Volume 12 | Issue 6

 Abstract

A descriptive study was conducted to assess the level of pain among school age children. Totally 30 school age children were selected as a sample size by using non probability convenience sampling technique. Wong - Baker Faces Pain Rating Scale (1988) was used to assess the level of pain among school age children. Results: Majority 53.34% of the samples had moderate level of pain, 30% of the samples had severe pain and 16.66% of the samples had worst level of pain during peripheral I.V cannulation. Recommendation: The hospitalization usually has a negative impact on the motor, cognitive, emotional and social development of the child. Most negative experiences of hospitalization are due to poor attention to the developmental needs of children. Pediatric nurses should give special training on reducing pain among children during hospitalization.

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Key words: School age children, Pain, Peripheral I.V Cannulation, Hospitalization

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Motivation is a complex psychological concept that drives human behaviour and influences the pursuit of goals. It encompasses both intrinsic factors, such as personal interests and values, and extrinsic factors, such as rewards and social pressures. Key theories of motivation include self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, and achievement goal theory, which explore different aspects of motivation, including autonomy, competence, and goal orientation. Factors influencing motivation include goal setting, self-efficacy beliefs, feedback, social context, and the balance between challenge and skill. Understanding motivation is crucial for fostering engagement, persistence, and achievement in various contexts, including education, work, and personal development. By recognizing the diverse sources and dynamics of motivation, individuals and organizations can create environments that support and enhance motivation, leading to greater fulfilment and success. Motivation is a multifaceted construct that plays a central role in driving human behaviour and achieving goals across various domains of life. Rooted in psychological theories such as self-determination theory, expectancy-value theory, and achievement goal theory, motivation encompasses intrinsic and extrinsic factors that influence individuals' choices, persistence, and performance. Intrinsic motivation arises from internal drives and interests, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external rewards or consequences. Motivation is influenced by factors such as goal setting, self-efficacy beliefs, perceived competence, autonomy, social context, and feedback. Understanding motivation is essential for educators, employers, and policymakers to create supportive environments that foster engagement, achievement, and well-being. This abstract provides an overview of key concepts, theories, and factors related to motivation, highlighting its significance in promoting human flourishing and success.

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MOTIVATION ARTICLE

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Globalization and technological advancement have pushed corporations and professionals to reevaluate their enterprises progressively because of major financial predicaments, innovations, consistently expanding business needs, volumes, etc. Education and training play a vital role in tackling the problems of youth employability and further result in the prosperity of the nation in the wider context. MBA is one of the several popular educational choices among youth in India. However, the literature suggests that despite ever-rising popularity, employers do not find Indian management graduates readily employable. The present analytical study aims to understand and analyze the findings and perceptions of various researchers, authors, and bloggers as well as recruiters about the employability and skill gap. Very few Indian research studies have attempted to research all comprehensive viewpoints coming from various stakeholders through a qualitative inquiry. This article envisages an outline of the employability skill gap among passing out management and other graduates by connecting substances from distributed research papers, papers, blogs, and internet sites. The current article also uncovers a significant difference in delicate abilities, for example, critical thinking, authority, and independent direction, among senior-level specialists contrasted with computerized skills. The article recommends that the candidates need to get soft skills while preparing before they join the establishments and the corporates. Subsequently, the current will also article attempt to assess the workability gap factors that give an issue to business students and talk about and investigate the numerous significant distributions connected to the skill gap. The article recommends a few procedures for adapting to employability issues. The article will also present the reasons for differences in the employability of the graduates and the skill gap that has been highlighted and will also address the challenges that come across while dealing with skill enhancement. This review has attempted to explore the determinants of stock returns in Karachi Stock Trade (KSE) utilizing two resources evaluating models the traditional Capital Resource Valuing Model and Exchange Estimating Hypothesis model. To test the CAPM market return is utilized and macroeconomic factors are utilized to test the Adept. The macroeconomic factors incorporate expansion, oil costs, loan fees, and conversion standards. For this reason, month-to-month time series information has been organized from Jan 2010 to Dec 2014.

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Skill gap, Competency, Industry, Employability frameworks

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Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious danger to public health worldwide because it reduces the efficacy of life-saving drugs and makes treating infectious diseases more difficult. Antimicrobial stewardship (AMS) has become a vital approach to dealing with this expanding problem. The main ideas and tactics related to antimicrobial therapy (AMS) are delineated in this abstract, with a focus on the significance of minimizing the needless use of antibiotics, optimizing treatment plans, and enhancing infection prevention and control. Through focused interventions like prescription guidelines, real-time feedback for prescribers, and patient and healthcare professional education, AMS programs aim to promote the appropriate use of antimicrobials.

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Antimicrobial resistance, public health, prescription guidelines, antimicrobials

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In the wake of postmodernism and post-colonialism, reality has come to be perceived in a quite unprecedented manner. When it comes to the representation of historical reality by contemporary authors, they have focused their attention on such facets of past that had remained hidden either due to dominant ideology or due to the negligent attitude of the writers. Amitav Ghosh is undoubtedly one of those major contemporary authors who have commingled historical events and imaginative insights whereby a unique picture of the past has come to the fore. Thus Ghosh seems to have both fictionalized history and historicized fiction in his novels by means of which he has come to be known as an exponent of postmodern historical novels. The objective of this paper is to study Sea of Poppies as a historical novel in which Ghosh has conjoined history and fiction in such a manner that all barriers between history and fiction seem to have crumbled.

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historical fiction, history revisited, post-modernism, subalternism, post-colonialism, historiography, documented history, history from below

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In embedded systems, security is crucial as malware lurks in code, targeting the core with might. Remote execution and privilege escalation intensify the fight. Network breaches exploit vulnerabilities by, intercepting transmissions and casting a shadowy light. Smart grids face threats, including false data injections and disruptions all around. Denial of Service attacks are relentless, overwhelming grid systems and integrity. Smart meters are tampered with, breaching security measures and control. Mitigation strategies include encryption, intrusion detection, and secure boot mechanisms. Regular updates, vulnerability management, and physical security measures are essential. PSO-LSTM, a blend of optimization and accuracy, emerges as a solution for various domains, including rainfall runoff and with Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) neural networks, has been applied in various ship motion prediction. The Pelican Optimization Algorithm takes flight, balancing exploration and nature-inspired solutions. Minimizing the surface area and focusing on peripherals and hardware security leads to a more secure embedded system landscape.

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security measures and control

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For the manufacturing industry to grow and become more commercialized, product design and development must work together. to profit on opportunities in the market, both present and future Manufacturers must continue to concentrate on product design and by adapting development tactics to changing client needs. Processes for product design and development are defined in this study. combined with the process of market change possibility to create a product that is for sale. document highlights stages of the product development process, and provides the approach to product creation that is methodical. Considering the phases described paper attempts to provide interconnection and disparities between the development and design of a product. The design and construction process may vary depending on the type of organization and the produc ts it produces. All ideas should be combined with common sense.

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Product Design, Product Development

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Strep throat is caused by infection with the bacterium known as Streptococcus pyogenes, also Called group A Streptococcus.The Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Works Against Fever, Breathing Problem, Stimulate appetite, digestion problem treats urinary tract disorder.this plant additionally has antioxidant and liver protecting Residences. In this study work, the leaves of those plants, flowers and seeds that Lives from special Geographical Places are accrued and examined for antimicrobial Activity, mainly anti-bacterial Residences towards the Streptococcus. The extract thus obtained may be ready for use as a medicinal agent in The form of fluid extracts.In today's world, the medicine enterprise is among the quickest Developing companies because of outbreaks of diverse sicknesses and antimicrobial Opposition of diverse microbes towards typically utilized antibiotics.The control of Diverse sicknesses and the traditional topic of treatment along with Ayurveda and Home-based treatments also carries out a vital function within the part. realize that is relative been achieved to judge the antibacterial pastime of Nyctanthes arbortristis towards Streptococcus pyogenes from Decided on leaves of Nyctanthes arbor-tristis from unique geographic places.

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Streptococcus, Nyctanthes, syrup, infection, throat infection and cough

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This research paper on the storage problems of hydrogen as a fuel aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the challenges associated with hydrogen storage and the potential solutions for overcoming these challenges. One of the main challenges of hydrogen storage is its low energy density, which means that a large volume is required to store a sufficient amount of energy. This makes it difficult to use hydrogen as a fuel for transportation, where space is limited. Compressed gas and liquid hydrogen storage are currently the most common methods, but they come with their own limitations, including high pressure requirements and cryogenic temperatures, respectively. Solid-state storage methods, such as metal hydrides and carbon-based materials, have shown promise in recent years. These materials have the potential to offer higher energy densities than gas and liquid storage, but their practicality for real-world applications is still being evaluated. Another challenge of hydrogen storage is its reactivity, which can lead to embrittlement and degradation of materials. This requires specialized storage systems and safety precautions to prevent accidents and ensure the integrity of the storage infrastructure. Despite these challenges, the potential benefits of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy source make it an attractive option for the future. Hydrogen has the potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, improve air quality, and increase energy security. It can also be used in a wide range of applications, including transportation, power generation, and industrial processes. To realize the potential of hydrogen as a fuel, further research and development are needed to improve hydrogen storage technologies and reduce costs. Additionally, policies and regulations must be put in place to support the development of a hydrogen infrastructure and facilitate the adoption of hydrogen as a mainstream energy source. Overall, this research paper highlights the current state of hydrogen storage technology, the challenges and opportunities associated with its widespread adoption, and the potential for future advancements in this field. The findings of this study can inform policymakers and industry stakeholders to develop strategies to accelerate the adoption of hydrogen as a clean and sustainable energy source.

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hydrogen storage; fuel; Solid-state storage methods; energy source

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Mobile learning, which combines e- learning and mobile computing, offers resources that can be accessible from anywhere and offers full support for efficient learning and performance-based assessments, as well as a top-notch search system and rich interaction. Its independence from location and time is another one of its characteristics. Android is an open-source operating system that is simple to create for, and it has been the market leader in smartphones. These factors have led to its selection for the use of mobile learning. The platform will assist individuals in selecting digital learning over conventional teaching techniques. There will be two sides to this application's interface: the admin, who will use the desktop web-based application.

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E-Learning, Flutter Framework, Dart, LMS, Flutter, Firebase, Android.

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In the hustle and bustle of daily life, where every moment seems like a race against time, the importance of health often fades in the background. This research paper originates a design concept- A portable juicer addressing users' day to day nutritional requirements with ease. This design concept aims to develop a portable juicer with quick efficient juicing without the hustle of maintenance. This research undertakes a comprehensive literature assessment to identify deficiencies in current juicing solutions, highlighting the need for an innovative portable juicer design. By studying existing trends, obstacles, and customer preferences, the design provides a significant insight into the development of a game-changing device that addresses unmet needs in the juicing appliance industry. The research's methodology integrates systematic stages from ideation to prototyping, incorporating user-centric research, iterative design cycles, and collaborative team efforts. It provides a structured framework applicable across diverse industries for enhancing innovation and optimizing the development of successful, user-centric juicers. The research findings lead to the creation of a portable juicer that is easy to carry and requires minimal maintenance, addressing key pain points identified in the literature review. The design has been further assessed by usability testing as per requirements of juicers. By taking a small initiative on adding juice to the user's daily routine, they can find significant improvement in their way to lead a healthier life. This project emphasis on a simple impact, yet an innovative solution that can adapt into the user's healthy habits, even amidst the demanding lifestyle.

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Compact Juicer, Easy Maintenance, Improving health

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Virtual lab is a platform at which certain practical's can be performed. Virtual lab is an excellent tool for education purpose for learners. Thus, by usage of virtual lab platform students can perform practical as given by the teacher. In virtual lab we provide simulation, open source for students. To provide a complete learning management system around the virtual labs for the students and teachers there are various tools available for learning. For the students virtual lab provides additional notes, assignments, web-resources, self - evaluation. In project students can clear concepts of all experiments via experiment related information. Today world, virtual lab is exist in which they can perform experience but for simulation of any experience student or faculty needs to use external compiler. The main objective to create a virtual lab is to solve this problem and provide compilers of every experiment, assignment, related videos, syllabus, experiment easily. And student can give feedback also. In future studies admin can integrate an online courses framework with certification of relates field.

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VLab, Compiler, Simulation, Experiments, Programs.

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Poverty, gender, age and disability, geographical location and cultural practices are important factors that affect food consumption patterns. Poverty directly influences food consumption due to lack of access to resources, knowledge. Bangladesh Demographic & Health Survey (BDHS) 2014 data show that 36% of children under five are considered short for their age, which is stunted. Objectives of my study were, to assess the socio-demographic status on flood affected areas respondents nutritional status of children one to five yrs. age by anthropometrical measurement assess the food security status of the area. Identify the 1 to 5 years health issues occurs during flood affected areas correlate between socio-economic condition and malnourishment. 400 respondents were selected by multiple sampling techniques in Jamalpur district which areas were more affected in flood period. Most of the family were spending Tk. 3000-5000 for their monthly expenditure for food which has been responded by (55.64 %) followed by Tk. 5001-7500 which has been showed the types of diseases children were suffered in last two weeks from interview date. Out of 252 children's (52.38%) children were suffered from diarrhea followed by (34.92%), 17 (6.72%) and (5.95%) children suffered from fever/cough/common cold, skin diseases and ear problem respectively. Distribution of food utilization status of the households. It is showed that out of 400 respondents (98.58%) respondents stated that in last 1 month they cooked in a day, but (1.41%) respondents stated that they didn't cook in a flood period. Children of some months and 1 year were more risk of malnutrition as children of 4 years it may be the reason community with lower socioeconomic status and less delivery of health services Family size significantly associated with malnutrition status of as family size increases resources become scare and less nutrition and care focused to children. Urban areas children indicated a reduced frequency to be stunted rather than rural area the reason of more appropriate nutrition and access of health services and these findings are supported in the study. In developing countries, children from rural area consider more vulnerable to malnourishment due to differences of limited economic resources, inadequate education access and poor availability of poor health facilities as these findings supported by the studies of .Mother education has significant relation because the educated mothers have more knowledge related to child health, nutrition and usage of health services. The assessment uses a cross-sectional study that includes an interview, anthropometrical measurement and observation checklist. The results can be used by government and other partners & stakeholders for the improvement of the food security and nutritional status of the selected and other flood affected area in 2018.

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Nutritional status, food safety, flood affected areas, under-five children

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Antenatal care (ANC) is one of the programs to achieve the Millennium Development Goals 4 & 5. Antenatal care (ANC) has important positions as this is directly related with maternal morbidity and mortality. Antenatal care have to take complete physical check-up at regular intervals and early detection of deviation from the normal and their proper intervention or timely therapy. In addition counseling and advice of mother about various aspects like personal hygiene, nutrition, rest & sleep, travelling, birth spacing, place of delivery, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding and postnatal care about their children. Therefore, it is very important to identify the existing outcome of mothers awareness gained through antenatal care who are living both rural and urban area, whether the ANC services successful achieve or not. However the present study has conducted to assess the awareness of rural and urban mothers regarding antenatal care; to find out the impact of awareness of rural and urban mothers regarding ANC; to examine the relationship between the awareness and impact on ANC of mothers; and to determine the level of awareness and impact of antenatal care of the mothers. It was a cross sectional descriptive study. The study was conducted in selected different Hospitals at Dinajpur district in Bangladesh. Purposive sampling method was used for the study. Data were collected from primary and secondary sources. Primary data were collected from the respondents of study area. Secondary data were collected from books, research report, journals and internet. Questionnaire was used for data collection. Data were collected through face to face interview with questionnaire and secondary data were collected by reviewing books, research report, journals and internet etc. This study revealed that most of the respondents had excellent knowledge about antenatal care and few had good knowledge on antenatal care of pregnant women admitted at different Hospitals at Dinajpur district in Bangladesh. This study revealed that one fourth of the respondents had no knowledge about blurring vision is a warning sign during pregnancy, one fifth of the respondents had no knowledge about radiation hazards during pregnancy, one third of the respondents had no knowledge about leg edema is a warning sign during pregnancy, half of the respondents had no knowledge about Rh-negative status is a warning sign during pregnancy. We should suggest them to continue taking care and regular antenatal check-up because every pregnant woman must have adequate knowledge about her own physical and emotional health as well as optimal health of the unborn child. The knowledge can be achieved properly through regular antenatal care. That will help the mother to have a healthy baby at the end of the pregnancy.

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Antenatal care, Services, Awareness, Antenatal visit, Health problems

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This article presents the awareness on reproductive health among adolescent girl in rural area at Dinajpur district in Bangladesh. Analysis of data revealed that a sizable proportion of adolescent girls had incorrect knowledge or misconceptions about the fertile period, reproduction, sexually transmitted diseases, and HIV/AIDS. Age, education either of adolescents or their mothers, residence, and exposure to mass media were the significant predictors of adolescent girls' knowledge about reproductive health. Strong efforts are needed to improve awareness and to clarify misconceptions about reproductive health. Improved access to mass media and education could improve rural Bangladeshi adolescent girls' awareness about reproductive health.

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Awareness, Reproductive Health, Adolescent Girl, Rural Area

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To improve the quality of distance learning and students' learning effectiveness in the investigated universities, quantitative survey with SPSS19.0 is applied to analyzing data in this study, in which Factor Analysis, Reliability Analysis, Regression Analysis, and Analysis of Variance are utilized for organizing and analyzing data. About 400 students of Kalyana Karnataka region studying in KSOU, Mysore are proceeded questionnaire survey, and 372 valid copies are studied. The research findings show that Distance Learning appears significantly positive effects on Curriculum Instruction in Learning Effectiveness, Distance Learning presents notably positive effects on Technological Media in Learning Effectiveness and Distance learning reveals remarkably positive effects on Curriculum Management in Learning Effectiveness.

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Distance Learning, Learning Effectiveness, Kalyana Karnataka Region

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Dengue fever, a mosquito-borne viral illness, poses a significant global public health threat, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. Caused by four distinct serotypes of the dengue virus, it manifests in a spectrum ranging from mild flu-like symptoms to severe complications such as hemorrhagic fever and shock syndrome. Despite extensive prevention and control efforts, dengue remains a burden with periodic outbreaks, particularly during rainy seasons when mosquito breeding peaks. Accurate and prompt diagnosis of dengue is crucial for effective clinical management and outbreak containment. Conventional diagnostic methods face challenges, including false negatives, delayed results, and reliance on labor-intensive laboratory tests, necessitating a shift towards more efficient and reliable diagnostic approaches. Deep learning models hold the potential to revolutionize dengue diagnosis by leveraging diverse data sources for early detection and prediction. By integrating clinical symptoms, laboratory findings, and epidemiological data, these models offer a comprehensive approach to dengue diagnosis, enabling rapid and accurate case identification. Deep learning algorithms can analyze vast amounts of data to identify patterns and early signs of infection that traditional methods might miss. Siddaganga Medical College & Research Institute is at the forefront of using real-time data for dengue surveillance and diagnosis. Through collaborations with research partners, Siddaganga Hospital has amassed extensive clinical data, including patient demographics, symptoms, and diagnostic test results. Utilizing this rich dataset, deep learning models can identify early signs of dengue infection, facilitating timely interventions and reducing the disease burden. This review highlights the importance of integrating real-time data and fostering collaboration between healthcare providers and data scientists to advance dengue diagnosis and surveillance. By harnessing the power of deep learning models and real-time data streams, institutions like Siddaganga Hospital can enhance their capacity for early detection and response to dengue outbreaks, ultimately mitigating the impact on public health.

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Dengue fever, mosquito-borne illness, public health, diagnosis, deep learning, data integration, epidemiology, early detection, Siddaganga Medical College.

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Herbal plants are commonly utilized as natural pain relievers, particularly in traditional medical systems. However, the scientific data supporting their analgesic effectiveness is weak and frequently contradictory. This study seeks to give a complete overview of plant species and known phytoconstituents having analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties with its uses. The study includes 10 herbal plants from various families, including Curcuma longa , Clove -Syzygium , Ginger , Mint, Feverfew, Willow Bark, Kava Kava, Lavender, Rosemary. These plants' analgesic effect is linked to a variety of phytochemicals, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and polysaccharides, which influence distinct pain pathways such as opioid, inflammatory, neuropathic, and nociceptive. This review highlight the potential of herbal plants as a rich source of analgesic substances, providing a natural alternative to synthetic drugs. Further exploration in this area may result in the creation of novel bioactive substances. with better therapeutic activity and selectivity.

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Analgesic , Anti-inflammatory

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POLITICAL DEFECTION AND DEMOCRACY IN INDIA MANISHA KUMARI Doctoral Research Scholar Department of Political Science Netaji Subhas University Jamshedpur, Jharkhand Email Id- manishakumari16726@gmail.com ABSTRACT In the present paper, the politics of Defection is playing havoc with Indian Democracy. Representatives elected by the people change their political parties to topple the government. Frequent changing of political parties for political gains has weakened Indian democracy making it impossible to establish democratic values in the political fabric of the society or the article attempts to study the phenomenon of party defection to understand the impact it may have on political parties. Before 1967, there was no serious problem of political party dominance in India. This was because at that time the Indian National Congress was the only political party that enjoyed the confidence of people. The phrase Aaya Ram Gaya Ram gained popularity in Indian politics in 1967 when Gayalal, a Haryana MLA, changed his party three times in a single day. The anti defection law seeks to prevent political defection that may be due to remuneration or other similar considerations. The present anti-defection law was passed by the parliament in the year 1985 by the 52nd Constitutional Amendment which added the tenth schedule to the Constitution.

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Political Defection, Indian Democracy, Neharuvian View

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The "Waste Wise: Engaging the City in Plastic Recycling" project tackles the challenges of modern urban waste management by introducing an innovative online platform. In today's urbanized world, traditional waste disposal methods struggle with the increasing volumes of scrap materials and public waste. "Waste Wise" operates as a dynamic digital ecosystem, streamlining scrap collection through an intuitive mobile application. Citizens can effortlessly report and schedule scrap pickups, incentivized by a rewards system offering digital coins and discount coupons. Simultaneously, scrap collectors benefit from real-time location details, optimizing their responsiveness. The platform extends its impact with a public waste reporting feature, allowing citizens to capture images of waste accumulations. These reports are seamlessly relayed to municipal authorities, facilitating swift and targeted public waste collection efforts. The integration of GPS technology ensures accurate tracking of scrap collectors, enabling efficient navigation. "Waste Wise" envisions a paradigm shift in waste- management, leveraging technology for proactive citizen engagement, empowering scrap collectors, and enhancing collaboration with municipal authorities. The project aspires to create cleaner, more sustainable urban environments, marking significant strides towards intelligent and collaborative waste management. This abstract encapsulates the essence of "Waste Wise"--a transformative solution that combines user-friendly technology, incentives, and collaborative reporting to address the complexities of urban waste management in a sustainable and efficient manner.

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Recycling

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