Volume 14 | Issue 6

 Abstract

This study was conducted with the objective of analysing the role and impact of inter- state migrant workers in the social and economic development of Kerala. Over the last three decades, the job market in Kerala witnessing significant changes. Foreign migration, higher education and changing work tastes have reduced the participation of native workers in the workforce, and to fill this gap, inter- state workers from states like Bihar, West Bengal, Assam, Odisha, Jharkhand and UP have started arriving in Kerala. This phenomenon, known as "Replacement Migration" has created a major change in the structure of the workplace, the work model, and the method of hiring.

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 Keywords

Guest workers, Kerala, Malayalees, Replacement Migration

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Nestled in the fertile plains of the Upper Ganga-Yamuna Doab, the site of Sinauli in Baghpat district, Uttar Pradesh, unearthed in 2005 and further excavated in 2018 by the ASI, has emerged as one of the most significant Late Harappan and Chalcolithic burial grounds, representing the OCP culture. Among its many discoveries, the burials of women interred with copper antenna swords, decorated coffins, and intricate grave goods stand apart as evidence of women warriors, revealing that gender in this society was not merely a biological category but a construct deeply embedded in social, symbolic, and ritual hierarchies. This paper historically and archaeologically explores the three prominent women burials of Sinauli in contrast with the male burials of the site, examining differential funerary practices to illuminate gender roles, social stratification, and hierarchies within the late Harappan Chalcolithic milieu. Through a micro-analysis of the burial record, drawing on archaeological material as primary evidence and contextualizing it through secondary scholarly interpretations, the study interrogates questions of dynamics of power and shifting meanings of gender in proto-historic Indian society, demonstrating how Sinauli offers invaluable glimpses into a cultural landscape where gender intersects with ritual, authority, social organization, and conceptions of the afterlife.

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Women warriors, Women burials, Dynamics of power, Gender distinction.

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The Computer Vision-Based Queue Time Prediction and Order Recognition for Canteen Automation project presents a smart, cloud-based solution to modernize traditional institutional canteen operations by replacing manual ordering, billing, and food collection processes with a fully automated digital system. The existing manual approach often results in long queues, billing errors, order mismatches, communication delays, and poor record management, especially during peak hours. The proposed system addresses these challenges through a real-time, integrated platform that enables users to browse digital menus, place food orders remotely, make secure digital payments, and receive unique token numbers for organized food collection.The system utilizes a mobile or web application, Firebase Realtime Database, and Wi-Fi-enabled ESP8266/ESP32 controllers to establish seamless communication between customers, billing counters, and kitchen staff. Orders are instantly synchronized with the cloud, allowing the kitchen to receive them in real time without relying on paper slips or verbal communication. Automated bill calculation, token generation, and live order status updates significantly improve operational efficiency while reducing waiting time and human errors. Optional modules such as RFID authentication, QR code login, thermal token printing, and LED/Buzzer notifications further enhance the automation process.The proposed architecture is modular, scalable, and suitable for deployment in educational institutions as part of Smart Campus initiatives. It also provides centralized storage of order history and transaction records, enabling administrators to monitor operations and analyze sales data effectively. Future enhancements such as AI-based food recommendations, queue time prediction, inventory management, and robotic food delivery can be integrated without redesigning the core system.Overall, the proposed system improves service speed, transparency, billing accuracy, customer satisfaction, and operational management while promoting a contactless, paperless, and intelligent canteen environment. It offers a reliable, secure, and scalable solution for modern institutional food service automation.

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: Canteen Automation, Queue Time Prediction, Computer Vision, Firebase Realtime Database, Internet of Things (IoT).

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Data protection has emerged as one of the defining commercial and regulatory challenges of the digital age. This paper examines how privacy governance shapes consumer trust, corporate transparency, and cross-border trade in modern e-commerce. Drawing on primary regulatory frameworks -- including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA/CPRA), and India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP) -- alongside empirical data from IBM, Cisco, Usercentrics, DLA Piper, and Surfshark, the paper analyses the financial, reputational, and operational consequences of data breaches and non-compliance. Key findings include: the global average breach cost of $4.44 million in 2025 (IBM); over EUR7.1 billion in cumulative GDPR fines since 2018; a data privacy market valued at $175.3 billion and growing at 16.8% annually; and evidence that 75% of consumers will not purchase from organisations they do not trust with their data. The paper further explores the emerging risk posed by ungoverned artificial intelligence adoption, including "shadow AI" practices that cost organisations an average of $4.63 million per breach. Strategic recommendations are provided for both organisations and individuals, covering governance frameworks, technical safeguards, third-party risk management, and consumer best practices. The analysis concludes that data protection is no longer merely a legal obligation but a measurable source of competitive advantage and a prerequisite for sustainable participation in global digital commerce.

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Keywords: data protection; e-commerce; consumer trust; GDPR; CCPA; data breaches; privacy regulation; cybersecurity; AI governance; digital trade; transparency; personal data; compliance; information security; shadow AI; third-party risk

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continuous sensing, communication, and data exchange across diverse application domains. However, conventional IoT systems often encounter limitations in handling massive volumes of heterogeneous data, making intelligent decision-making, real-time analytics, and autonomous operation increasingly challenging. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) with IoT, commonly referred to as the Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT), has emerged as a transformative paradigm that enhances the intelligence, adaptability, and efficiency of connected systems. This review presents a comprehensive analysis of recent advances in AI-driven IoT technologies and explores their applications, enabling technologies, research challenges, and future directions. The review examines the integration of machine learning, deep learning, reinforcement learning, computer vision, natural language processing, edge intelligence, cloud computing, blockchain, digital twins, federated learning, and explainable artificial intelligence within AIoT environments. Furthermore, the study discusses the adoption of AIoT in smart healthcare, precision agriculture, industrial automation, smart cities, intelligent transportation, environmental monitoring, and energy management. A systematic literature review methodology based on the PRISMA framework was adopted to identify, screen, evaluate, and synthesize recent peer-reviewed publications from major scientific databases. The collected literature was critically analysed to identify technological developments, application trends, research gaps, and emerging opportunities. The review indicates that AIoT significantly improves automation, predictive analytics, operational efficiency, resource utilization, and decision support across multiple sectors. Nevertheless, several issues--including cybersecurity, privacy preservation, interoperability, scalability, explainability, energy efficiency, and ethical governance--continue to hinder large-scale implementation. The paper concludes by presenting future research directions focusing on edge intelligence, federated learning, multimodal AI, digital twins, sustainable AIoT architectures, and trustworthy intelligent systems. The findings provide researchers and practitioners with a consolidated understanding of the current AIoT landscape and identify promising avenues for future investigation.

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Keywords: Artificial Intelligence, Internet of Things, AIoT, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Edge Computing, Smart Healthcare, Smart Cities, Industrial IoT, Digital Twin, Federated Learning, Explainable AI, Intelligent Systems, Systematic Review.

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ABSTRACT: The welfare state means that everyone is taken care of. Everyone should be able to get their basic needs met, no matter how much money they have or where they come from. The main goal is to make society more fair and equal by lowering poverty and inequality. The welfare state is also based on the idea of social justice; A welfare state is a system where the government undertakes the primary responsibility for protecting and promoting the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It operates on the principles of equal opportunity, equitable wealth distribution, and public responsibility for those unable to care for themselves A welfare state is a system where the government takes responsibility for the well-being of its citizens.

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welfare state, Social Security, welfare of prisoners, from 200 AD to 500 AD, Democratic Foundation, Equal Wealth Distribution, Social Justice and Dignity, Maternity Benefit Act 1929, Garibi Hatao, 2014 Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana

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Abstract This research paper explores the multiple aspects of the leadership of Adivasi women in India, particularly looking into ways in which they resist, reform and transform their communities. Using decolonial feminist epistemologies and recent scholarship on the subject, the paper discusses three main domains of the leadership of Adivasi women land rights activism and politics, formal political representation through constitutional quotas and community based economic and environmental governance. The discussion is grounded on the cases of struggles in Muthanga and Chengara in Kerala, emergence of leaders like C.K Janu and Dansari Anasuya Seethakka, and community projects involving the leadership of Kondh women's management of forests, and tribal cooperative initiatives among others. This paper seeks to highlight the fact that leadership of Adivasi women is complex and multidimensional, intersecting the realms of caste, indigeneity, gender and class. It further shows how the leadership of Adivasi women is defined by its distinctive epistemology which is characterized by struggle resistance to state developmentalism and patriarchal practices within their communities.

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Keywords: Adivasi women, leadership, resistance, political representation, decolonial feminism, Panchayati Raj, land rights, forest governance

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भारतीय दर्शन परंपरा का चरम लक्ष्य 'मोक्ष' या 'कैवल्य' की प्राप्ति है, जिसे सर्वकालिक दुखनिवृत्ति माना गया है। पातंजल योगदर्शन का केंद्रीय सिद्धांत 'चित्तवृत्तिनिरोधः' है, जिसे सिद्ध करने के लिए समाधिपाद में 'अभ्यास' और 'वैराग्य' का विधान है। किंतु, यह उच्च मार्ग केवल तीव्र संवेग वाले साधकों के लिए सुलभ है। सांसारिक विक्षेपों, चंचलता और अशुद्धियों से घिरे मध्यम एवं मंद श्रेणी के साधकों के लिए साधनपाद का 'क्रियायोग' (तप, स्वाध्याय और ईश्वरप्रणिधान) मोक्ष-साधना की अनिवार्य पूर्वपीठिका बनता है। तत्वमीमांसीय दृष्टि: योग दर्शन की पुरुष-प्रकृति द्वैतवादी तत्वमीमांसा के अनुसार, अविद्या जनित 'संयोग' ही बंधन का कारण है, जिससे चित्त में पंचक्लेश (अविद्या, अस्मिता, राग, द्वेष, अभिनिवेश) उत्पन्न होते हैं। क्रियायोग इन क्लेशों पर सीधा आघात कर इन्हें 'तनूकृत' (क्षीण) करता है। मोक्ष में अनिवार्यता: 'तप' के बिना चित्त और इंद्रियों की अशुद्धि का क्षय असंभव है; 'स्वाध्याय' सात्विक बुद्धि का विकास कर 'विवेकख्याति' (पुरुष-प्रकृति भेदज्ञान) का मार्ग प्रशस्त करता है; तथा 'ईश्वरप्रणिधान' व्यष्टि अहंकार का विसर्जन कर नए कर्माशयों और संस्कारों के चक्र को तोड़ देता है। क्रियायोग अष्टांगयोग से पृथक कोई मार्ग नहीं, बल्कि उसकी आधारशिला है। इसके बिना संसारी चित्त का समाधि की योग्यता प्राप्त करना और अंततः मोक्ष (कैवल्य) तक पहुँच पाना सर्वथा असंभव है। अतः मोक्ष-साधना के व्यावहारिक क्रियान्वयन में क्रियायोग की तत्वमीमांसीय अनिवार्यता अकाट्य है।

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पातंजल योगदर्शन, क्रियायोग, तप, स्वाध्याय, ईश्वर प्रणिधान, कैवल्य

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India is increasingly using artificial intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) in the public sector to improve efficiency, governance and public service delivery. These technologies are being used in areas such as welfare schemes, predictive policing, taxation systems, healthcare, and smart cities projects. While ai can make administration faster and more data driven, it also creates serious concerns regarding accountability and transparency. This paper examines the various issues arising from the use of ai based decision making systems in the Indian public sector. One major concern is that many ai systems operate as "black boxes, where it is difficult to pinpoint and understand how decisions were made. This opaqueness and lack of transparency along with other issues can affect important constitutional principles such as equality, fairness, right to information, privacy, etc under article 14 and 21 of the constitution. This study also highlights lack of proper laws and regulatory mechanisms governing AI in India. This paper argues that India needs a strong regulatory framework to ensure responsible use of ai in governance. It suggests measures such as the use of Explainable AI(XAI), independent auditing of algorithms and stronger human oversight in decision making. These safeguards are necessary to ensure that technological advancement does not weaken constitutional rights, public accountability, and citizens trust in government institutions.

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accountability, transparency, public sector, Artificial Intelligence, Automated Decision making Systems, Machine Learning, legal Framework, use of AI in India

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Katherine Rundell's Rooftoppers explores themes of belonging, identity, resilience and maternal longing of a young orphan girl Sophie through her determination to find her biological mother. In the refusal to accept the fact that her mother is dead, she sets out from London to find her mother in Paris. This fictional story can be read as an adventure story which also offers fertile ground for psychoanalytic interpretation. The aim of this paper is to critically examine the novel through the psychoanalytic lens through Sigmund Freud's model of the mind comprising the id, ego and superego. The paper contends that Sophie's persistence on her maternal quest is motivated by the id's desire, mediated by ego's logical strategies and contended by superego's societal and moral constraints. Furthermore, defence mechanisms also help Sophie sustain her psychological resilience enabling her to cope with hardships and uncertainties without giving up hope. Through the application of Freudian psychoanalysis to the novel, this paper attempts to reveal childhood as a continuous psychological process in identity formation rather than just a stage of innocence. In the maternal quest, the impact and importance of genuine help from trusted companions in the context of an external controlling system also gives way to further discussing what is ethically right.

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Psychoanalysis, id, ego, superego, defence mechanism

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This study examines the investment behaviour of young investors towards mutual funds in Ranchi City, Jharkhand. With the growing importance of financial planning and wealth creation, mutual funds have emerged as a popular investment avenue among the youth due to their potential for diversification, professional management, and relatively lower risk compared to direct equity investments. However, the level of awareness, perception, and decision-making patterns among young investors in semi-urban regions like Ranchi remains varied and underexplored. The research is based on primary data collected through a structured questionnaire from 200 respondents. The data has been analysed using percentage analysis, chi-square test, and correlation analysis. The study focuses on understanding the influence of factors such as financial literacy, risk perception, income level, savings habits, and external influences like social media, peer groups, and financial advisors on investment decisions. The findings indicate that while young investors show a positive inclination towards mutual funds, their investment decisions are significantly influenced by their level of financial awareness and perceived risk. Additionally, digital platforms and social influence play a crucial role in shaping their preferences. Despite the growing interest, challenges such as a lack of in-depth knowledge, fear of market volatility, and limited access to proper financial guidance persist. The study concludes that enhancing financial literacy, promoting awareness programs, and improving accessibility to reliable investment information can encourage more informed investment decisions among young investors in Ranchi, thereby contributing to greater participation in the mutual fund industry.

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Keywords: Investment Behaviour, Mutual Funds, Young Investors, Financial Literacy, Risk Perception, Ranchi, Jharkhand

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Water quality monitoring is essential in industrial water systems to ensure microbial safety and process efficiency. The present study evaluated the microbiological quality of three water samples collected from different stages of an industrial water treatment system, namely Hollow Fiber Ultrafiltration (HUF) Water, Demineralized (DM) Water and Process Water. Samples were analyzed for Total Aerobic Microbial Count (TAMC), Total Yeast and Mold Count (TYMC), total coliforms and specific pathogens including Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The results revealed TAMC values of 2 Colony Forming Units per milliliter (CFU/ml),13 CFU/ml and 71 CFU/ml in HUF, DM and Process Water respectively. TYMC was absent in HUF and DM Water and detected at a low level (2 CFU/ml) in Process Water. Total coliforms and specific pathogens were absent in all samples. The findings indicate that the water treatment system effectively controlled microbial contamination and maintained water quality within acceptable microbiological limits.

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Water Quality, Microbiological Analysis, HUF Water, DM Water, Process Water, Total Aerobic Microbial Count.

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విలక్షణమైన అభ్యుదయ భావాలు కల పద్యకవి డా. దాశరథి కృష్ణమాచార్య గారు, ‘నా తెలంగాణ కోటి రత్నాల వీణ ‘ అన్న పద్యపాదం అగ్నిధారగా మారి, ఆనాటి కరడుగట్టిన నియంతృత్వ నిజాం ప్రభుత్వాన్ని నిలువునా దహించివేసింది. తొలి, మలితరాల తెలంగాణా ఉద్యమాలకు కూడా, ప్రచండ నినాదమై, ప్రజ్వరిల్లింది. “నా గీతావళి యెంతదూరము ప్రయాణంబౌనొ యందాక యీ భూగోళంబున కగ్గి వెట్టెదను, నిప్పుల్ వోసి హేమంతభా మా గాంధర్వ వివాహమాడెదను, ద్యోమణ్యుష్ణ గోళంబుపై ప్రాగాకాశ నవారుణాస్ర జలధారల్ చల్లి చల్లార్చెదన్” అన్న పద్యంలో స్వయంగా దాశరథి చెప్పుకున్నట్టు, వారి కలానికీ, గళానికీ వెరపు లేదు. ‘పిట్ట కొంచెమైనా, కూత ఘనం’ అన్నట్టు బక్క పలుచని శరీరమే అయినా, కొండంత గుండె ధైర్యం గలవాడు. అందుకే “నా నిజాం రాజు జన్మ జన్మాల బూజు’ అని ధైర్యంగా గర్జించగలిగిన ధీశాలి. దాశరథి కృష్ణమాచార్యను స్మరించుకోవడం అంటే, హైదరాబాదు సంస్థాన విమోచనోద్యమాన్ని స్మరించుకోవడమే అన్నంత , వారి జీవితం నిజాం వ్యతిరేకపోరాటంతో ముడివడిపోయింది. ఈ పోరాటంలో భాగంగా దాశరథి , ఇందూరు జైలులో ఎదుర్కొన్న అనుభవాలను ఈ వ్యాసం వివరిస్తుంది.

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హైదరాబాదు విమోచనోద్యమం- నిజాం ప్రభువు- తెలంగాణా- దాశరథికృష్ణమాచార్య - వట్టికోట ఆళ్వారుస్వామి- ఇందూరు కారాగారం- రాజకీయ ఖైదీలు- రజాకార్లు.

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Even though MRI avoids harmful radiation, making it a go-to tool for diagnosis, its strong magnet poses hidden dangers. Flying metal objects turn into risks near the machine - pulled fast by invisible force. These events, while rare, sometimes lead to harm, broken gear, or worse. Understanding how and why this happens involves diving into physics, real-world cases, and hospital rules meant to stop such accidents. Information gathered from trusted journals and global standards since 2015 sheds light on what goes wrong. Turns out, nearly every incident traces back to skipped checks, misjudgement's, ignored procedures, or bringing unsafe tools too close. Nowhere is safety more critical than inside an MRI suite, where invisible forces demand full attention. Zones marked by clear boundaries help control access based on risk levels. Screening everyone who enters - patients included - is non-negotiable, catching hazards before they move. Equipment brought near the scanner must carry either MR Safe or MR Conditional labels, nothing else makes sense. Learning does not stop after orientation; ongoing education keeps teams sharp over time. Devices that spot metal objects add another layer, sounding alerts when something dangerous approaches. Guidelines from groups like the ACR exist for good reason - they shape reliable protocols across facilities. When hospitals tighten internal rules and back them up with frequent drills, mistakes become far less likely. Fewer projectiles mean fewer injuries, plain and simple. Everyone benefits: people lying still on the table, plus those working around the machine. Motion near an MRI can turn metal into a hazard. Inside the scanner room, strong magnetism pulls certain objects fast. Not every material reacts, only those with iron or steel do. Zones mark how close you can go without danger. One wrong item entering may injure someone quickly. Staff check people and tools before entry each time. Machines stay on even when not scanning patients. Safety depends on awareness plus strict rules followed. Hidden ferrous parts in devices cause surprises often. Stopping accidents means watching what seems harmless too. Scans need powerful fields that never switch off fully. Preventing harm links directly to daily habits set firm. Risks drop when teams respect invisible forces present always.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Projectile Effect, Missile Effect, MRI Safety, Ferromagnetic Objects, Static Magnetic Field, MRI Safety Zones, Patient Safety, Risk Management, Radiology.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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With the rapid growth of online academic resources, identifying relevant and accurate information has become increasingly challenging for students and researchers. Traditional search systems often return large volumes of results without effectively capturing the intent of the query, leading to inefficient and time-consuming exploration. This work presents a research assistant system that improves information retrieval by combining the BM25 ranking algorithm with a controlled language model to generate answers based only on selected research documents. The system allows users to build a focused corpus of relevant papers and supports cross-document analysis to produce more comprehensive and context-aware responses. By integrating structured retrieval with guided answer generation, the proposed approach reduces manual effort, improves answer relevance, and enhances the overall research experience.

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AI/ML, Deep Learning, Computer Engineering, Computing System, Question-Answering, Retrieval, BM25, arXiv, Ollama Mistral

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The representation of women and their struggle for identity has occupied a central position in Indian English literature. Women writers have consistently explored the experiences of women living within patriarchal social structures and have highlighted their efforts to negotiate autonomy and selfhood. Rama Mehta's Inside the Haveli is one such significant work that offers a realistic portrayal of women's lives in a traditional Rajput household. The novel presents the experiences of Geeta, an educated and modern woman who enters a conservative aristocratic family after marriage and encounters rigid social customs and patriarchal expectations. The present review article examines existing scholarly studies on the themes of women, patriarchy, and identity in the novel. The study investigates how patriarchal institutions influence women's lives and shape their identities within the enclosed space of the haveli. It also analyses Geeta's journey from alienation and conflict to adaptation and self-realization. The review reveals that Mehta does not depict women merely as victims of oppression; instead, she portrays them as individuals capable of negotiation, resilience, and transformation. The article concludes that Inside the Haveli remains a valuable feminist text because it foregrounds women's quest for identity and dignity while simultaneously exposing the limitations imposed by patriarchal society.

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Women, patriarchy, identity, feminism, selfhood, Rama Mehta, Indian English literature.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

If a Literary work is to express excellent ideas, it must have a correspondingly excellent form. Form is the ability or gateway to convey ideas and emotions from one person's heart to another.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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SIRUKATHAI

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Asvakos He made a great impact on the literary world with short stories like Dhanapakiyathoda Rava Neram and his works are social.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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SIRUKATHAI

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Data protection has emerged as one of the defining commercial and regulatory challenges of the digital age. This paper examines how privacy governance shapes consumer trust, corporate transparency, and cross-border trade in modern e-commerce. Drawing on primary regulatory frameworks -- including the EU General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA/CPRA), and India's Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDP) -- alongside empirical data from IBM, Cisco, Usercentrics, DLA Piper, and Surfshark, the paper analyses the financial, reputational, and operational consequences of data breaches and non-compliance. Key findings include: the global average breach cost of $4.44 million in 2025 (IBM); over EUR7.1 billion in cumulative GDPR fines since 2018; a data privacy market valued at $175.3 billion and growing at 16.8% annually; and evidence that 75% of consumers will not purchase from organisations they do not trust with their data. The paper further explores the emerging risk posed by ungoverned artificial intelligence adoption, including "shadow AI" practices that cost organisations an average of $4.63 million per breach. Strategic recommendations are provided for both organisations and individuals, covering governance frameworks, technical safeguards, third-party risk management, and consumer best practices. The analysis concludes that data protection is no longer merely a legal obligation but a measurable source of competitive advantage and a prerequisite for sustainable participation in global digital commerce.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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data protection; e-commerce; consumer trust; GDPR; CCPA; data breaches; privacy regulation; cybersecurity; AI governance; digital trade; transparency; personal data; compliance; information security; shadow AI; third-party risk

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The provisions relating to arrest under criminal law play a vital role in maintaining a balance between the protection of individual liberty and the authority of the State to enforce law and order. With the enactment of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023, replacing the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), 1973, important reforms have been introduced in the procedural framework governing arrests in India. This research paper presents a doctrinal and comparative analysis of the arrest-related provisions contained in both legislations. The study is confined to the analysis of the enacted statutory provisions and examines the manner in which the BNSS restructures and modifies the earlier framework under the CrPC. The paper further identifies important developments under the BNSS, including the express provision permitting the use of handcuffs in specific categories of offences and offenders, stricter procedural safeguards concerning the arrest of women and vulnerable persons, and enhanced emphasis on accountability and transparency in arrest practices. In addition, the legislation strengthens the rights of arrested individuals by prescribing clearer timelines for medical examinations and encouraging the integration of technology within criminal procedure.Through a comparative evaluation, the study analyses whether the reforms introduced by the BNSS contribute towards greater procedural fairness and protection of fundamental rights or whether they potentially expand the discretionary powers of law enforcement agencies beyond reasonable limits. The paper ultimately assesses the likely impact of these changes on arrest practices, criminal justice administration, and the broader objective of safeguarding constitutional rights within the evolving framework of Indian criminal law.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Arrest, BNSS 2023,Crpc 1973, Criminal procedure, Police power, Constitutional safeguards, rights of Accused, Criminal Justice system.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition