Volume 12 | Issue 6

 Abstract

The Decentralized Unified Payment Interface (DUPI) has completely changed how people in India conduct digital transactions. The National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) introduced UPI in 2016, and it has since grown to be the country's most popular digital payment system. The history of UPI is summarized in this article. Encompassing its inception, evolution, and expansion. The article also covers the main aspects and advantages of UPI. One of the most significant developments in electronic payments, the Unified Payment Interface (UPI) was unveiled by the National Payment Corporation of India (NPCI). UPI is a sophisticated and noteworthy payment method in terms of price, consumer-friendliness, settlement times, and security. It has made it easier for a big portion of the populace to fall under the umbrella of the digital economy. Any customer with a bank account can send and receive money using this kind of payment system via a UPI-based app. With the help of this service, a user can easily initiate fund transfers and make collect requests on a smartphone app by linking multiple bank accounts.

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UPI SYSTEM

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Evaluate association of pain level, psychological status and level of disability and LBP knowledge in LBP patients. Soumitra Yadav1, Neelu Pawar2, Shadma Siddiqui3 1,2,3 Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, SAM Global University, Raisen Abstract Background: Fear, anxiety, and stress can exacerbate LBP and hinder recovery. Fear-avoidance beliefs can lead to physical deconditioning as patients avoid activities they believe will cause pain. Anxiety and catastrophizing can heighten pain perception, making pain management more challenging. Chronic stress can contribute to muscle tension and overall pain, further complicating recovery. The Depression, will also be used in this study which is a set of three self -report scales designed to measure the emotional states of depression, anxiety and stress. The anxiety scale assesses autonomic arousal, skeletal muscle effects, situational anxiety, and subjective experience of anxious affect. Objective: Evaluate association of pain level, psychological status and level of disability and LBP knowledge in LBP patients. Methodology: Survey method has been conducted in the age-group of 30-80 year. The Patient having lumbar spinal stenosis, lumber herniated disc, lumber muscle sprains and strains, Sciatica, degenerative disc disease of lumber, spondylolisthesis, myofascial pain, lumber spondylosis of both genders. They will be informed about the procedure and questionnaires and informed consent will be taken from them. Outcome: Outcome of data which measures throughs some questionnaire and scales are as follows ; Low Back pain Knowledge Questionnaire (LKQ),Oswestry Disability Index (ODI),Fear Avoidance Belief Questionnaire (FABQ), Depression Anxiety Stress Scale - 21 (DASS-21) and Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) Result: A significant positive correlation at P<=0.05 was obtained between ODI, and FABQ at work. It-represent that in older adults more fear of LBP is associated with more disability. Keywords: NPRS, LKQ, DASS, FABQ, LKQ

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Keywords: NPRS, LKQ, DASS, FABQ, LKQ

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agney kavya me prakruti

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agney kavya me prakruti

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when one of the structural members fails, which in turn triggers the failure of subsequent structural sections, a progressive collapse will occur. Because of this, the structure will either completely or partially collapse due to its current state. Failure of a vertical structural element is the primary cause of progressive collapse in structures and typically occurs at the structure's peak. There is a risk that explosive charges, accidents, or even deliberate damage could cause the column to fail and fall. To carry out the analysis, first, the columns at each of the various places are removed one at a time in line with the criteria set by the General Service Administration (GSA), and then the values of the radius and the column Determination of Capacity Ratio (DCR) are calculated. According to the data, it was concluded that the column that was situated further away from the center had a greater risk of suffering from a slow and steady collapse.

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Progressive collapse, GSA, Column, Beam, Slab, DCR, Structural analysis, Element's.

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The e-commerce industry has grown rapidly in recent years due to the rapid growth of the Internet and the emergence of new technologies, which have raised cybersecurity risks. The paper discusses the growing problem of phishing attacks and underscoring the necessity of improved detection and prevention methods. In addition, the paper focuses on web application penetration testing and provides a useful resource for comprehending penetration testing, including its advantages, methodology, and particular factors to take into account when testing web applications. In this paper, we offer a definition model to help define both cyberwar and cyber warfare in order to address these problems. We focus on the use of serious games as a way to raise secure coding consciousness of programming engineers in business 1321. The study emphasizes the differences between the sophisticated security strategies put forth by scholars and the straightforward approaches frequently used by web application firewalls (wafs). The paper explores the risks associated with chatgpt and other AI language models through scholarly analysis and stresses the significance of putting in place suitable security measures to mitigate these risks. In order to improve knowledge about cyber security and increase awareness of countermeasures.

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SIEM, Red Team Assessments, Privilege Escalation Attacks (Android), Pegasus Spyware, OWASP Top 10, Intrusion Detection/Prevention Systems, Digital Forensics

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The formulation and assessment of the herbal anti-dandruff shampoo described herein depict a careful fusion of natural elements that address diverse aspects of scalp well-being. Orange peel extract brings antioxidant qualities, while aloe vera gel hydrates the scalp. Eucalyptus oil, renowned for its antimicrobial attributes, introduces a revitalizing and purifying sensation, harmonized by hibiscus extract's nurturing attributes. Neem extract augments the shampoo's efficacy by shielding against microbes that cause dandruff. Sodium lauryl sulfate, serving as a surfactant, guarantees thorough cleansing, eliminating impurities and fostering a more salubrious scalp environment. Rose essential oil not only imparts a delightful fragrance but also provides calming properties, enriching the overall user experience. The inclusion of lemon juice regulates acidity and potentially contributes antimicrobial advantages. To preserve the cohesion of the herbal blend, sodium benzoate functions as a natural preservative, inhibiting microbial proliferation and prolonging the shampoo's shelf life. This proves pivotal for sustaining the product's enduring efficacy. The ultimate formulation is a harmonious amalgamation that tackles diverse facets of scalp health, delivering a comprehensive solution against dandruff and ensuring a revitalizing and aromatic encounter during application. Stability assessments additionally certify the product's durability, assuring users of a trustworthy and efficient anti-dandruff remedy. It is advisable for users to conduct patch tests and adhere to recommended usage instructions before widespread application. This herbal anti-dandruff shampoo embodies a dedication to fostering a healthier scalp, minimizing dandruff, and creating a pleasurable hair care routine by synergizing the potency of nature with potent ingredients. The formulation champions hair well-being and scalp health conscientiously, adhering to sound manufacturing practices.

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Herbal, anti-dandruff, orange peel, aloe vera, shampoo, Eucalyptus, aromatic, scalp.

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Meshashrungi (Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is wellknown as gurmar in hindi for its sugar destroying property. It is mentioned from samhithas to nighantus with many indications like Prameha, Visha, Kasa, Svasa, Krimi, Kushta, Vrana. Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is used ethnobotanically as remedy in snake bite, for reducing glycosuria and number of eye diseases. Due to various synonyms mentioned for Meshashrungi like Ajashrungi, Vishanika, Mesha, Vishani, Yugmaphala e.t.c. it creates controversy about the original botanical source. Because of the increasing demand of Meshashrungi in treating various diseases, particularly Diabetes mellitus, it is adultered with other available drugs. Pergularia daemia (Forsskal) Chiov, Vallaris Solanaceae (Roth) kunize, Cryptolepsis buchanani Roem. & Schult, Aristolochia bracteolata Ham. and Dolichandrone falcata (Dc.). Seemann. are some of the sources used as Meshashrungi in different parts of india. The article is an attempt to review the morphological features of plant taken as Meshashrungi along with the review of literature. After reviewing various available references and description it can be concluded that Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm. is Meshashrungi.

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Keywords: Meshashrungi, Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. ex Sm., Contraversy, Literature review, Gymnemic acid

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Aim: To compare the effect of yogic breathing exercises and mindfulness yoga on quality of life in smartphone addicted middle-aged adults. Objective: To compare the effect of yogic breathing exercises and mindfulness yoga on quality of life in smartphone addicted middle-aged adults using WHOQOL-BREF Scale and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). Methodology: By using purposive method 164 smartphone addicted middle-aged adults between age group of 30-40 years were selected and screened according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. They were divided into two groups: Group 1 (Yogic breathing exercises) and Group 2 (Mindfulness yoga). The smartphone addiction in middle-aged adults was assessed using Smartphone Addiction Scale. The study was explained to the participants and consent was obtained. Yogic breathing exercises and mindfulness yoga was performed 3days/week for 4 weeks. The Smartphone Addiction Scale and WHOQOL-BREF Scale was taken before and after the intervention and results were analyzed. Outcome measure: Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) was used for measuring the smartphone addiction and WHOQOL-BREF Scale was used to measure the quality of life of the participants. Result: The result showed that the comparison of pre to post intervention score of WHOQOL-BREF Scale and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) in Group 1 was significant and the comparison of pre to post intervention score of WHOQOL-BREF Scale and Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS) in Group 2 was also significant. Conclusion: The present study compares the effects of both yogic breathing exercises and mindfulness yoga on quality of life and it concludes that both these interventions are similarly effective in improving the quality of life in smartphone addicted middle-aged adults. There is no significant difference in improvement with respect to yogic breathing exercises and mindfulness yoga according to WHOQOL-BREF Scale. This study also suggest that the mindfulness yoga has shown more effect on reducing smartphone addiction as compared to yogic breathing exercises. Keywords: Yogic breathing exercises, Mindfulness yoga, Quality of life (QOL), Smartphone addicted middle-aged adults, WHOQOL-BREF Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS).

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Yogic breathing exercises, Mindfulness yoga, Quality of life (QOL), Smartphone addicted middle-aged adults, WHOQOL-BREF Scale, Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS).

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This study conducted at the Nirbhaya Rehabilitation Centre in Kollam, Kerala, explored the impact of sexual abuse on adolescent girls and assessed the efficacy of an 8-week comprehensive therapeutic intervention model integrating dance, art, music, and psychotherapy.The assessment tools utilized in this study encompassed a Socio Demographic Profile questionnaire, designed by the researcher and the guide, and the Beck Depression Scale using a mixed research design with 80 participants, the study revealed significantly higher depression levels before the intervention, but the structured program effectively alleviated these. Qualitative interviews with survivors highlighted enduring trauma across physical, emotional, psychological, and social dimensions. The findings underscore the potential benefits of a holistic therapeutic approach in reducing depression among sexually abused adolescent girls, offering insights for tailored interventions to enhance their well-being and resilience.

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Intervention, Depression, Sexually Abused Girls

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This study examines the variables affecting the price and volatility of gold while analysing the performance of the bullion market as a whole. The research investigates the relationship between gold prices and economic indicators, including currencies, equities, bonds, geopolitical events, central bank policies, and macroeconomic variables, using historical data and market trends. The goal of the study is to shed light on the strategic value of gold in investment portfolios and its function as a buffer against volatile economic conditions. The results will help financial analysts, legislators, and investors make well-informed decisions on gold investments and comprehend the larger ramifications for the bullion market. The paper emphasises the significance of gold in both personal investment plans and international financial systems through a thorough analysis.

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Bullion market, Gold prices, Market trends, Economic indicators, Price volatility

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Literature has always mirrored society and its various issues, using stories, novels, plays, and poems to highlight societal problems. These literary forms influence readers, prompting them to reflect on these issues. Literature plays a significant role in raising awareness and addressing societal problems. Dalit literature, in particular, has shed light on the trauma and suffering experienced by Dalits in their daily lives. Dalit women writers have notably articulated the struggles and hardships faced by Dalit women, striving for their emancipation by emphasizing the importance of education. Among these writers, Bama and Sivakami have distinguished themselves, creating a significant impact in the literary world. This article explores the challenging journeys of their female characters, who navigate their troubled lives with determination, courage, and resilience, ultimately overcoming numerous obstacles. The ways in which these brave Dalit women confront and address their challenges are remarkable. Their ability to find a place in a male-dominated society is commendable, as each character asserts her individuality and voices her dissent in a patriarchal world.

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Dalit Literature, Realisation, Emancipation, Male-dominated, Patriarchy.

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Background -Provision of respectful maternity care is in accordance with a human rights-based approach to reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. Respectful maternity care could improve mother's satisfaction of labor and childbirth and address health inequalities. The objectives of the study are to assess the level of respectful maternity care and satisfaction level among postnatal mothers of a selected hospital, West Bengal. Methods and Materials- A descriptive survey study was conducted in Postnatal ward of Contai SD Hospital, Contai, Nandigram Health District, Purba Medinipur. The data was collected from 100 postnatal mothers selected by purposive sampling technique with the help of semi structured questionnaire and Likert Scale. Data was entered and transported to SPSS for windows program version 20. Results- The result showed that the 24% postnatal mothers received high level of respectful maternity care 61% received moderate level of respectful maternity care and 15% mothers received low level of respectful maternity care. Among 100 postnatal mothers 15%were highly satisfied,74% moderately satisfied whereas only 11% were dissatisfied related to respectful maternity care. There were a moderate positive relationship (r=0.314) between the level of respectful maternity care and satisfaction level of postnatal mothers. But there was no significant association [?2df(1)=3.84, df (2)=5.99, P<0.05 ] between the level of respectful maternity care with selected background information as well as the satisfaction level with selected background information [?2 df(1)=3.84), df (2)=5.99 ), p <0.05]. Conclusion- The study showed that mothers' satisfaction depends on the Respectful Maternity Care. Awareness of the staff nurses regarding respectful maternity care and women's right can improve friendly, timely and abuse free care.

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Level of Respectful Maternity Care, Level of Satisfaction, Postnatal Mothers.

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The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a cornerstone of modern cryptographic systems, widely utilized to ensure data security in a variety of applications. This thesis explores the optimization of AES for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) implementations, focusing on techniques to improve performance, efficiency, and security. Key optimization strategies such as parallelism, pipelining, SubBytes optimization, and key schedule enhancements are examined in detail. Various hardware architectures, including bit-slice, byte-slice, pipelined, and round-based designs, are analyzed to understand their impact on performance metrics like throughput, latency, area utilization, and power consumption. A comprehensive security analysis evaluates the VLSI implementations' resistance against classical cryptographic attacks and sophisticated side-channel attacks. Countermeasures such as power consumption randomization, constant-time execution, and electromagnetic shielding are discussed to bolster the hardware's resilience. The thesis concludes with a discussion on future work, emphasizing the potential of emerging technologies like post-quantum cryptographic algorithms, advanced fabrication techniques, adaptive architectures, and the integration of machine learning for further enhancing the security and performance of AES hardware implementations. This research aims to contribute to the development of robust and efficient AES hardware, ensuring the continued protection of sensitive data in an increasingly digital and interconnected world.

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Gain Enhancement, Positive feedback, Differential amplifier, Op-amp.

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Young girls are our strongest upholders since they will bear our future generation. It is critical that adolescent girls have sufficient nutritional reserves for the future. Nutrition knowledge plays a crucial role in shaping dietary habits, especially among young adults. Promoting nutrition knowledge and healthy eating habits among college students contributes to their overall well-being and has long-term effects on mental and physical health. As adolescents navigate the challenges of life, yoga can provide them with tools to find balance, reduce stress, and enhance both body and mind connect This study aims to investigate the nutritional knowledge and practice of yoga among college going adolescent girls. Additionally, the study seeks to emphasize the need of nutrition education and regular yoga practice for the holistic growth of college going girls. For the purpose, sixty-two young girls were randomly selected for the study from Dayanand Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Kurukshetra and Hindu Girls College, Jagadhri. The girls were fully informed of the purpose and procedure of the investigation and provided consent at the outset. Questionnaire was developed to assess the young girl's demographic profile, nutritional knowledge and yoga practices approach in life with the help of google form. The results were analysed using arithmetic mean and standard deviation. After submission of the questionnaire their nutritional knowledge was assessed and analysed. It was concluded from the present study that the good number of the studied subjects were aware that whole grains, fruits and vegetable are good for health but didn't know the health implications of excess intake of sugar and fat in the body. The surprising element of the study was that almost all the subjects felt that skipping meals is good for health. The practice of skipping meals is widespread among adolescents. Meal skipping increases throughout adolescence period as they try to lose weight through calorie restriction. The current study showed that not many subjects are practicing yoga regularly so as to bring any favourable results. Furthermore, they are not practicing under any expert guidance to get better understanding of the principles of yoga as from health point of view the subjects must know the health implication of yoga and physical activity. As nutritious diet and yoga/ physical activity are two inseparable parameters of healthy life so they must be taken more seriously in guiding these young girls for future.

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Nutritional Knowledge, Yoga Practice, Adolescent, Young Girl

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This research investigates the inequality in health status and healthcare expenditure among elderly Syrian Christians in Kerala, India, focusing on various demographic and socioeconomic factors. Using the Gini coefficient, the study examines the distribution patterns of health indices and healthcare spending across different denominations, regions, living statuses, places of residence, and income groups. At the aggregate level, while the inequality in health status among the elderly is relatively low, significant disparities exist in healthcare expenditure, particularly in environmental, mental, and social health expenditures. Community-wise analysis reveals variations in expenditure distribution across different types of healthcare, suggesting the need for targeted interventions. Regionally, the Malabar area stands out with the lowest health status and highest inequality, emphasizing the necessity for enhanced healthcare programs in this region. Additionally, disparities in healthcare expenditure are pronounced in urban-rural divides, with rural elderly facing higher inequality and lower expenditure compared to their urban counterparts. Furthermore, income disparities contribute significantly to inequality in healthcare expenditure, with those below average income experiencing higher disparities. This underscores the urgency for increased healthcare spending targeting low-income elderly populations. Overall, this study highlights the nuanced inequalities in health status and healthcare expenditure among elderly Syrian Christians in Kerala, providing valuable insights for policymakers to formulate targeted interventions to improve healthcare accessibility and equity for this demographic.

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elderly, ageing, inequality, Gini coefficient

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The objective of the study was to formulate and evaluate the mouth ulcer gel containing extract petals of marigold (Tagetes erecta), clove and Psidiumguajava L to treat mouth ulcer. Marigold (Tagetes erecta) is a vibrant flowering plant for treating mouth ulcer. Tagetes species belonging to family Asteraceae are the most common plant kingdom which is used in different areas like cosmetic preparation, medicine. Quercetin a flavonoid found in marigold exhibits anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It may help reduce inflammation and promote healing in mouth ulcer. Clove oil containing eugenol , a compound with powerful antimicrobial effects . Applying clove oil to mouth ulcer may help to fight bacteria and prevent infection, promoting faster health.

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Antiulcer Gel, marigold, clove, aloevera

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The present study deals with the formulation and evaluation of rapid release oral film of Donepezil Hydrochloride which is a specific non-competitive reversible inhibitor of acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) used in the treatment of Alzhiemer's disease. The objective of preparing Donepezil HCl rapid release film was to dissolve or disintegrate the film in few seconds and release the drug in oral cavity for rapid therapeutic effect due to a well supplied vascular and lymphatic drainage. Donepezil HCl films were prepared by solvent casting technique using film forming polymer HPMC E-15, different types of disintegrants such as maize starch, pregelatinized starch and superdisintegrants such as sodium starch glycolate, croscarmellose sodium and crospovidone. Triacetin was incorporated as plasticizer to improve the flexibility of films, glycerin as emollient, mannitol as diluent to provide good mouth feel and aspartame as sweetener. The prepared films were evaluated for weight variation, thickness, surface pH, folding endurance, drug content, disintegration time and in vitro dissolution studies by Pharmaceutical standard methods. Formulation F5 is considered as the best formulation as it showed good tensile strength (39.52 N/cm2), percentage elongation (11.83%), maximum drug content (99.75%), rapid disintegration time (20 seconds) and maximum drug release (99.86%) at the end of 10 minutes. The study concludes that rapid release oral films of Donepezil Hydrochloride can be considered suitable for clinical use in the treatment of Alzhiemer's disease, where a quicker onset of action along with the convenience of administration with higher therapeutic efficacy and bioavailability was desirable.

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Alzheimer's disease, Donepezil HCl, HPMC E-15, Rapid dissolving film, Solvent casting method.

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India's handicraft sector, particularly exemplified by Channa Patna Handicraft Industries in Karnataka, encapsulates a rich legacy of traditional skills and cultural expression. This labor-intensive, decentralized industry, employing over million artisans, serves as a pivotal source of employment, notably for marginalized groups and women, ranking second only to agriculture. However, artisans face multifaceted challenges amidst globalization and changing market dynamics. Handicrafts, ranging from handcrafted to machine-made, embody the artisan's specialized skills, infusing tradition with intricate designs and vibrant hues. Yet, artisans struggle with low literacy levels and dependence on intermediaries, hindering their access to market trends and consumer preferences. Commission brokers further complicate matters, obscuring genuine customer tastes. Addressing these problems, our study employs an exploratory research approach, leveraging both primary and secondary data sources. By analyzing online journals and articles, it identifies key opportunities and barriers in the marketing landscape. Recommendations are provided to empower artisans with appropriate marketing strategies, fostering economic growth and cultural preservation. In essence, this study underscores the imperative of empowering artisans and safeguarding India's cultural heritage. By equipping artisans with market insights and strategic tools, we can ensure the resilience of the handicraft industry while promoting social inclusion and economic development.

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Handicraft, Channaptana, Artisans, Cultural heritage, Market dynamics, Empowerment, Economic development, Social inclusion.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The intricate nature of healthcare applications, handling sensitive patient data and influencing critical medical decisions, demands rigorous testing strategies. While manual testing remains vital, its limitations in efficiency and error susceptibility hinder comprehensive software evaluation. Test Automation Frameworks (TAFs) emerge as a powerful solution, streamlining the testing process for healthcare applications. We explore how TAFs enhance testing efficiency by automating repetitive tasks, allowing testers to focus on high-level and exploratory scenarios. This not only reduces testing costs but also leads to improved test accuracy and repeatability. TAFs enable running a broader spectrum of test cases, encompassing regression testing, edge cases, and integration testing, resulting in more comprehensive test coverage and reduced risks of undetected defects. This paper delves into the multifaceted advantages and practical uses of TAFs within the healthcare software domain. This paper further explores potential future directions for TAFs in the healthcare domain. Advancements in machine learning and artificial intelligence hold promise for enhanced test automation capabilities, enabling automated test generation and self-healing test scripts. Integrating TAFs with continuous integration/continuous delivery (CI/CD) pipelines streamlines the development process for healthcare applications. Embracing TAFs and staying at the forefront of technological advancements will allow developers and healthcare institutions to guarantee the quality and reliability of healthcare applications, ultimately contributing to improved patient care outcomes

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Software Testing, Test Automation Frameworks (TAFs), Page Object Model, Healthcare Quality Management.

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The rapid development and implementation of humanoid robots has emerged as a key field of study in modern robotics, aimed at replicating human motion and behaviour to assist in various applications. This project focuses on the design and fabrication of a humanoid robot specifically tailored to assist in college admission processes. The primary objective is to create a robot that can interact with prospective students / parents / guardians, provide detailed information about courses, campus facilities, and admission procedures, and enhance the overall efficiency and experience of the admission process. The design phase emphasizes a flexible mechanical structure (Humanoid Robot) that mimics human movements, ensuring both functionality and an approachable appearance. This project aims to design a humanoid robot with additive manufacturing process for cost effectiveness. Various parts of the robot are designed in the Solid Work's Software and then the parts are printed with the help of a 3-D printer (material-PLA (Polylactic Acid)), and then they are assembled with addition to various components like servo motors etc. The fabrication process involved precision machining and assembly of parts, followed by the incorporation of sensors, actuators, and a robot control system. Humanoid robot is equipped with artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms and natural language processing (NLP) capabilities, enabling it to engage in meaningful conversations and process complex information efficiently. The successful implementation of this humanoid robot for college admissions not only illustrates a significant technological achievement but also sets a standard for further advancements in the field of educational robotics. The final prototype will be tested in a real-world college admission setting to evaluate its performance, usability, and impact on the admission process. Feedback from users will be gathered to refine the robot's functionalities and enhance its user interface. The project aims to demonstrate the potential of humanoid robots in transforming administrative processes and providing innovative solutions in educational environments.

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Humanoid Robot, College Admission, Design and Fabrication, Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Educational Robotics, Machine Learning, 3D Modelling, Mechanical Structure, Sensors and Actuators

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition