Volume 14 | Issue 5

 Abstract

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With the goal of enhancing effectiveness, transparency, and revenue performance, the GST is a significant change to India's indirect taxation structure. By contrasting Period before GST and Period after GST periods, the current study investigates the effects of GST on tax income and compliance behaviour. Secondary time-series data spanning 10 years--five years prior to and five years following the introduction of GST--are the basis for the analysis. Karl Pearson's correlation coefficient, an independent sample t-test, and comparative analysis are all used in this descriptive and analytical study. The t-test confirms that there was a large rise in tax collections during the Period after GST period. Additionally, correlation research shows a strong positive association between revenue and the number of registered taxpayers in both periods, with increased efficacy noted following the introduction of the GST. The results indicate that through a larger taxpayer base and better administrative procedures, GST has increased revenue generation and reinforced tax compliance. The study comes to the conclusion that GST has improved India's tax system's efficiency, but ongoing enhancements are needed to maintain long-term gains.

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GST, Tax Revenue, Tax Compliance, Indirect Taxation, Comparative Analysis, t-Test, Correlation Analysis

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Urinary tract infection, Pregnancy, Antenatal women, Perineal hygiene, Behavioral factors, Fluid intake

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Herbal cosmetics are gaining popularity because more people want safe and natural skincare products. This study focuses on making and testing a herbal face pack using plant-based ingredients that have been known for their healing properties for a long time. Natural remedies are becoming more popular because many people believe they are safer and have fewer side effects compared to synthetic options. There is an increasing demand for herbal products in the global market. Herbal face packs or masks help boost blood circulation, refresh the skin's muscles, maintain skin elasticity, and clean out dirt from pores. This project aims to create and test a cosmetic herbal face pack suitable for all skin types using natural ingredients in different amounts. The three formulations will include various local ingredients like sandalwood powder, orange peel powder, green tea, raktachandan, aloe powder, haridra, methi powder, and multani mitti. We prepared and tested face packs based on different factors such as color, look, thickness, how easily they wash off, pH level, bulk density, tapped density, total ash content, acid-insoluble ash, particle size, and their ability to fight germs. The herbal anti-acne formula includes a hydro-alcoholic extract made from neem leaves (Azadirachta indica) and nutmeg fruits (Myristica fragrans).

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Cosmetic, Herbal formulation, Evaluation, Skincare, Face pack, Skin, Ingredients, Natural remedy.

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In the contemporary automotive manufacturing landscape, the effectiveness of outbound logistics has emerged as a critical determinant of operational continuity, customer satisfaction, and overall supply chain competitiveness. This study investigates the underlying causes of dispatch delays and process inefficiencies in domestic outbound logistics operations with specific reference to Uno Minda Seating Division, Hosur. The research systematically examines key operational variables including inventory mismatch, delayed system posting, documentation discrepancies, vehicle placement constraints, dispatch planning deficiencies, and interdepartmental coordination gaps that adversely affect delivery performance. Primary data for the study were collected from 75 respondents representing Warehouse, PPC, Production, Quality, and Logistics functions through a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using Percentage Analysis, Chi-Square Test, and Correlation Analysis to derive meaningful managerial insights. The findings indicate that inventory inaccuracy and posting delays constitute the most significant contributors to dispatch inefficiency, while documentation lapses and inadequate transport coordination further intensify delivery disruptions. The Chi-Square analysis establishes a statistically significant relationship between inventory mismatch and dispatch delays, whereas correlation results reveal a strong positive association between interdepartmental communication and dispatch planning effectiveness. The study underscores the strategic importance of real-time inventory visibility, standardized operating procedures, integrated functional coordination, and proactive transport planning in improving logistics responsiveness. It concludes that the systematic elimination of process gaps and reduction of dispatch delays can substantially enhance operational efficiency, delivery reliability, and long-term competitive advantage for Uno Minda Seating Division.

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Keywords: Outbound Logistics, Dispatch Delays, Inventory Accuracy, Process Gaps, Supply Chain Efficiency, Automotive Industry

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AskSQL is an AI-powered Text-to-SQL system that enables users to interact with relational databases using natural language queries. The system eliminates the need for SQL knowledge by converting user input into executable SQL statements using a locally hosted Large Language Model through Ollama. It follows an agentic pipeline consisting of schema retrieval, SQL generation, validation, execution, and explanation. Security is ensured by allowing only SELECT queries and blocking harmful operations. The system operates fully offline, ensuring privacy, reduced cost, and faster response time. Experimental results demonstrate accurate query generation and efficient performance.

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Text-to-SQL, LLM, Ollama, PostgreSQL, FastAPI, NLP

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Zahir-ud-Din Muhammad Babur (1483-1530), a Central Asian prince of Timurid descent, is best known as the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. Before seizing Hindust?n (as he called the Indian subcontinent), Babur spent his youth fighting to hold or regain his ancestral lands in Fergh?n? and Samarkand. Eventually driven out by the rise of the Uzbek Shaibanids, he conquered Kabul in 1504 and reigned there for two decades. In 1526, Babur defeated the Delhi Sultan Ibrahim Lodi at Panipat and established himself as ruler of northern India. Throughout these tumultuous campaigns, Babur kept a detailed diary in his native Chagatai Turki language. This memoir, later known as the Baburnama (or Tuzk-e-Babri), offers an intimate first-person narrative of his life and conquests, including vivid observations on India. Translated into English by Beveridge in the early 20th century, the Baburnama remains an invaluable primary source for understanding the man behind the conquests and his perceptions of the newly conquered land. Babur's account of Hindust?n is especially intriguing as a foreign outsider's lens on India during the early 16th century. Unlike indigenous chronicles, the Baburnama provides a candid, if heavily biased, commentary by a Central Asian Muslim king looking upon Indian society, geography, and polity with fresh eyes. This study examines Babur's perception of India as documented in the Baburnama, with a particular focus on how he justified the conquest and portrayed the land and its inhabitants. We will analyze Babur's own words to understand his motivations for invading Hindustan, his descriptive "idea of Hindustan" (both its beauties and defects), and the religious-racial ideology under-girding his narrative. We will also assess how Babur depicts his Indian adversaries (Lodi Afghans, Rajput kings, etc.) and consider what is omitted or glossed over in his telling. We shall arrive at an informed assessment of Babur's personality and ideological orientation as revealed in the Baburnama, and reflect on what his view of "Hindustan" tells us about the nature of conquest, memory-making, and power in early modern Asia.

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Babur; Baburnama; Tuzk-e-Babri; Mughal Empire; Beveridge; Medieval History

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Mandala art is a type of art which is mostly made in circular form using patterns. It has been used from a long time in Indian and Buddhist culture. Earlier it had more spiritual meaning but now it is also used in design and fashion. In this paper I am writing about what mandala art is, where it comes from and how it is used today. It also includes how it helps in relaxation and focus.

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Mandala art, circular patterns, symmetry, traditional art, meditation, design, patterns

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BACKGROUND: Women with Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause often face multiple problems such as vaginal dryness, irritation, reduced lubrication, loss of elasticity, pain during intercourse, and urinary symptoms like urgency and frequency. This can lead to discomfort in daily activities, reduced confidence, and poor quality of life. The aim of the study was to find the effect of combined pelvic floor and hip muscle strengthening on vaginal health and quality of life among women with genitourinary syndrome of menopause. METHODOLOGY: It was an experimental study which includes 20 random samples. The subjects were divided into two groups (A and B), with each group consisting of 10 samples. Group A received pelvic floor muscle strengthening along with hip muscle strengthening exercises for 2 sessions per week for 6 weeks. Group B received regular physiotherapy management for 2 sessions per week for 6 weeks. OUTCOME MEASURE: Vaginal health was measured using the Vaginal Health Index (VHI), and quality of life was assessed using the Menopause-Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire (MENQOL). RESULT: On comparing the mean values of Group-A and Group-B on Vaginal Health Index (VHI) and Menopause Quality of Life (MENQOL), both groups showed a highly significant improvement in the post-test mean values. However, GROUP-A shows higher mean value in VHI (21.45) and MENQOL (56.80), indicating better improvement and is more effective than GROUP-B (13.30, 99.90) at P <= 0.001. Hence, the null hypothesis is rejected. CONCLUSION: The present study concludes that both GROUP-A and GROUP-B showed improvement in Vaginal Health Index (VHI) and Menopause Quality of Life (MENQOL). However, Group-A showed greater improvement compared to Group-B. Thus, combined pelvic floor and hip muscle strengthening is more effective.

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Menopause, pelvic floor muscle, hip muscle, quality of life, Vaginal health

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Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) has emerged as a critical discipline shaping how people engage with digital technologies in an increasingly interconnected world. This paper examines the multifaceted role of HCI in modern software systems, exploring how effective interface design, usability principles, and user-centered methodologies directly influence system adoption, productivity, and user satisfaction. Through systematic analysis of established HCI frameworks, contemporary design paradigms, and empirical case studies across diverse application domains, this research identifies core principles that distinguish successful interactive systems from those that fail to meet user needs. The study investigates fundamental HCI concepts including cognitive load theory, affordance design, feedback mechanisms, accessibility standards, and responsive interface adaptation. Findings demonstrate that organizations prioritizing HCI principles during software development achieve measurably higher user engagement, reduced training costs, lower error rates, and improved task completion times compared to systems developed without systematic user-centered design. The paper concludes with practical recommendations for integrating HCI practices into software development lifecycles and identifies emerging trends including voice interfaces, gesture recognition, augmented reality, and adaptive AI-driven personalization as the next frontier of human-computer interaction.

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Human-Computer Interaction, User Interface Design, Usability, User Experience, Accessibility, Cognitive Load, User-Centered Design, Interaction Design, Interface Evaluation, HCI Principles.

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Food bank plays a crucial role in addressing hunger and supporting needy population. This research presents the design and implementation of ShareBite, a web-based application. It acts as a bridge between surplus food sources and with those who can distribute it or need it. It has a dual feature system that provides access to both donors and receivers. This app-based application includes several key technical features that make food donation simple and fast. One of the most important parts is the location tracker. This tool calculates the exact distance and travel time between the person giving the food and the one receiving the food. There is a social impact dashboard within the app. This section visually demonstrates the positive impact that the platform provides. It demonstrates the number of meals donated and people who have been helped.. By using these real-time tools, Share Bite removes the common delays in food rescue. This project proves that using simple digital tools can help communities work together much better to fight hunger.

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Donor-Receiver Platform, Location tracker, calculates the exact distance

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Justicia wynaadensis, frequently referred to as "Maddu Thoppu" or the "Medicinal Leaf" within the Western Ghats region, serves as a vital ethnomedicinal shrub. It is traditionally ingested for its health benefits, especially during the monsoon period in Coorg, Karnataka. This review offers a thorough examination of its botanical traits, folklore applications, phytochemical makeup, and contemporary pharmacological uses. From a botanical perspective, the species is recognized for its characteristic purple extract and specific morphological markers within the Acanthaceae family. Chemical analyses indicate a diverse array of bioactive constituents, such as phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and key minerals, which underpin its medicinal value. Recent studies emphasize its significant antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cholesterol-lowering effects, providing empirical support for its traditional role in regulating blood pressure and lipid levels. This paper consolidates existing data to highlight the species' promise as a foundation for new phytopharmaceuticals and natural food dyes, while also pinpointing essential areas for future clinical trials and commercial development.

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Justicia wynaadensis; Phytochemical constituents; Acanthaceae; purple coloured extract.

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Abstract Anandamath by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyay is one of the most significant literary texts associated with the rise of Indian nationalism during the colonial period. This paper examines the concept of cultural nationalism in the novel and analyzes how Bankim constructs the idea of the nation through religion, mythology, sacrifice, and collective identity. Set against the backdrop of the Sanyasi Rebellion, Anandamath transforms historical events into a symbolic narrative of national awakening. The study explores the representation of Bharat Mata as a divine mother figure and the role of the hymn "Vande Mataram" in creating emotional and spiritual attachment to the nation. It further discusses the portrayal of ascetic warriors whose dedication and self-sacrifice reflect the ideal nationalist spirit. The paper also investigates the relationship between Hindu cultural symbolism and anti-colonial consciousness in the novel. While Anandamath inspired patriotic feelings and contributed significantly to nationalist discourse in India, the paper critically evaluates its limitations, particularly its reliance on Hindu imagery and its exclusionary implications for non-Hindu communities. Through textual analysis and critical interpretation, the study argues that Bankim's cultural nationalism played a foundational role in shaping Indian nationalist imagination while simultaneously generating debates about religion, identity, and inclusiveness in modern India.

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Cultural Nationalism; Indian Nationalism; Bharat Mata; Vande Mataram; Colonialism

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The research examines the potential impact of adopting biophilic design concepts in creating spatial experiences in the setting of educational learning spaces, with a specific focus on design institutes. Contemporary learning spaces have been noted to lack natural aspects in their designs, resulting in uncomfortable environments, increased stress among learners, and low productivity. Through the use of a systematic methodology involving an extensive literature review, analysis of case studies, assessment of user experience, and evaluation of NIF Global Nagpur premises, it was established that certain environmental elements such as lighting, ventilation, and vegetation are instrumental in improving user experiences and comfort. The study then provides interpretations of the results to develop suggestions for spatial improvements in context. Findings from the study suggest that even small interventions that consider the aspects of biophilic design principles may have a positive effect on user experiences by increasing comfort and fostering creativity.

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Biophilic Design, Studio-Based Learning, Spatial Quality, Green Integration, Ventilation, User Experience.

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Terracotta is among the ancient building materials known to mankind since time immemorial, having been used in pottery, floors, roofs, walls, and decorative elements. Although terracotta is an old but relevant architectural material, it is mostly sidelined in contemporary interior designs due to its preference for industrialized materials such as vitrified tiles, laminates, engineered wood, and artificial wall finishes. This study revisits terracotta as a relevant, sustainable, and adaptive material for current interior uses. This study considers terracotta from historical, material, perceptual, case-study, and application viewpoints, paying attention to its thermal properties, tactile feel, sustainability aspects, artisan value, and spatial experiences. Terracotta is also evaluated as a material that could be explored further as a module of tiles, acoustic panels, partitions, feature walls, lighting solutions, and furniture pieces. From findings, terracotta demonstrates high climatic adaptability and visual warmth qualities, in addition to numerous sustainability strengths. Nevertheless, maintenance Challenges, lack of knowledge, and outdated perceptions are some of the factors that restrict the extensive use of terracotta.

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Terracotta, Sustainable Interiors, Clay Material, Contemporary Design, Natural Finishes, Interior Applications.

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Dengue fever is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has become a major public health concern in tropical and subtropical regions. The absence of specific antiviral therapy has increased the demand for alternative and supportive treatments using herbal medicines. The present study focuses on the formulation and evaluation of a herbal papaya syrup prepared from Carica papaya leaf extract for supportive management of dengue fever. Papaya leaves are rich in phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and enzymes which are reported to possess immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and platelet-enhancing activities. The papaya leaves were collected, shade dried, powdered, and extracted using water under controlled conditions. The prepared extract was formulated into syrup using sugar syrup as a base along with Vitamin B12, selenium, sodium benzoate, and distilled water. The formulated syrup was evaluated for various physicochemical parameters including visual appearance, aroma, taste, pH, solubility, refractive index, viscosity, and physical stability. The results showed that the syrup possessed a uniform greenish appearance, pleasant aroma, acceptable sweetness, and good palatability. The pH of the formulation was found within the acceptable range of 6-7, indicating suitability for oral administration. The syrup exhibited good solubility, appropriate refractive index, and satisfactory viscosity. Stability studies indicated absence of crystallization, microbial growth, or phase separation. The study concludes that the formulated herbal papaya syrup possesses satisfactory pharmaceutical properties and may serve as a supportive herbal formulation for dengue patients. Further pharmacological and clinical studies are required to establish its therapeutic efficacy and safety on a larger scale.

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Preparation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Anti-Dengue Syrup using Carica Papaya Leaf

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As discussions on women's reservation continue, it's important to understand the perspectives of people in education, especially teacher educators. Many studies on gender focus mainly on teachers and students, but very few focus on teacher educators. The objective of this study is to examine the awareness and attitudes of teacher educators regarding the women's reservation with reference to the Women's Reservation Act, 2023. Data was collected from teacher educators across Delhi NCR using a descriptive survey method. A structured questionnaire using a five-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree) was employed, and convenience sampling was used to collect responses from 46 teacher educators through Google Form. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. To understand the distribution of responses, percentages were calculated. The findings reveal a good level of general awareness among the teacher educators. But they do not show uniformity in their understanding of key aspects, such as details of the implementation process and factual awareness of the percentage of seats reserved for women. Also, teacher educators showed positive attitudes toward the women's reservation, as it may promote inclusivity and gender equality. Although they critically reflect on the effectiveness of the reservation policy, they argue that the women's reservation policy alone may not address deeper social inequalities. The study suggests policy-related discussions in educational settings to raise awareness among teachers and students. They can play a role in addressing social issues by adopting a positive attitude towards reducing social inequalities.

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Women's Reservation, Awareness, Attitudes, Teacher Educators, Gender Equality, Political Participation

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Safe and independent navigation remains a major challenge for visually impaired individuals, particularly in crowded and unfamiliar environments. Traditional assistive tools such as white canes provide limited environmental awareness and are unable to detect obstacles beyond short distances. To overcome these limitations, this research proposes a phone camera-based deep learning navigation assistance system designed to support visually impaired people through real-time obstacle detection and intelligent audio guidance. The proposed system utilizes the built-in smartphone camera to continuously capture live environmental data. A YOLOv8-based deep learning model is employed to detect navigation-related objects such as pedestrians, vehicles, doors, stairs, and other obstacles in real time. The detected objects are analyzed according to their position and relative distance from the user. Based on this analysis, the system generates immediate voice instructions using text-to-speech technology, enabling users to navigate safely without relying on visual input. The smartphone-based implementation eliminates the need for expensive external hardware, making the system portable, affordable, and suitable for everyday use. Additional features such as GPS support, low-light enhancement, and emergency assistance further improve user safety and usability in different environments. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system achieves reliable object detection accuracy with low response time and real-time processing performance on smartphone devices. The study highlights the effectiveness of combining deep learning, computer vision, and smartphone technology to improve mobility, independence, and environmental awareness for visually impaired individuals.

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Deep Learning, Visual Impairment, Object Detection, YOLOv8, Computer Vision, Smartphone Navigation, Assistive Technology, Audio Guidance, Real-Time Navigation, Artificial Intelligence

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Photovoltaic cooling; Nanofluid thin film; TiO?/water nanofluid; SiO?/water nanofluid; Thermal management; PV efficiency; Bibliometric analysis; Renewable energy

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Bael (Aegle marmelos) fruit has been traditionally employed for gastrointestinal ailments owing to its mucilage, pectin, and polyphenolic constituents, which confer gastroprotective, antiulcer, and antioxidant activities. These characteristics point to a possible combination with antacid excipients in a lozenge delivery method for the symptomatic treatment of heartburn and acid-related dyspepsia. In addition to pharmaceutical approaches for creating sugar-based or sugar-free compressed and molded lozenges that incorporate alkaline agents (such as calcium carbonate, magnesium hydroxide, or sodium bicarbonate) and saliva-stimulating flavor systems to improve acid neutralization and mucosal coating, this mini-review summarizes research on the phytochemical basis and gastrointestinal (GI)-relevant pharmacology of bael fruit powder (BFP). BFP granulometry and load, antacid system selection and ratio, flavors and sweeteners for palatability, binding and film-forming agents to maximize hardness and suck-away time, and process choices (low-heat molding versus direct compression) to protect heat-sensitive phytoconstituents are important formulation considerations. Uniformity of dose, friability, hardness, disintegration/suck time, in vitro acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC), salivary pH regulation in a simulated buccal model, and stability of actives with moisture-protective packaging are all included in a suggested quality target product profile (QTPP).

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Antacid formulation, Hyperacidity, Calcium carbonate, Aegle marmelos, bael fruit powder, Lozenges.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition