Volume 14 | Issue 5

 Abstract

This paper presents an intelligent Optical Character Recognition (OCR) system for automated bill data extraction using Qwen VL2, a state-of-the-art vision-language model (VLM). Unlike traditional OCR pipelines that rely on Tesseract or rule-based pattern matching, the proposed system leverages the multimodal capabilities of Qwen VL2 to process bill images and directly return structured key-value pairs corresponding to fields such as consumer number, billing amount, due date, and service period. The system integrates a Node.js backend with a MongoDB database for scalable storage and retrieval. Experimental evaluation on 200 diverse real-world electricity and utility bills demonstrates superior extraction accuracy compared to conventional OCR approaches, achieving 94.6% overall field-level accuracy versus 73.0% for Tesseract. The architecture is lightweight, extensible, and deployable in cloud or on-premise environments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Qwen VL2, Vision-Language Model, OCR, Bill Processing, Key-Value Extraction, Multimodal AI, Document Automation, Node.js, MongoDB.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study aims to comparatively evaluate the phytochemical composition and pharmacological activities of Tridax procumbens and Tinospora cordifolia, two widely used medicinal plants. Plant extracts were prepared using standard solvent extraction methods and subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening. Pharmacological activities, including antioxidant (DPPH assay), antimicrobial (agar well diffusion), anti-inflammatory (protein denaturation), and antidiabetic (?-amylase inhibition) assays, were evaluated. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of key bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids in both plants. Quantitative estimation showed higher total phenolic and flavonoid content in Tinospora cordifolia compared to Tridax procumbens. In pharmacological studies, both extracts exhibited dose-dependent activity; however, Tinospora cordifolia demonstrated significantly stronger antioxidant activity (lower IC??), greater antimicrobial effects, higher inhibition of protein denaturation, and more pronounced ?-amylase inhibitory activity. The findings indicate a positive correlation between phytochemical content and pharmacological efficacy. Overall, Tinospora cordifolia showed superior therapeutic potential, although Tridax procumbens also exhibited considerable biological activity. This study supports the traditional use of both plants and highlights their potential as sources of bioactive compounds for the development of natural therapeutic agents. Further studies are recommended to isolate active constituents and validate their clinical applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Tridax procumbens, Tinospora cordifolia, phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity, pharmacological evaluation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Agriculture is very important for the growth of the economy and ensuring that people have enough food, especially in countries that are still developing, like India. Even though it's important, the productivity of farming is often affected by things like changes in the weather that are hard to predict, choosing the wrong crops, not using water efficiently, and not having enough help from experts. In recent years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become a good solution for these problems by helping make decisions based on data and smart technology. Now, Generative AI has become popular because it can not only look at data but also explain and suggest things in a way that's easy for people to understand, like how humans would talk. This review paper looks at how Generative AI is being used in modern farming, especially for helping farmers decide which crops to grow, predicting how much they will harvest, and making farming more sustainable. It looks at the different machine learning methods currently used in agriculture, points out their weaknesses, and explains how Generative AI can make these tools easier to use, more clear, and build trust among farmers. The paper ends by saying that combining tools that predict the future with Generative AI can change traditional farming into a smarter, more explainable, and more sustainable way of growing food

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Generative Artificial Intelligence, Smart Agriculture, Crop Yield Prediction, Crop Recommendation, Decision Support Systems, Sustainable Farming

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Quercetin is a naturally occurring flavonoid known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective activities. However, its therapeutic application is considerably restricted due to poor aqueous solubility, low bioavailability, rapid metabolism, and limited target-site accumulation. Recent advances in Nanotechnology have enabled the development of novel nanocarrier systems to overcome these pharmacokinetic limitations and improve the clinical potential of Quercetin. Various nanocarriers, including liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, micelles, and inorganic nanoparticles, have demonstrated enhanced drug stability, controlled release, improved cellular uptake, and tissue-specific delivery. This review summarizes the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic challenges associated with quercetin and discusses recent progress in nanotechnology-based delivery strategies. Particular emphasis is given to targeted and stimuli-responsive nanocarriers designed for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. In addition, the molecular mechanisms of nano-quercetin, including modulation of oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, fibrosis-related signaling, apoptosis, and tumor microenvironment regulation, are critically discussed. The therapeutic applications of quercetin nanoparticles in cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, inflammatory diseases, cardiovascular complications, and wound healing are also highlighted. Furthermore, current challenges related to nanoparticle toxicity, regulatory approval, large-scale manufacturing, and clinical translation are addressed. Overall, nano-enabled delivery systems offer a promising platform for improving quercetin therapeutics and advancing its future clinical applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Quercetin; Nanotechnology; Polymeric nanoparticles; Targeted drug delivery; Oxidative stress; Cancer nanomedicine; Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Attitudes of Students in Higher Education Institutions towards Massive Open Online Courses

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Attitudes of Students in Higher Education Institutions towards Massive Open Online Courses

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) represents one of the most challenging complications associated with diabetes mellitus and remains a major cause of chronic non-healing wounds, infection, and lower-extremity amputation. The impaired healing process observed in diabetic wounds is primarily linked to persistent hyperglycemia, excessive oxidative stress, peripheral neuropathy, vascular insufficiency, reduced angiogenesis, and prolonged inflammatory responses. These pathological abnormalities collectively disrupt normal tissue repair and delay wound closure. Although several conventional treatment approaches are currently available, their therapeutic effectiveness is often limited by poor drug penetration, insufficient retention at the wound site, and the growing problem of antimicrobial resistance. In recent years, ferulic acid, a plant-derived phenolic bioactive compound, has attracted increasing scientific interest because of its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and regenerative activities. Despite its promising therapeutic potential, the clinical application of ferulic acid remains restricted due to low aqueous solubility, limited bioavailability, and rapid degradation under physiological conditions. To overcome these limitations, nanoengineered delivery systems such as polymeric nanoparticles, hydrogels, nanofibers, and lipid-based nanocarriers have been extensively investigated for improving drug stability, sustained release behavior, and targeted wound delivery. Moreover, recent advances in smart wound dressings, wearable sensing devices, artificial intelligence-assisted monitoring systems, and telemedicine have considerably transformed the management of diabetic wounds. This review summarizes the underlying pathophysiology of diabetic foot ulcers and discusses the therapeutic relevance of ferulic acid, current developments in nanoengineered delivery systems, and emerging technological approaches for advanced diabetic wound care.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

INDEX TERMS: Diabetic foot ulcer, Ferulic acid, Nanotechnology, Wound healing, Nanoengineered systems

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Digital financial inclusion has emerged as a key driver of inclusive economic growth in the digital era. India's rapid transformation from a cash-based economy to a global leader in real-time digital payments presents a unique and scalable model for analysis. However, existing literature often examines policy initiatives, technological infrastructure, and user adoption in isolation, lacking a comprehensive ecosystem perspective. This study addresses this gap by adopting an integrated framework to analyze India's digital financial inclusion trajectory from 2015 to 2024. Method :A longitudinal descriptive-analytical research design was employed using secondary data collected from credible sources, including the Reserve Bank of India (RBI), National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI), World Bank Global Findex Database, NITI Aayog, and the Ministry of Finance. The study applies an ecosystem-based analytical approach to examine the dynamic interaction among policy initiatives (Pradhan Mantri Jan Dhan Yojana), digital identity infrastructure (Aadhaar), and payment systems (Unified Payments Interface). Results : The findings reveal that the interoperability of these components has driven exponential growth in digital financial transactions, with UPI transactions increasing from 1 billion to 131 billion over the study period. The ecosystem has significantly contributed to economic formalization, improved welfare delivery through Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT), and enhanced transparency in financial systems. However, the study identifies an "Inclusion-Vulnerability Paradox," wherein rapid digital expansion has simultaneously intensified challenges such as the digital divide, low financial and digital literacy, and increasing cybersecurity risks among users. Conclusion: The study concludes that while India's digital financial ecosystem represents a globally significant model of inclusive innovation, sustainable financial inclusion requires a balanced approach that integrates technological advancement with user capability development, infrastructural equity, and robust cybersecurity frameworks. The proposed ecosystem framework provides both theoretical contributions and practical policy insights for emerging economies seeking to build resilient and inclusive digital financial systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords Digital Financial Inclusion; Fintech Ecosystem; Unified Payments Interface (UPI); India Stack; Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile (JAM) Trinity; Digital Payments; Financial Literacy; Economic Formalization; Direct Benefit Transfer (DBT); Digital Divide; Cybersecurity; Inclusive Innovation; Emerging Economies

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The present study, titled "Information and Communication Technology in School Education: A Study of Students' Attitude," was conducted to examine the attitude of secondary school students towards Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in the context of school education. In the present digital age, ICT has become an important part of teaching and learning, as it supports access to information, interactive learning, digital communication, and academic development. The study adopted a descriptive survey method. A sample of 122 secondary school students was selected for the study. Data were collected through an ICT attitude scale designed to measure students' views regarding the use, usefulness, confidence, interest, barriers, and support related to ICT in education. The collected data were analyzed using appropriate statistical techniques. The findings revealed that secondary school students generally showed a positive attitude towards ICT. However, a significant difference was found between male and female students in their attitude towards ICT. This indicates that gender plays an important role in shaping students' perception and acceptance of ICT-based learning. The study highlights the need for equal ICT exposure, proper guidance, and supportive school environments so that all students can develop a positive and confident attitude towards technology in education.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

ICT, Attitude, Secondary School Students, School Education, Gender Difference, Digital Learning.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Human Resource Management (HRM) plays a pivotal role in enhancing organizational effectiveness, particularly in knowledge-driven sectors such as education. This study examines recruitment, onboarding, and employee engagement practices in a private educational institution through an internship-based empirical approach. Using a descriptive research design and quantitative methodology, primary data were collected from 30 teaching and non-teaching employees through structured questionnaires. The findings reveal that while recruitment processes are moderately structured, the lack of digital tools affects efficiency. Onboarding practices are inconsistent, especially for non-teaching staff, and employee engagement initiatives lack continuity and strategic planning. The study highlights the need for digital HR integration, standardized onboarding procedures, and continuous engagement strategies. The research contributes to HRM literature in the education sector and offers practical recommendations for improving workforce management and institutional performance.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Recruitment, Onboarding, Employee Engagement, HR Practices, Educational Institutions, Employee Satisfaction

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

As artificial intelligence tools become ubiquitous in education, work, and daily life, concerns emerge about their impact on fundamental human cognitive abilities. This paper presents a comprehensive conceptual framework centered on the 'Learn, Unlearn, Relearn' cycle, examining how AI dependency threatens cognitive resilience across multiple domains. We identify a critical paradox: while AI systems require humans to maintain independent thinking for effective oversight, the ease and rewards of AI use create patterns of cognitive offloading that undermine precisely these capacities. The paper documents observable patterns of cognitive erosion--including declining patience for learning, deteriorating critical thinking, weakening memory retention, and reduced tolerance for intellectual difficulty--and traces these to a common root cause: the loss of patience as the foundation of all deep learning. We argue that the determining factor is not technology use per se, but rather the pattern of engagement: whether AI serves as cognitive augmentation or cognitive replacement. The paper proposes the 'Observe It First' principle as a practical intervention and identifies guided use, mastery-oriented approaches, and deliberate practice of independent thinking as essential protective strategies. This framework contributes to ongoing debates about technology in education and workplace settings while providing actionable guidance for individuals, institutions, and policymakers seeking to preserve human cognitive sovereignty.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

artificial intelligence, cognitive dependency, attention span, critical thinking, patience for learning, cognitive sovereignty, learn-unlearn-relearn framework

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper presented an ethnographic study of the Gamara festival as observed in Wadda village, located in the Pithoragarh district of Uttarakhand, India. This paper examined the Gamara locally known as Satu-Aathu festival of Kumaon (Uttarakhand) as a living assemblage of ritual, gendered performance, material culture and visual practice. Based on a field visit conducted at the end of August, the study adopted a day wise narrative approach to document ritual practices, gendered participation and the intricate process of idol making associated with Gaura and Maheshwar. Through participant observation and interviews with the local women of that place the paper tried to find out how ritual actions, material practices, and collective performances create sacred meaning within a cultural framework. Certain attention is given to the transformation of natural materials into divine representations emphasizing the role of craft in ritual embodiment. The result indicates that the Gamara festival operates as a site where cosmology, ecology, and social relations intersect. This documentation relatively underrepresented Himalayan tradition; the study adds its voice to broader discussions in anthropology, material religion, and folklore studies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Key words : Gamara festival, Kumaon, idol making, folk art and ritual art.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study investigates the effect of compression ratio on the performance of a dedicated CNG engine. Compression ratios of 10 to 13 and engine speeds ranging from 1000 to 5000 rpm were analyzed to determine the optimum compression ratio. The results show that increasing the compression ratio improves engine performance parameters such as power, torque, brake thermal efficiency (BTE), and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC). Due to lower emissions and cleaner combustion, CNG engines are becoming a sustainable alternative to conventional fuels. The study concludes that an optimum compression ratio enhances the efficiency and overall performance of dedicated CNG engines.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: CNG engine, Thermal Efficiency, Compression Ratio, emission control, CO-NO?-THC-CH? emissions, ECU calibration.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

India's expanding digital sphere is transforming the nature of individual participation in politics, and movements like #MeTooIndia, #DalitLivesMatter, #SaveArrey, the JNU protest, Anti-CAA Protest, the Farmers' protest, and others are reaching ever wider audiences. Yet this online empowerment of citizens is persistently challenged by recurring network disruptions, particularly during periods of civil unrest. While the administration argues that such connectivity blackouts are essential for maintaining law and order, there is growing concern over their impact on grassroots mobilization. This paper examines internet shutdowns not merely as administrative measures but as deliberate instruments of governance that reshape contentious political activity in the country. The research employs qualitative content analysis of secondary sources to evaluate the consequences of these blackouts on digital activism and to contribute to the broader discourse on democracy and state authority.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Internet Shutdowns, Digital Activism, Digital Authoritarianism, Contentious Politics, Democratic Accountability, Social Movements

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

A Study of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Status of Primary School Students in the Context of the NIPUN Bharat Mission

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

A Study of Foundational Literacy and Numeracy Status of Primary School Students in the Context of the NIPUN Bharat Mission

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Our research dives into the revolutionary shift happening in how we make tough choices, all thanks to Generative AI (GenAI). We're taking a close look at the main players--from the models that create realistic fake data (GANs) and the ones that help design structured ideas (VAEs), right up to the huge chat engines (LLMs) that power today's digital world. The big takeaway is that GenAI is dramatically speeding up decision-making in vital areas like finance and healthcare. However, this power comes with a major catch: these tools are unreliable on their own. They carry the risk of inherited bias and sometimes just confidently make things up ("hallucinate"). Because of this, the key to using GenAI successfully isn't replacing humans, but ensuring robust human-AI teamwork is in place, backed by clear rules on transparency and accountability. This paper reviews how we can properly harness these systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Generative AI, Decision Making, Hallucination, GANs, VAEs, Diffusion Models, Large Language Models, Human-AI Collaboration, Bias Mitigation, Ethical AI

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Aviation brackets are critical structural components that must sustain complex loading conditions while maintaining minimal weight. This study presents the finite element analysis (FEA) and structural optimization of an aviation bracket to improve its performance and efficiency. A 3D model is analyzed under realistic boundary conditions to evaluate stress distribution, deformation, and factor of safety. Critical stress regions are identified, and design modifications are implemented to reduce weight while maintaining structural integrity. The results demonstrate that FEA-based optimization significantly enhances performance and achieves an efficient strength-to-weight ratio, making it suitable for aerospace applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Aviation Bracket, Critical Loading Conditions, Structural Optimisation, stress distribution, Efficient Strength-to-Weight Ratio, Aerospace Application

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The work introduces a smart energy-related consumption system that aims to detect deviations in the pattern and develop a better comprehension of how to use time-series data. This system takes advantage of a multi-perspective analytical perspective to identify both minimal and remarkable consumption patterns deviations whilst being flexible under different data circumstances. The combination of reconstruction-based learning and statistical analysis successfully separates regular operation patterns and abnormal fluctuations in the framework. Also, forecast technologies are included to determine the future consumption trends and enhance accuracy in prediction. The modular design allows effective data processing, application deployment, and easy visualization via interactive interface. Experimental testing shows that there is better consistency and interpretability of detection than as a single model. The proposed solution gives a scalable and real-world energy monitoring application a reliable base to enable proactive decision-making, resource optimization, and enhanced awareness of the working environment in dynamic environments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Energy Monitoring, Anomaly Detection, Time-Series Analysis, Consumption Patterns, Predictive Analytics, Intelligent Systems, Data Visualization.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract The rapid advancement of financial technology (FinTech) has significantly transformed the financial landscape of emerging markets, particularly in enhancing financial inclusion and reshaping consumer behavior. This study examines the role of India's Unified Payments Interface (UPI), developed by the National Payments Corporation of India under the regulatory framework of the Reserve Bank of India, in transforming the digital payment ecosystem, consumer behavior, and economic architecture. Methods: The study adopts a qualitative and analytical research design based on secondary data. Data were collected from reports published by the Reserve Bank of India, World Bank, government publications, and peer-reviewed journals. A conceptual framework integrating digital payment systems, financial inclusion theory, and consumer behavior models (such as TAM and behavioral economics) was used to analyze the impact of UPI. Comparative analysis with global models, including China's digital wallets and Africa's mobile money systems, was also conducted. Results: The findings reveal that UPI has significantly enhanced financial inclusion by enabling real-time, low-cost, and accessible financial transactions, particularly among underserved populations in rural and semi-urban areas. It has reduced transaction costs, increased financial participation, and promoted the formalization of economic activities. From a behavioral perspective, UPI has accelerated the shift from cash to cashless transactions, reduced the psychological "pain of paying," and increased consumption frequency, including micro-transactions. Additionally, UPI has contributed to the growth of the digital economy, expansion of e-commerce, rise of the gig economy, and transformation of banking into digital-first models. Its open and interoperable architecture has fostered fintech innovation and enhanced competition. Conclusion: UPI has emerged as a transformative digital public infrastructure that extends beyond a payment system to become a catalyst for inclusive economic growth and digital transformation. While its scalability and interoperability make it a globally replicable model, challenges such as cybersecurity risks, digital divide, infrastructural constraints, and regulatory complexities must be addressed to ensure sustainable development. The study concludes that UPI plays a critical role in redefining financial ecosystems and offers strategic implications for policymakers, financial institutions, and marketers in emerging markets.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords: Digital Payments, UPI, Financial Inclusion, Consumer Behavior, FinTech, Emerging Markets

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Acne vulgaris is a common chronic inflammatory skin disorder affecting the pilosebaceous unit and is associated with microbial infection, excess sebum production, and inflammation. The present study focuses on the development and in vitro evaluation of an anti-acne gel formulated using Psidium guajava (guava) leaf extract, known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The guava leaves were collected, authenticated, shade-dried, and subjected to hydroalcoholic extraction using the maceration technique. Preliminary phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of bioactive constituents such as flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds. The extract was incorporated into a gel base using Carbopol 934 to prepare three formulations (F1, F2, and F3) with varying concentrations of the extract. The formulated gels were evaluated for physicochemical parameters including physical appearance, pH, spreadability, viscosity, washability, and stability. All formulations showed acceptable organoleptic properties, with pH in the range suitable for skin application (6.0-7.0). Spreadability and viscosity studies indicated that formulation F1 exhibited optimal performance with good consistency and ease of application. Stability studies revealed that F1 remained stable under both room temperature and refrigerated conditions, while F2 and F3 showed moderate variations. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated against Cutibacterium acnes using the agar well diffusion method. The formulation exhibited minimal antibacterial activity compared to the standard drug, indicating the need for further optimization. In conclusion, the study demonstrates that Psidium guajava leaf extract can be successfully formulated into a topical gel with acceptable physicochemical properties, though enhancement of antimicrobial efficacy is required for improved therapeutic potential.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Anti-acne gel, Psidium guajava, Guava leaf extract, Acne vulgaris, Carbopol 934, Herbal formulation, Antimicrobial activity, Cutibacterium acnes, Topical drug delivery, Phytochemical screening

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract In the digital era, the increasing reliance on data-driven technologies has intensified tensions between individual privacy and state surveillance. While cyber security measures are essential for safeguarding national security, they often conflict with civil liberties, particularly the right to privacy. This paper critically examines India's evolving data protection framework, focusing on the Digital Personal Data Protection Act 2023 and its implications for state surveillance practices. It analyses the constitutional dimensions of privacy under Article 21, with special reference to the landmark judgment in K.S. Puttaswamy v. Union of India, which recognized privacy as a fundamental right. The study highlights the legal and ethical challenges posed by surveillance mechanisms such as interception, monitoring, and data retention. It further evaluates whether current laws strike an appropriate balance between security imperatives and individual freedoms. The paper argues for stronger safeguards, transparency, and accountability in surveillance frameworks, emphasizing the need for proportionality and judicial oversight. Comparative insights are also drawn from global practices to suggest reforms for a more rights-oriented approach in India.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cyber security, Data protection, State Surveillance, Right to privacy, National security

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition