pristine cultural landscapes often generate plastic waste that contributes to its degradation. The paper investigates the connection between a tourist's search for authenticity and plastic waste, especially in more ecologically fragile 'offbeat destinations,' which lack an infrastructure for the management and disposal of waste generated from increased footfall. This paper draws upon the theoretical frameworks of authenticity in the context of tourism and is grounded in secondary data from policy reports and case studies. The study identifies rising plastic waste as a key externality of offbeat tourism and argues that if authenticity is to remain a viable pillar of tourism, plastic waste management must be a priority in local governance, policy planning, and individual travel behaviour.

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Authenticity, SDG, SLW, Tourism, Environment

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In the rapidly evolving digital economy, the intersection of corporate governance and digital fraud has emerged as a pressing concern in India. As corporations increasingly adopt digital tools for financial transactions, data storage, and stakeholder communication, the risks of cyber-enabled frauds--including data breaches, insider manipulation, phishing, and financial misreporting--have grown exponentially. While corporate governance frameworks are designed to ensure accountability, transparency, and ethical business conduct, their effectiveness in detecting and preventing digital fraud remains inconsistent. This study provides a critical legal analysis of the existing regulatory mechanisms addressing digital fraud in the corporate sector and identifies enforcement gaps that undermine the resilience of India's corporate governance regime. The paper examines key statutes such as the Companies Act, 2013, the Information Technology Act, 2000, the SEBI (Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements) Regulations, and RBI guidelines, assessing their scope, overlaps, and limitations in curbing digital misconduct. It also explores the role of corporate boards, audit committees, compliance officers, and cybersecurity protocols in fostering a fraud-resistant corporate environment. Through the analysis of landmark cases and regulatory actions, the study highlights loopholes in internal control mechanisms, delayed responses to digital breaches, and inadequate penalties for non-compliance. Furthermore, the research explores comparative global practices, emphasizing the need for proactive governance strategies, real-time monitoring systems, and enhanced regulatory coordination between SEBI, RBI, CERT-In, and other enforcement bodies. It also stresses the importance of digital literacy and corporate accountability in addressing the behavioral and systemic dimensions of digital fraud. The study concludes that while India has made notable strides in corporate governance reform, the regulatory response to digital fraud remains fragmented and reactive. Strengthening enforcement mechanisms, integrating digital risk management within governance frameworks, and fostering a culture of ethical technology use are crucial for safeguarding corporate integrity and investor confidence in the digital age.

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Corporate governance, digital fraud, SEBI, corporate liability, compliance mechanisms.

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This research paper critically examines the nature, prevalence, and regulatory treatment of anti-competitive agreements in India, focusing on their implications for market competition, consumer welfare, and broader economic development. It begins by tracing the evolution of competition regulation from the Monopolies and Restrictive Trade Practices Act, 1969 to the more modern and dynamic Competition Act, 2002. Emphasis is placed on the comprehensive framework instituted under Section 3 of the Act, which prohibits agreements that have or are likely to have an appreciable adverse effect on competition (AAEC). Through a rigorous analysis of horizontal and vertical agreements, the study evaluates the institutional role of the Competition Commission of India (CCI), as well as the interpretative functions performed by the judiciary, including the National Company Law Appellate Tribunal (NCLAT) and the Supreme Court. The research combines doctrinal analysis with sector-specific case studies, highlighting enforcement patterns in traditional sectors such as cement and pharmaceuticals and examining emerging challenges in digital markets including algorithmic collusion. International jurisprudence, particularly from the EU and US, is used for comparative insights. The paper concludes with substantive policy and enforcement recommendations aimed at improving legal clarity, enhancing institutional capacity, and promoting economic efficiency. Ultimately, it underscores the need for a recalibrated and proactive regulatory approach to protect market integrity in a rapidly evolving economic landscape.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Anti-competitive agreements, Competition Act, CCI, cartel, digital markets, enforcement, India, competition law.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition