Volume 12 | Issue 6

 Abstract

The growing ecological disaster caused by plastic waste is one of the most urgent concerns of our day. Plastic, a substance once praised for its long-lasting and adaptable nature, has now become a lasting and poisonous kind of garbage, polluting our environments and bodies of water. This initiative, dubbed "Conversion of Waste Plastic Bottles into 3D Printing Filament," presents a ground breaking solution to this issue by transforming discarded plastic into a lucrative asset for the expanding 3D printing sector. The advent of 3D printing technology has brought about a significant transformation in several industries, such as manufacturing and healthcare, by facilitating the fabrication of intricate objects with exceptional accuracy. Nevertheless, the filaments often used in 3D printing, which are referred to as materials, frequently originate from finite resources, hence intensifying the ecological impact. This research suggests an alternate method by creating 3D printing filaments from recycled plastic bottles, so converting a widespread environmental pollution into a valuable resource. Our approach consists of collecting discarded plastic bottles, mostly made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which is a commonly used polymer in packaging. The bottles undergo a thorough cleaning, shredding, and controlled heating process using modern nozzle technology. Further, the liquefied plastic is forced out via a small opening to form slender threads, which are further cooled and coiled onto spools to produce filaments for 3D printing. This procedure not only redirects plastic trash away from landfills but also reduces the need for the manufacturing of new plastic, so contributing to a circular economy. The study further investigates the characteristics and efficiency of reused filaments in 3D printing applications. Initial findings suggest that the recycled filaments show similar quality to filaments that are commercially accessible, thereby proving the viability of this method. Moreover, the experiment highlights the possibility of producing filaments locally, which may help decrease emissions from shipping and promote self-reliance in 3D printing materials. Ultimately, this idea represents a fundamental change in how we handle trash and produce materials, transforming the issue of plastic waste into a viable option for environmentally-friendly manufacturing. Through the conversion of discarded plastic bottles into 3D printing filaments, we reduce the negative environmental effects of plastic waste and support the development of sustainable manufacturing methods. This programme demonstrates human creativity in addressing ecological concerns and highlights the capacity of new technology to promote sustainable development. This project represents progress towards a future in which garbage is not considered a final product, but rather a valuable.

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 Keywords

Sustainability, Waste Recycling, Plastic Waste, Plastic Bottles, 3D Printing Filament

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Nowadays, different types of replacement of sand by plastic grains in concrete is getting important in researches. In order to better understand the behavior of concrete piles during curing, exposure to different climatic conditions, and potential deterioration, this study investigates the compressive strength of plastic grain concrete pile by use of embedded temperature sensors. After analysing characteristics of different plastic grain concrete (low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene and polypropylene), HDPE (high density polyethylene) is more sustainable with concrete mix. For this study compressive strength of plastic grain (high density polyethylene) pile is compared with M20 grade concrete pile. During the casting process, temperature sensors are first strategically inserted into concrete piles at top, centre and bottom as part of the research. The exothermic hydration response may be examined by the continuous temperature data recording that these sensors will provide during the curing process. From temperature data maturity and strength is calculated using Nurse- Saul (MNS) function.

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 Keywords

Concrete pile, Plastic grain, LDPE, HDPE, Polypropylene, Temperature sensor

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In pursuit of sustainable development, global economies have banded together. This stands in stark contrast to earlier approaches, in which governments actively sought to advance their economies. Several natural resources have been exhausted and ecological balances have been upset because of nation's competing for economic development. This effect manifests itself in various ways, one of which is the acceleration of global warming. A solution that would make the world a better place for generations to come is urgently required because this endangers human life as we know it. To guarantee that development occurs in a manner that preserves and passes on to future generations undamaged natural resources, the phrase "sustainable development" was coined. This paper attempts to understand and analyze the challenges that India faces in reaching its Sustainable Development Goals and presents solutions to overcome them.

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 Keywords

Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), Global Warming, Natural Resources

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 Abstract

Road traffic accidents are increasing rapidly in India with the increase in traffic density. An accident is the result of factors such as road defects, human errors, engineering defects of the vehicles, non-availability of pedestrian facilities, cyclist facilities, circumstantial factors such as weather conditions, visibility etc. Accidents cause death, disablement, damage to property and health, social suffering, and also general degradation of the environment. In this project study, Traffic accident analysis of selected stretch of Yavatmal district in Maharashtra state is carried out project study aims to calculate accident rate and frequency for a particular road stretch. Literature review is conducted the traffic agencies and public concentrates at the measures to reduce such accident severity in order to reduce the fatality rate. The location of high risk where crash tends to concentrate over the time are hazardous locations .The analysis of traffic signals and road safety devices present on the road using geodetic techniques. The road stretch chosen for purpose of our study is extending from Sharda chowk to Lohara square. This 5 kilometer road stretch is divided into segments of 1000 meter each, for the purpose of analysis . The calculations described in this project is based on recorded accidents and data about accidents. The information available for accidents studies is taken form local police stations in form of FIR, the data of last two years (2022-2024) is extracted form FIR records. The type of data extracted is like location of accidents and fatalities in the selected stretch. We have calculated accident rate and accident frequency by using methods. Monthly variation, hourly variation of accident rate on the road and vehicle. Road safety awareness should be raise among users to reduce accidents.

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Accident anaylsis, FIR

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Hullabaloo in the Guava Orchard emerges as an insightful reinterpretation of Jameson's enduring assertion that "all third world literature is national allegory." The novel exemplifies how localized literature from the Global South functions allegorically as global literature, dramatizing the impact of multinational capitalism on rural and semi-urban spaces. Desai introduces themes of capitalism, exploitation, and globalization through her characters' actions, rendering the narrative an allegory of the extensive modernization projects that swept the nation and their repercussions on rural India. This paper engages with the theories of David Damrosch, Franco Moretti, and Pascale Casanova to delineate features of World Literature, incorporating aspects of ecocriticism to interpret the novel and its events as a national allegory.

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World Literature, Allegory, Ecocriticism

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The malwares being designed by attackers are polymorphic and metamorphic which have the ability to change their code as they propagate. moreover, the diversity and volume of their variants severely undermine the effectiveness of traditional defences which typically use signature-based techniques and are unable to detect the previously unknown malicious executables. The threats malware pose to the people around the world are increase rapidly. A software that sneaks to your computer system without your knowledge with a harmful intent to disrupt your computer operations. Due to the vast number of malwares, it is impossible to handle malware by human engineers. Therefore, security researchers are taking great efforts to develop accurate and effective techniques to detect malware. Studies suggest that the impact of malware is getting worse. Two types of malware analysis are described here. One is Static Malware Analysis and other is Dynamic Malware Analysis. Static Malware Analysis has some limitations. So, Dynamic Malware Analysis is preferable for Malware Analysis.

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Malware, Static Malware Analysis, Dynamic Malware Analysis, malicious, malware detection method.

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This paper reviews the software-defined radio (SDR) technology in the Communication platform where this technology is widely used to modify, and reconfigure the system and new adaptions in the current technology. SDR is a type of radio communication that uses software to perform previously executed parts on traditional hardware. SDR has applications from telecommunications to the military and has evolved over the last three decades. SDR systems are useful for digital and analog wireless communications, wideband networks and emergency radio. A radio transceiver, software, and a computer are the main components of SDR systems. SDR technology will continue to evolve and dominate the technological market as the industry progresses toward the latest versions of SDR, such as cognitive and intelligent radios.

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Communication system, Modulation, Radio communication.

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Cervicitis, inflammation of the cervix, presents a significant health problem worldwide, affecting women of reproductive age. This article provides a comprehensive overview of cervicitis, encompassing its etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and treatment strategies. Infectious agents, particularly sexually transmitted pathogens such as Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and herpes simplex virus, are major contributors to cervicitis. Non-infectious causes, including mechanical trauma, chemical irritants, and allergic reactions, also play a role. Symptoms of cervicitis vary widely, ranging from asymptomatic to vaginal discharge, bleeding, dyspareunia, and pelvic pain. Diagnosis typically involves a combination of patient history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and cervical cytology. Timely identification and management of cervicitis are crucial to prevent complications such as pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. Treatment strategies focus on addressing the underlying cause, along with homeopathic medicines and lifestyle modification.

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Cervicitis, Causes, Complications,Homoeopathy

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The development and implementation of a Raspberry Pi-based automated fruit sorting machine utilizing advanced computer vision techniques. The primary objective of this project is to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of fruit sorting processes in agricultural industries. The system leverages a Raspberry Pi microcontroller integrated with a high-resolution camera to capture images of fruits as they pass along a conveyor belt. Using machine learning algorithms, specifically convolutional neural networks (CNNs), the system analyzes the images to classify and sort fruits based on predefined criteria such as size, color, and surface defects. The sorted fruits are then directed into appropriate bins by an actuator mechanism controlled by the Raspberry Pi. Extensive testing of the system demonstrated high accuracy rates in fruit classification and sorting, proving the efficacy and potential for large-scale application in the agricultural sector. This innovative approach significantly reduces manual labor, enhances productivity, and ensures consistent quality in fruit sorting operations.

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Raspberry Pi, Auto Fruit Sorting, Computer Vision, Machine Learning, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)

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Many public funded social welfare schemes in India are suffering from implementation of problems. Most of these problems can be traced that missing or broken information flows and accountability loops. First, beneficiaries are often not aware about the schemes and the rules and regulations governing the schemes and the government officers do not have any direct medium to obtain feedback on the schemes from the beneficiaries. Secondly, beneficiaries are not able to take the access scheme related to the data due to an Internet access and literacy challenge because the data is often posted on the web-based MIS systems. Thirdly, when the entitlements are rejected there access is not effective avenue to redress grievances as most grievances filed on the government run helplines to go unresolved or the resolutions are ineffective. In this research paper we are addressing the questions of how to argument the grievance redressal systems to improvement their uptake and effectiveness; how can low- literacy users access their information on web-MIS platform and reports discrepancy in data; and how can government officers directly obtain the feedback on the implementation of the schemes from the beneficiaries. We have designed model grievance redressal which are connected to people of government officers through an IVR (Interactive Voice Response) System.

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IVRS, Schemes , MIS system and more

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Creating appropriate reading and listening materials is crucial in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education, particularly for assessment purposes. Readability tools are a potential solution to know text difficulty by providing the quantitative measures of text complexity. This study compares the efficacy of six widely-used readability tools--Flesch Reading Ease, Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level, Gunning Fog Index, SMOG Index, Coleman-Liau Index, and the Automated Readability Index--in assessing the readability of texts designed for EFL assessments. A set of exam texts from a higher education institution in Oman was analyzed using these tools. Results were compared to identify discrepancies and determine the reliability of each tool. Findings show some variations among the tools' readability scores, highlighting the challenges of relying on a single tool for accurate readability assessment in EFL contexts. The study provides practical recommendations for educators and test developers to ensure the appropriateness of reading materials based on multiple readability metrics, enhancing the alignment between text difficulty and learners' capabilities.

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readability tools, EFL assessment, text difficulty, language education, Flesch-Kincaid, Gunning Fog Index, SMOG Index, Coleman-Liau, Automated Readability Index, test writers, material developers, higher education institutions in Oman

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ABSTRACT Night Eating Syndrome (NES) is an eating disorder characterized by consuming food after dinner and during nighttime awakenings. Initially identified by Wolff, Stunkard, and Grace in patients undergoing weight loss treatment, NES is marked by consuming 25% or more of daily calories at night--a time when those without obesity typically do not eat. NES diagnosis requires at least three of the following symptoms: a strong desire to eat between dinner and bedtime, lack of appetite in the morning or at night, difficulty falling or staying asleep, a depressed mood, worsening mood in the evening, and the belief that one cannot fall asleep without eating.This study aimed to assess the association of NES with sleep quality, dietary habits, and circadian rhythm among adults aged 18-25 years. Data was collected using snowball sampling. Demographic information, anthropometric measurements, and validated tools including the Night Eating Diagnostic Questionnaire (NEDQ), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Questionnaire (PSQI), Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), and Semiquantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire were used.A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mumbai with 97 male and 103 female participants aged 18-25 years. The majority (53%) of participants were categorized as not having NES (Non-NE), while 45.5% had a moderate tendency to eat at night (N). Only a small percentage (1.5%) were classified as having NES. Significant associations were found between PSQI and NEQ (p=0.036), as well as between MEQ and NEQ (p=0.030).The semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire measured the frequency of consumption of various foods, and the mean amount was calculated. No statistical significance was observed in the frequency of food consumption among different genders. Participants' diets included most food groups, and they maintained a normal meal schedule.This study revealed important connections between NES, sleep quality, and individuals' preferred sleep-wake patterns (chronotype) among young adults and their association with dietary intake. Despite the relatively low prevalence of NES, its significant relationship with sleep quality, chronotype, and dietary intake underscores the need to consider these factors when addressing and managing night eating behaviors. Understanding these associations can help develop targeted interventions for improving sleep and dietary habits in young adults prone to NES.

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Night Eating Syndrome, Sleep Quality, Circadian Rhythm, Dietary Habits, Young Adults

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 Abstract

Secondary metabolites in plants, particularly phenolic compounds, serve as intrinsic chemical barriers against herbivores and pathogens. This study investigates the influence of total phenolic compounds on the nutritional indices of Spodoptera litura larvae at different developmental stages. Leaves from five host plants (Ricinus communis, Colocasia esculenta, Carica papaya, Musa acuminata, and Ipomoea batatas) were analyzed for their total phenolic content using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Significant differences in phenolic content were observed, with R. communis having the highest content. The phenolic compounds affected the larvae's growth and consumption rates, indicating their crucial role in plant-insect interactions.

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Spodoptera litura, phenolic content,Host plants,nutritional indices

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 Abstract

The severe operating conditions and requirement for highly potent and efficient electrocatalysts make the hydrogen evolution process (HER) in direct seawater electrolysis a major problem. In this work, (Mo) will be doped into a platinum-cobalt (PtCo) matrix to improve the catalytic activity of a new PtCoMo electrocatalyst for HER. The PtCoMo structure was optimized using the Atomic Simulation Environment (ASE) GUI, and its electronic characteristics were examined using Density of States (DOS) calculations with the Fermi level set to 0 eV. Minimal lattice deformation was seen in the optimized PtCoMo structure, suggesting that Mo was well incorporated into the PtCo matrix. The d-band center shifted closer to the Fermi level and the density of states near it increased, according to DOS analysis. The calculated binding energy of -2.8 eV indicates a strong interaction between Mo and the PtCo matrix, confirming the stability of the doped structure. Furthermore, the Gibbs free energy calculations demonstrated improved thermodynamic stability of PtCoMo at room temperature compared to undoped PtCo. The self-supported Pt-Co-Mo electrode presents outstanding HER activity, which only requires extremely low overpotentials of 179.2 mV and 194.1 mV to reach a large current density of 2000 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH and 1 M KOH seawater, respectively, for overall water splitting, cell voltages down to 1.50 V and 1.51 V are necessary to drive 10 mA cm-2 in 1 M KOH and alkaline seawater, respectively.

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 Keywords

PtCoMo electrocatalyst, Hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), Seawater electrolysis, Density of States (DOS) calculations, Catalytic activity and stability

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 Abstract

Agriculture along its allied sectors, is the largest livelihood provider in West Bengal , more so in the vast rural areas. Census 2011 data reveals that majority of total rural workers are cultivators or agricultural laborers. Therefore, our State's development depends significantly upon the development of agriculture. Agriculture is demographically the broadest economic sector and plays a significant role in the overall socio-economic fabric of India. After a long period of stagnation, agricultural growth in West Bengal was initiated in the early 1980s. There has been a growing concern in recent years about the trend of agricultural output in most of the agricultural states in post-reform period since 1990. The conducive effect of implementation of New Agricultural policy enhanced the productivity in the 1980s which have been petered out in the phase of neo-liberal reforms in India. The improper use of chemical fertilizer and pesticides in technology-intensive production of rice and wheat largely account for environmental degradation and erosion of soil fertility. Under this backdrop, this article attempts to uphold the trend of major food grain and non-food grain crop production of rural West Bengal of its own as well as across the administrative division in order to understand the agricultural development in West Bengal, if any during 200-2001 to 2014-15. The study is descriptive in nature based on secondary data published in Statistical Abstract 2015. For that research purpose, Garret Ranking tool has been used.

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Key words: Cropping intensity, Crop pattern, yield rate, administrative division, Garret ranking Method.

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: Aloe vera, health and beauty, skin.

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Cyber-attacks represent a pervasive threat in the digital age, with perpetrators leaving behind digital artefacts that can potentially unveil their identities and behaviours. In response, forensic agencies and law enforcement departments leverage an array of digital forensic toolkits, both commercial and open-source, to examine digital evidence comprehensively. This research survey, a comprehensive and in-depth study, is a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art digital forensics concepts, identifying research gaps, introducing different computer forensic domains and toolkits, and offering a comparative analysis to aid investigators in tool selection during forensic processes. It also pinpoints current challenges and suggests future research directions in computer forensics. The field of digital forensics is multidimensional, encompassing various domains such as network forensics, memory forensics, and mobile forensics. Each domain presents unique challenges and requires specialised toolkits tailored to effectively extract and analyse digital evidence. The survey, designed to provide a nuanced understanding of the forensic landscape, aims to equip investigators with a comprehensive view of these domains and the corresponding toolkits. Commercial and open-source digital forensic toolkits are pivotal in evidence acquisition, analysis, and presentation. While commercial solutions often offer comprehensive features and user-friendly interfaces, open-source toolkits provide flexibility and customisation options. Through a detailed examination of these toolkits, the survey aims to empower investigators with insights into their capabilities and limitations, enabling informed decision-making during the forensic process. Moreover, the survey includes a comparative analysis of toolkit characteristics, such as scalability, reliability, and compatibility with operating and file systems. This comparative framework, a comprehensive guide, facilitates the selection of appropriate toolkits based on the specific requirements of each forensic investigation, thereby enhancing efficiency and efficacy. In addition to providing an overview of existing digital forensic practices, the survey identifies research gaps and challenges in the field. These challenges encompass technological limitations, legal and ethical considerations, and the evolving nature of cyber threats. By acknowledging these challenges, the survey encourages further research and innovation to address emerging issues and enhance the effectiveness of digital forensic investigations. Furthermore, the survey delineates future research directions, emphasising areas such as the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning techniques into digital forensic processes, the development of standardised procedures and protocols, and the enhancement of forensic readiness in emerging technologies such as Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing. In conclusion, the proposed research survey is a comprehensive tool that aims to provide a comprehensive overview of digital forensics, identifying current practices, research gaps, and challenges. By offering insights into different forensic domains, toolkits, and comparative analysis, the survey empowers investigators to navigate the complex landscape of digital evidence examination effectively. Moreover, by identifying future research directions, the survey contributes to advancing the field and developing innovative solutions to combat cybercrime.

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 Keywords

1. Digital Forensics 2. Cyber-attacks 3. Forensic Toolkits 4. Evidence Analysis 5. Research Gaps

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 Abstract

Snatak Star Par Smartphone Ke Uchch Upyog V Nimn Upyog Karne Wale Vidyarthiyon Ke Mansik Swasthya Aur Samajik Vyavhar Ka Tulanatmak Adhyyan

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Snatak Star Par Smartphone Ke Uchch Upyog V Nimn Upyog Karne Wale Vidyarthiyon Ke Mansik Swasthya Aur Samajik Vyavhar Ka Tulanatmak Adhyyan

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Small Scale Industries (SSI) are industries that manufacture, produce and render services on a small or micro scale level The SSI is recognized as an instrument for social transformation, development of employment opportunities, providing entrepreneurship opportunities and securing dispersal of industries. Small- and large-scale enterprises are the back bone of the industrialization process of a country. Development of large scale enterprises depends upon the development of SSI units. The main aim of any business could be achieved only through a series of actions taken by the entrepreneur to market his products. The growth of any business much depends upon how efficiency they solve their marketing problems. Therefore, an attempt is made in this research to study and to highlight the important marketing problems faced by the SSI Units in the Tiruchirappalli District.

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Small Scale Industries, Economic Development, Marketing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT One of the most often used natural items is essential oil, which has several uses in dermatology. A illness known as hair loss causes hair to fall out of places on the skin where it normally grows, such as the body and scalp. The natural, nontoxic, nonpollutive, and biodegradable essential oils have many medicinal uses and little chance of negative side effects. Rosemary oil has received considerable attention in hair because it is said to promote hair growth and prevent hair loss. Rosemary oil is an essential oil obtained from the rosemary plant native to the Mediterranean region. It has been used for centuries and is known for its aromatic fragrance. Rosemary oil has several beneficial properties and has been used in the folk medicine, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics industries, mainly for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are attributed to the presence of carnosol/carnosic and ursolic acids. The therapeutic use of rosemary has been explored for the treatment of inflammatory diseases; however, other uses have been studied, such as wound healing and skin cancer and mycoses treatments, among others. Besides it therapeutic uses, rosemary has potential applications in cosmetic formulations and in the treatment of pathological and non-pathological conditions, such as cellulite, alopecia, ultraviolet damage, and aging. This review aims to critically discuss the topical applications of rosemary found in the literature while also offering relevant information for the development of topical formulations of its bioactive compounds. Topical application is an important administration route for drugs requiring local action on the skin, thereby avoiding their systemic absorption and adverse side effects. Numerous research have proven that topically carried out rosemary oil can certainly stimulate hair regrowth and assist basic hair health. In fact, one examine even as compared its effectiveness to that of minoxidil, a usually used medicinal drug for hair loss[25].The hair growth activity, refractive index, acid value, and saponification value of hair formulations of Rosmarinius officinalis , Trigonella foenumgraecum , and Hibiscus rosasinensis , Ricinus communis , phyllanthus emblica ,Eclipta prostrata in various concentrations as herbal oil were investigated. Hair growth was observed in formulations made using a variety of oil preparation techniques and the results were admirable.

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KEYWORDS: Rosemary, polyherbal , hair oil , Formulation , Evaluation, hair loss , hair growth .

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