Volume 13 | Issue 5

 Abstract

This paper is focused on the research analyzing social issuesvoiced in the short stories in Englishwritten byIndian womenwriters. The writers analyze several concepts which include gender discrimination, caste oppression, patriarchy, social inequality, economic hardships, and conflict between modernity and tradition. This article is an attempt to review the existing research in the area of English literature andto establish the efforts of Indian English women writers inside their social literary environment.It will give a general overview of how the writings of women evolved in India--from colonial advocacy for social reform to post-independence literature based on autonomy, identity, and systemic oppression. It has a view into the convergence of tradition and modernity, the convergence of regional voices and linguistic diversity, and silently infers the expression of casteism. Stories by such great authors as IsmatChughtai, Mahasweta Devi, Kamala Das, and many more hint at personal problems and social evils that usually employed realism, symbolism, and introspection to fortify the message. These stories reflect feminine solidarity and a collective resistance to patriarchy and systemic injustice. Through comparison with global women's literature, the paper highlights the universality of issues, including identity and autonomy that reflects distinct cultural nuances of Indian women writers.It sees such stories as part of the enduring contribution to world literature as well as the tools of social critique and change.

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 Keywords

Social Consciousness, Gender discrimination, Caste oppression,Patriarchy, Economic Struggles, Feminine solidarity, Linguistic diversity, Modernity.

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India's education sector is undergoing a massive transformation, as reflected in recent developments such as the refined National Education Policy (NEP), enhanced global industry collaboration with educational institutions, and the integration of new-age technologies. This marks a pivotal moment where our shared educational histories are converging towards a future where learning becomes even more powerful, personalized, and freely accessible than ever before. As we navigate a rapidly changing world, it is crucial to reconceptualize education as a dynamic ecosystem -- one that evolves according to the needs and aspirations of learners -- rather than viewing it as a static institution. The journey towards Education 5.0 envisions the seamless integration of advanced technologies with human-centric learning approaches to revolutionize the current educational system. This shift aims to better prepare students to meet future demands and align them with global opportunities. Drawing from market trends and contemporary research, this paper provides an in- depth exploration of the principles and practices that define Education 5.0. It highlights the vital roles of agility, adaptability, and inclusivity in shaping learners who are ready to thrive in an increasingly interconnected global economy.

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National Education Policy, New Age Technologies, Ecosystem, Human- centric Learning, Agility, Adaptability

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The present investigation was conducted to assess the knowledge attitude and practices related to parenting skills among mothers of infants. The sample consisted 150 mothers of (birth -2 years old children irrespective of working and non- working occupational status who belonged to suburban area of Chandigarh. The objectives of the study were. (a) To assess the knowledge on parenting skills of mothers of infants. (b) To assess the attitude related to parenting skills of mothers of infants. (c) To assess the practices related to parenting skills followed by mothers of infants. Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Questionnaire was developed to do Pre- test and Post-test to assess the impact of intervention programme. Mother didn't show good knowledge of parenting. Attitude of mothers towards child was controlling behavior rather training of good habbits. Mother s (75%) agreed that punishment such as slap, shout and scold are important to control child behavior. An understanding of key aspects related to parenting skills during infancy, with specific focus on essential areas such as basic needs, developmental milestones, attachment, trust, and communication. The comparative analysis between pre-test and post-test scores provides an insight into how much the participants' knowledge improved after the intervention, with statistical significance used to determine meaningful changes in learning outcomes.The findings of this study indicate that while there were slight increases in the mean scores for various dimensions of infant care practices, these changes were not statistically significant, suggesting minimal practical improvements. The mean score for basic infant care practices showed only a slight increase from 3.04 to 3.12, with a t-ratio of 0.789, implying that the overall enhancement in caregiving practices was negligible. Similarly, the post-test mean score for the characteristics of infants category increased marginally from 4.06 to 4.16, with a t-ratio of 0.928, which did not reach statistical significance.Hence, It is recommended that responsibility of the mothers of infants should be shared by providing good guidance on child care.

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Mothers, Infants, KAP, Intervention programme Psycho-social well being

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Education is considered as backbone of the development, enabling individuals to achieve all round growth and development. Education is a vital dimension that confers status and dignity in society. Education includes each and every experience that influences the individual and modifies behaviour. As swami Vivekananda aptly put it, Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man.

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The role of emerging technologies in education: Possibilities and Challenges

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Traditional crops, also referred to as indigenous or underutilized crops, have been central to Indian agriculture for centuries, providing essential nutrition, sustaining livelihoods, and enhancing ecological resilience. This paper explores the significance of traditional crops--such as millets, pulses, root and leafy vegetables, and fruits--in ensuring food security, promoting nutritional well-being, and supporting sustainable agriculture in India. These crops are rich sources of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals vital for human health. Millets like ragi and pearl millet, pulses such as tur and moong dal, root vegetables like sweet potatoes, and a diverse array of fruits including mango, jackfruit, and guava contribute significantly to dietary diversity and resilience against climate change. Traditional agricultural practices like mixed cropping, crop rotation, and agroforestry have further strengthened the adaptability and productivity of these crops, especially in regions with harsh growing conditions. As India faces emerging challenges of climate change, soil degradation, and nutritional deficiencies, promoting the cultivation and consumption of traditional crops offers a sustainable pathway toward achieving food security and improving public health. This paper underscores the need to revitalize traditional agricultural practices and integrate indigenous crops into modern farming systems to ensure environmental sustainability, economic viability, and enhanced nutritional outcomes.

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TRADITIONAL CROPS: THE FUTURE SMART CROPS

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Curriculum reforms are essential in modern education to equip students with skills necessary for innovation, adaptability, and problem-solving. This paper explores how curriculum changes can foster creativity, critical thinking, and entrepreneurial skills, highlighting successful global models and best practices. By examining challenges such as institutional resistance, teacher training needs, and resource limitations, the study provides recommendations for policymakers and educators. Emphasizing the role of technology, interdisciplinary learning, and experiential education, the paper argues that comprehensive curriculum reforms are key to preparing students for the evolving job market and societal demands.

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Curriculum reforms, creativity, critical thinking, entrepreneurial skills, education policy, interdisciplinary learning, digital learning, experiential education, innovation, 21st-century skills

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The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and Data Science in governance has revolutionized public administration by improving efficiency, transparency, and decision-making. Smart governance leverages AI-driven automation, predictive analytics, and data-driven policymaking to enhance public service delivery, combat corruption, and optimize resource allocation. This paper explores the role of AI, ML, and Data Science in creating intelligent governance solutions, examining their impact on public administration, citizen engagement, and policy formulation. It also discusses challenges such as ethical concerns, data privacy, and AI bias while proposing policy recommendations to foster responsible AI-driven governance.

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Smart Governance, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Data Science, Digital Transformation, Predictive Analytics, Public Administration, Policy Decision-Making, AI Ethics, Data Privacy, AI Bias, Digital Public Services, Fraud Detection, Cybersecurity, Smart Cities, E-Governance, AI in Law Enforcement.

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India's digital transformation has accelerated through initiatives such as Digital India, Aadhaar, and the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), enhancing connectivity, governance, and financial inclusion. However, this rapid digitalization has also exposed the country to significant cybersecurity threats, privacy concerns, and ethical dilemmas. Cyberattacks targeting critical infrastructure, financial institutions, and government networks have surged, highlighting vulnerabilities in India's cybersecurity framework. Additionally, data privacy remains a major concern, especially with increased surveillance and data collection by both government and private entities. The introduction of the Digital Personal Data Protection Act (DPDPA) 2023 aims to regulate data governance, but its implementation and exemptions for government agencies raise concerns about privacy rights. Ethical challenges, particularly in artificial intelligence (AI), misinformation, and algorithmic bias, further complicate India's digital landscape. The spread of fake news and deepfakes through social media has influenced public opinion and election processes, necessitating stronger regulatory measures. This paper examines these cybersecurity, privacy, and ethical challenges, analyzing their implications for individuals and national security. By evaluating case studies and recent policy developments, the paper proposes recommendations to strengthen cybersecurity infrastructure, enforce data protection laws, and promote ethical AI practices to ensure a secure and responsible digital ecosystem in India.

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Cybersecurity, Data Privacy, Digital India, AI Ethics, Misinformation, Cyber Threats.

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Development of an optimized spatial analysis model for crowd density estimation focuses on important limitations of scalability, accuracy, and real-time usability. By employing CNNs and furthering optimization through lightweight architectures, attention mechanisms, and knowledge distillation, the model engages in a trade-off of accuracy for a reduced computation budget. The integrative utilization of real-world and synthetic datasets adds panache and generalizability to the model across different scenarios .Using optimization techniques such as model pruning and quantization make the model deployable in edge devices and attends to real-time surveillance applications strategized for smart cities and public safety. Besides, the use of MAE and RMSE inhibitors in the testing phase provides a general sense of the model performance and certainly shows its competitiveness with other state-of-the-art methods and we have to build a new model for crowd density estimation in real time. This research gives a baseline to future innovations in crowd density estimation and gives preference to their balance in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and scalability. It validates just a few real-world applications, such as urban planning and public safety, while looking out for ethical considerations about privacy in crowd monitoring systems.

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Optimized Spatial Model for Crowd Density Estimation in Real Time

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The food industry is one of the largest energy consumers, with significant environmental and economic consequences. As the global shift toward sustainability gains momentum, solar energy presents a viable solution to meet the sector's energy demands. This article examines the potential of solar power in the food industry, focusing on its applications in production, processing, and storage. The advantages of solar energy, including cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and enhanced energy security, are explored. Ultimately, this paper emphasizes the critical role of solar energy in fostering a more sustainable and resilient food industry.

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Solar energy, Food industry, Renewable energy, Sustainability, Solar power applications, Cost efficiency, Environmental impact, Food production, Energy security, Challenges of solar energy

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Access to quality education remains uneven across rural and urban areas, leading to significant disparities in learning outcomes and future opportunities for students. Inclusive and equitable education is essential for fostering social mobility, economic development, and sustainable communities. However, rural students often face challenges such as inadequate school infrastructure, limited access to qualified teachers, a lack of technological resources, and socio-economic barriers that hinder their educational progress. In contrast, urban schools generally benefit from better funding, advanced learning tools, and a wider pool of trained educators. This paper explores comprehensive strategies to bridge the rural-urban divide in education by leveraging policy reforms, technology-driven solutions, community participation, and teacher capacity-building programs. Digital learning platforms, mobile classrooms, and distance education can expand access to quality teaching in remote areas. Additionally, government and private sector collaborations play a crucial role in funding infrastructure development, improving teacher incentives, and promoting innovative learning models. Special attention is given to curriculum localization, ensuring that educational content is relevant to the unique cultural and economic contexts of rural communities. Moreover, this study underscores the importance of inclusive policies that address gender disparities, children with disabilities, and marginalized communities to ensure that no child is left behind. By implementing targeted interventions, policymakers and educators can work towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4), which advocates for inclusive and equitable quality education for all. The findings of this paper emphasize that bridging the rural-urban educational divide requires a multi-stakeholder approach, long-term commitment, and adaptive strategies to create a more just and effective education system.

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Inclusive education, equitable access, rural-urban divide, educational policy, digital learning, teacher training, SDG 4.

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 Abstract

Madhyamik star par adhyayanrat vidhyarathiyon ki srujanatamka chintan kshamta ka adhyayan

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Madhyamik star par adhyayanrat vidhyarathiyon ki srujanatamka chintan kshamta ka adhyayan

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It is anticipated that ongoing climate change will have an impact on individual organisms at every stage of life, which will have an impact on species populations, communities, and ecosystem function.Because of rising temperatures, ocean acidification, hypoxia, and habitat changes brought on by climate change, fish physiology and behaviour are being profoundly impacted in aquatic ecosystems.Potential changes in biodiversity and the sustainability of fisheries result from these alterations, which also impair metabolic processes, reproductive success, and ecological interactions. Although some species may be able to adapt through behavioural and physiological flexibility, many are in danger because of the quick changes in their surroundings. The effects of these environmental stresses on fish immunological responses, growth, reproduction, and metabolic rates are examined in this review. High temperatures speed up metabolic processes, raising energy needs while perhaps decreasing growth and reproductive success. Ocean acidification impairs feeding and predator avoidance by interfering with sensory processes.Respiratory stress brought on by low oxygen levels modifies habitat choices and movement behaviours. Furthermore, changes in migration and spawning cycles brought on by climate change have an effect on species ranges and population dynamics. Comprehending these physiological and behavioural reactions is essential for forecasting future shifts in biodiversity and putting conservation plans into action. This review highlights knowledge gaps and potential research goals by synthesizing recent studies on fish adaptations and vulnerabilities brought on by climate change.It is essential to comprehend these effects in order to create conservation plans and sustainable management techniques. To protect aquatic ecosystems in a changing climate, future studies should concentrate on species-specific reactions, long-term adaption strategies, and mitigation techniques.

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Climate change, Aquatic ecosystem, Fish physiology, behaviour, temperature, Ocean acidification, hypoxia, Environmental stress

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The present paper attempts to analyse the effective role of modern emerging technologies in education and digital teaching learning process. The advent of globalisation has brought about huge changes in the traditional teaching and learning process. A new era of tech-savvy generation has come into existence due to globalisation. The world has become very unique due to new learning platforms. Internet, Virtual Reality (VR), Augmented Reality (AR), Blog chain, 3D printing, Gamification, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Information Communication Technology, Virtual Classroom System, various online learning platforms have ushered in a new era which is considered a boon for the new educational system. Emerging technology of education and digital learning has ushered in a new era for academicians, students and research scholars in the new educational system. The present study reviews various platforms which are available from authentic web and apps. Any field of knowledge is considered to be the best way to establish the emerging technology learning process in education and digital teaching platform with the touch of emerging technology. The aim of the present paper is to explore the interplay between the application of digital mode of teaching and learning. It is all-inclusive.

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Education, Emerging Technology, Digital Learning

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Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are among the most destructive plant-parasitic nematodes, causing significant economic losses in global agriculture. These obligatory parasites attack a wide range of crops, leading to the formation of characteristic galls or root-knots that disrupt nutrient and water uptake. This article reviews the biology of root- knot nematodes, their interaction with host plants, and eco-friendly management strategies that align with sustainable agriculture practices. Emphasis is placed on biological control, resistant crop varieties, and integrated nematode management approaches.

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Meloidogyne, destructive, disrupt, sustainable agriculture.

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Because industrial effluents include large concentrations of heavy metals, it is possible that bacteria living in these environments have become resistant to these metals. The goal of the current experiment was to isolate and identify heavy metal-resistant bacteria, specifically Cu-resistant bacteria, from industrial effluent-contaminated sites in Uttar Pradesh. Bacillus cereus isolates have been isolated and described. Significant tolerance to elevated Cu dosages is shown by each isolate. The growth kinetic analysis showed that the isolates' growth rate was not significantly impacted by the presence of heavy metals.

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Heavy metals, Copper resistant, Bacillus cereus, Industrial effluent.

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Urban planning and sustainable architecture play a crucial role in achieving eco-friendly cities by integrating environmental, social, and economic considerations into city design. Urban planning focuses on creating a structured, efficient, and adaptable layout for cities, addressing issues such as population density, transport systems, and land use, while promoting sustainable practices. Sustainable architecture, on the other hand, involves designing buildings that minimize environmental impact through energy-efficient systems, renewable resources, and eco-friendly materials. Together, urban planning and sustainable architecture contribute to eco-friendly cities by: Reducing carbon emissions through smart transportation networks, green building standards, and renewable energy sources.Enhancing green spaces and promoting biodiversity by incorporating parks, urban forests, and green roofs into city layouts. Promoting resource efficiency by encouraging recycling, water conservation, and the use of sustainable construction materials.Improving the quality of life for residents by fostering cleaner air, better public spaces, and more livable environments. These efforts help create cities that not only reduce their ecological footprint but also ensure a healthier, more resilient environment for future generations.

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Urban Planning, Sustainable Architecture, Eco-Friendly Cities, Environmental Sustainability

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In the 21st century, fostering creativity and critical thinking has become a crucial objective in education. The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and digital tools offers innovative ways to enhance these cognitive skills, transforming traditional learning environments. This paper explores the evolving role of artificial intelligence (AI) and digital tools in fostering creativity and critical thinking skills within educational settings. This study examines how AI tools, such as intelligent tutoring systems, content generation platforms, and data analytics, can facilitate personalized learning experiences that encourage divergent thinking and problem-solving. Furthermore, it investigates the impact of digital tools, including interactive simulations, collaborative platforms, and multimedia resources, on promoting critical analysis and evaluation.Ultimately, this research paper contributes to understanding how educators can leverage these technologies to cultivate a generation of learners equipped with the essential skills for navigating a rapidly changing world.

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AI in education, digital tools, creativity, critical thinking.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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creativity, critical thinking, 21 st century learning, curriculum

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Alstoniascholaris, a medicinal plant native to India and South Asia, has been widely recognized for its therapeutic applications. It exhibits a range of pharmacological properties, including anticancer, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antifertility, anti- inflammatory, antioxidant, and hepatoprotective activities. The plant is also a rich source of bioactive compounds such as alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and phenols, which contribute to its medicinal potential. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the phytochemistry, ethnobotanical significance, and pharmacological applications of A. scholaris, offering insights into its potential for further pharmacological research and therapeutic advancements.

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Alstoniascholaris, Phytochemicals, Medicinal properties.

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