Volume 14 | Issue 5

 Abstract

Education is not only the main pillar of nation-building, but through education, a nation moves towards progress. By the united force of men and women, especially women, a country leads its way to the path of success. Women's empowerment is a necessity for this success. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru once said: "If you educate a man you educate an individual, however, if you educate a woman you educate a whole family. Women empowered means mother India empowered". Education has been identified as a crucial factor in women's empowerment, enabling them to participate fully in social, economic, and political spheres. Education helps women become aware of their rights, dignity, and opportunities. However, women still face significant barriers to accessing education, particularly in developing countries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the literature on women's access to education and importance of education in women empowerment. It examines the various factors that affect women's access to education, including cultural norms, poverty, discrimination, and lack of resources. The paper also highlights the challenges that remain in ensuring women's access to education, status of women education, need for women empowerment and the policies, provisions and programs that can help overcome these challenges.

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 Keywords

Women, Empowerment, Education, Gender Equality, Socio-Economic.

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This project presents a wearable IoT-based health monitoring system capable of measuring physiological parameters including heart rate, SpO?, body temperature, skeletal muscle activity, and ECG signals. The system uses ESP32 as the core controller, integrating MAX30102, MLX90614, MyoWare EMG, and AD8232 sensors. Data is transmitted to the Arduino IoT Cloud, where real-time dashboards display the readings and generate alerts when threshold values exceed normal ranges. An SOS push button enables emergency notifications. The system is compact, battery-powered, and suitable for remote monitoring applications.

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SpO?, ECG, EMG

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The purpose of the study is to determine the anthropometric traits, body composition, and physical fitness measurements of cricket players at the state and national levels. The tabulated "t" value is 1.686, and the significance level was set at 0.05. Standing height (2.03>1.66), weight (2.04>1.66), leg length (2.08>1.66), arm length (2.06>166), calf girths (2.024>1.66), upper arm girths (2.045>1.66), and thigh girths (2.08>1.66) are all significantly different. A study including 40 participants--20 state-level and 20 national-level cricket players--found that all 7 variables differed significantly. State-level cricket players lack the physical conditioning and anthropometric traits of national-level players. Therefore, anthropometric traits also improve cricket performance.

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Anthropometrics characteristics, cricketer players

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Plant - based ingredient and their effectiveness: core components and industry important people want things that are natural. this is a shift in what people want and how businesses make things choosing the right ingredients in very important when making sprays to keep mosquitoes away. Essential oils from plants like citronella, eucalyptus, and pyrethrum are good at keeping mosquitoes away. Mosquitoes get confused by these oils. They can't find anyone. Ethanol is used a lot to make sprays, which is why they are good at keeping mosquitoes away. It goes well with oils. It makes the spray works better and last longer. Ethanol is good because it goes away quickly. This leaves a layer of the active ingredients on the skin. The rise of organic room fresheners more and more people are using air fresheners. They like the parts. They want to clean and freshen the air. Growth in the market The market for things that make rooms smell good is growing quickly. It will grow by 15% between 2026 and 2033 people want things that are good for them and the planet. Why people like organic people pick things because they are safer. They are better for the earth. They like that can clean and freshen their air.

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mosquito, organic, and mosquito repellent

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A Comparative Study of the Achievement in Mathematics of Class 6 Students Using Pen-Paper and Abacus

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A Comparative Study of the Achievement in Mathematics of Class 6 Students Using Pen-Paper and Abacus

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This study examines the socio-demographic profile and the role of education in enhancing social empowerment among persons with disabilities. It analyzes variables such as type of disability, gender, age, and educational status. The findings indicate that higher education levels are associated with improved social acceptance, participation, and reduced discrimination. However, education has limited influence on deeper aspects such as belongingness and perceived equality. The study highlights the importance of inclusive policies and education in promoting social empowerment.

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Socio Demographic profile

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Arundhati Roy's political nonfiction--spanning Walking with the Comrades (2011), Broken Republic (2011), Capitalism: A Ghost Story (2014), and Azadi (2020)--constitutes one of the most contested and intellectually serious bodies of political writing produced in postcolonial South Asia. This paper argues that Roy practises literary witnessing: an ethically committed form of reportage that amplifies subaltern voices without absorbing them into an authorial monologue. Reading her essays against postcolonial theory (Fanon, Spivak), critical sociology (Gramsci, Agamben), subaltern historiography (Guha), and allied scholarship (Scott, Baviskar, Nilsen, Nussbaum), the analysis examines how Roy exposes development as internal colonialism, how Operation Green Hunt and Salwa Judum constitute a state of exception, and how mainstream media manufactures consent for militarised governance. The paper attends equally to the gendered dimensions of the conflict and to the ethical tensions latent in Roy's own position as a writer-witness, arguing throughout that her hybrid genre--between reportage, memoir, and political essay--is not incidental to her argument but constitutive of it.

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Arundhati Roy; internal colonialism; Maoist insurgency; literary witnessing; state of exception; Adivasi; counter-hegemony; postcolonial nonfiction

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This research article examines the intersection of race, gender, and class in selected novels of Zadie Smith and Jesmyn Ward, focusing on how these intertwined identities shape individual and collective experiences in multicultural and socio-politically complex contexts. Drawing on theories of intersectionality, Black feminism, and postcolonialism, the study analyses White Teeth and On Beauty by Zadie Smith alongside Sing, Unburied, Sing by Jesmyn Ward. These texts reveal how marginalized identities are not experienced in isolation but are deeply interconnected, producing layered forms of oppression and resistance.The article argues that Smith and Ward portray characters who navigate hybrid identities within societies structured by racial hierarchies, economic inequalities, and gendered expectations. In White Teeth, Smith explores the cultural anxieties and generational conflicts of immigrant communities in Britain, while On Beauty highlights class divisions and racial tensions within academic and domestic spaces. Similarly, Ward's Sing, Unburied, Sing foregrounds the lived realities of African American communities in the American South, where systemic racism, poverty, and familial trauma intersect. Through a comparative analysis, the study demonstrates how both authors challenge dominant narratives by giving voice to marginalized subjects and exposing the structural forces that shape their lives. The findings suggest that intersectionality is crucial to understanding the complexity of identity formation in contemporary literature. Ultimately, this research contributes to ongoing discussions in multicultural and postcolonial studies by emphasizing the need to read race, gender, and class as mutually constitutive rather than separate categories.

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Intersectionality,Trauma,Systemic racism, Oppression

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Face milling, EN31 steel, coated carbide inserts, cutting force, surface roughness, dynamic signal analysis, frequency-domain analysis, factorial design of experiments.

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During the world war what are the struggle they face

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Peace, Paradox,War, Silence, Survival

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Financial inclusion remains a critical challenge in rural and economically backward regions, where access to formal financial services is often limited. In this context, digital payment systems have emerged as a transformative tool to bridge the gap between the unbanked population and the formal financial sector. The present study examines the awareness, adoption, and usage of digital payment systems and analyses their role in promoting financial inclusion in the backward areas of Wayanad district, Kerala. The study is based on primary data collected from 100 respondents across selected regions of Vythiri, Mananthavady, and Sulthan Bathery taluks using a structured questionnaire. The findings reveal that awareness of digital payment systems among respondents is universal, while adoption is also significantly high. The chi-square analysis confirms a statistically significant difference in awareness and usage patterns. Among various methods, UPI emerges as the most widely known and used digital payment system. Mean score analysis indicates that respondents perceive digital payments as convenient, accessible, and effective in reducing the need for physical bank visits and improving access to financial services. However, while the perception towards financial inclusion is positive, it is relatively lower compared to other aspects, suggesting the presence of certain barriers such as digital literacy, trust issues, and infrastructural limitations. The study concludes that digital payment systems play a significant role in enhancing financial inclusion in backward areas, but targeted efforts are required to address existing challenges and ensure inclusive growth.

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Digital payment, financial inclusion, backward area, UPI, banking access

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Pattachitra is one of the most popular traditional paintings of India and is mainly practiced in the states of Odisha and West Bengal. The name "Pattachitra" comes from the words "patta" (cloth) and "chitra" (picture), in Sanskrit, referring to the origin of the work as a kind of cloth-based scroll painting. The present research is aimed to understand the historical evolution, aesthetic richness and cultural significance of Pattachitra art and to explore its relevance and application in contemporary fashion design. This study is a post-colonial study of Pattachitra art in Bengal and how it evolved from a religious storytelling medium to a vibrant visual medium that recognizes the contemporary socio-political issues. The research was conducted using a theme-based visual content analysis approach. The study has discussed six Pattachitra paintings ranging from traditional mythological narrative to modern socio-political representations. The artworks were selected through purposive sampling. Pattachitra is famous for its detailed work, bold outlines and bright use of natural colors. It is based on mythological and religious stories. Traditionally, artists have illustrated stories from epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata, and themes related to Lord Jagannath and the Vaishnavite tradition. Making Pattachitra is a very detailed process,The word Pattachitra is made up of two Sanskrit words patta meaning cloth and chitra meaning picture, meaning that originally it was a form of painting on cloth which was rolled up in scrolls. The study aims at understanding the historical development, aesthetic richness and cultural significance of Pattachitra art, exploring its relevance and application in the field of contemporary fashion designing. The research identified three main aspects that emerged from the themes on the colonial period, the post-colonial period, the debate on hybridity, changing techniques and the mixing of Pattachitra with Western art. These include gender representation, national identity and the response to global crises. Through a gender lens, artists had reimagined the female figures in bold contours, expressive colour. A theme-based visual content analysis method has been used in this study.

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Pattachitra, Style, Traditional, Indian, Fashion Design, Cultural

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Plant diseases are a major threat to agricultural productivity and food security. Early detection of plant diseases helps farmers take timely action and reduce crop loss. This paper proposes a deep learning-based approach using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) to detect and classify plant diseases from leaf images. The model is trained on a plant leaf dataset and achieves high accuracy. The proposed system provides a fast, cost-effective, and automated solution for disease detection in agriculture.

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Plant Disease Detection, CNN, Deep Learning, Image Processing, Smart Agriculture

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The mode of payment shift from cash to click has led to remarkable success in the Indian economy. There are numerous factors that have been attributed to the success of adopting online payment transactions. In our nation, there are 48.4% females for every 51.6% males. The literacy rate of the country has reached 74.04 percent, where 82.14 percent of men and 65.46 percent of women can read and write. According to the internet usage statistics for January 2024, India recorded a total of 751.5 million users. The rural activities of the 700 million smart-phone users of India exceeded 425 million in January 2023. Statistically, in India, 48.4 percent of the population is female and 51.6 percent is male, although less than 32 percent of women own cell phones, whereas more than 60 percent of men own them. Unified Payment Interface (UPI) has played an important part in the tremendous growth seen in digital payments in India, with transaction numbers increasing from 2,071 crore during FY 2017-18 to over 22,831 crore during FY 2024-25. However, it is difficult to quantify women's participation in transactions through UPI because no data specific to women's usage of UPI services is available to the public. As reported by Aarti Deo, Engineering Director of Google Pay (GPay) in 2023, "Less than 30 percent of users of India's UPI were women." Recently, in 2024, "Only 25 percent of payment users in the country were women, and they comprised even fewer numbers in semi-urban and rural areas," according to Nalin Bansal, Chief of Corporate Business and Key Initiatives at NPCI. The number of UPI users in the country is less than 30 percent female. The present research analyzed the development of cashless transactions in India since their emergence, analyzing the knowledge and use of digital payment systems and the demographic analysis of people involved in the process of cashless acceptance among rural women.

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Cashless transaction, Rural women, Digital payment system, UPI, Digital India ,Government initiative

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Acne vulgaris is a multifactorial inflammatory skin disorder that commonly affects adolescents and young adults. The limitations and side effects of conventional therapies such as antibiotics and retinoids have encouraged the search for safer, plant-based alternatives. The present study focuses on the development and evolution of a herbal transdermal acne patch incorporating Neolamarckia cadamba leaf extract, known for its antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. The work aimed to formulate, optimize, and evaluate a hydrocolloid-based herbal patch capable of providing controlled release and localized treatment of acne lesions. Fresh leaves of N. cadamba were collected, authenticated, and subjected to hydroalcoholic extraction. Phytochemical screening confirmed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and triterpenoids. Various patch prototypes were developed using combinations of polymers such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), and sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), along with plasticizers including glycerol and propylene glycol. Formulations were optimized based on physical properties, extract compatibility, adhesion, and drug release behavior. The optimized patch demonstrated satisfactory mechanical strength, flexibility, and sustained release of active compounds for up to 24 hours. In vitro antimicrobial studies against Cutibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis revealed significant inhibition zones, confirming the antibacterial potential of the extract. Stability testing under accelerated conditions showed no significant changes in appearance or activity, indicating good formulation stability. A preliminary pilot study on human volunteers demonstrated reduced inflammatory lesion count and improved skin appearance with no major adverse effects. The study concludes that Neolamarckia cadamba-based herbal acne patches offer a promising natural, effective, and patient-friendly alternative for acne management. Future work will focus on standardization of active phytoconstituents, large-scale clinical trials, and commercialization strategies for this innovative herbal transdermal delivery system.

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Herbal acne patch,neolmarckia cadamba,anti-acne activity,herbal formulation,phytochemical screening,antimicrobial study,natural extract.

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This paper presents an intelligent attendance system using RFID and face recognition to improve security and prevent proxy attendance. The system verifies user identity through RFID authentication followed by facial recognition using OpenCV. Attendance is recorded only when both credentials match the stored database. The proposed system is cost-effective, reliable, and suitable for educational institutions and office environments.

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RFID, Face Recognition, Biometric Authentication, Access Control

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In recent years, prolonged exposure to digital devices like smartphones, laptops, and LED screens has increased the risk of blue light-induced skin damage, including oxidative stress, premature aging, pigmentation, and loss of elasticity. To address this, the study focuses on formulating and evaluating a herbal blue light protective face serum using Butterfly Pea Flower, Moringa leaf powder, Green Tea, and Rose Hip in a rose-water base with sodium hyaluronate for hydration. The serum was evaluated for appearance, colour, clarity, fragrance, pH, viscosity, spreadability, homogeneity, and stability, showing good cosmetic elegance, smooth texture, and stable characteristics. It also demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, confirming its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species caused by blue light. Overall, the herbal serum shows strong potential as a safe and effective formulation for protecting skin from blue light damage in daily skincare.

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Blue light; Herbal serum; Antioxidant; Oxidative stress; Photoaging; Natural skincare.

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Malala Yousafzai has been one of the most celebrated figures in the global context, known for her life, activism, and recognition, which have sparked considerable curiosity, especially among Western readers. Two of Malala's co-authored memoirs bearing the main title I am Malala, published in 2013 and 2014 respectively, both exploring her life in Pakistan through her journey of recovering from a deadly attack by the Taliban, have been read and discussed by scholars and critics as a lens to look at the socio-cultural and political realities of South Asia. Both the memoirs written in collaboration with native English-speaking authors and being published by an American publishing company, tell more than a mere life story. The idea of "Paratext", introduced by Gerard Genette, provides a framework to analyse these elements that accompany the main text as the factors which help transform a text into a book. Paratexts do not exist in isolation from the time period or culture in which the text was written, suggesting their broader influence on the development, publication, reception, and circulation of a book. This paper examines the paratextual elements alongside the main text of memoirs to understand the implications of paratext in shaping an understanding of the identity of South Asian women in a global setting, with a focus on how these memoirs negotiate the complex relationship between identity, culture and power through the two selected memoirs by Malala Yousafzai.

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Paratext, memoirs, human rights, title, authorship

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Rice is a cereal grain that is dominantly consumed by more than half of worlds population and is very significant in Indian agricultural economy. Rice is number one, most eat in food globally followed closely by other staples like wheat(in bread ) and maize(corn). Agriculture and allied sectors contribute about 16 to 18% of India's GDP, despite its lower GDP share, the sector employees over more than 40% of the total population. And hence, India is among leading producers and exporters of rice. However, the crop yield as significantly threatened by diseases such as bacterial Blight, brown spots, leaf blasts etc, which can cause potential yield and quality loss if not identified properly. Farmers majorly rely on manual field assessment, which is labour intensive ,time consuming and often could lead to Miss identification and significant economic loss. Recent advancement in fields like machine, learning, deep learning, and hyperspectral imaging has automated data driven approaches that are capable of improving detection, accuracy and efficiency. This study critically examine is more than 10 research works published between 2019 - 2025 covering traditional tools, techniques, frameworks, and algorithms for object detection and imaging techniques. And after a thorough systematic research and evaluation, a detection system was developed to identify rise, disease and help reduce yield loss. After comparatively evaluating the researches, it has indicated that deep learning models consistently demonstrate a superior performance frequently achieving a higher accuracy level more than 95% while hyperspectral and UAV base system offer potential for early stage disease identification despite practical cost constraints. This review identifies existing research gaps and focuses on need for scalable, lightweight and farmer friendly disease detection system to support sustainable farming in India and contribute to global agricultural application.

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Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Rice Disease Detection, YOLO, Hyperspectral Imaging, UAV, Smart Agriculture, Automation.

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Globally, more than 135 million people die annually as a result of road traffic accidents. Of those fatalities, India experiences more than 155,000 each year.These staggering statistics indicate that the current strategies in place to increase road safety are less in preventing road collisions. The system has been created with one purpose in mind -- to prevent road collisions/accidents before they happen rather than after they occur. This project has brought together experts in two different areas of science: computer science (specifically through machine learning and still-image preprocessing) and electronics & communications engineering (specifically through sensor design, wireless communication, and signal processing). We are engaging in a collaborative effort among these two groups of experts within an entirely new paradigm called transdisciplinary research. The proposed system consists of five layers in its design. At the bottom layer are three sensors, an ultrasonic proximity detection array and a LiDAR, which facilitate non-contact detection of a vehicle's approximate location. The next layer above the sensors is an AI-powered collision prediction engine that can predict possible collisions with vehicles or objects up to several seconds before they would otherwise occur. A vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications module allows for real-time sharing of hazard information between two vehicles; and an automated emergency response interface completes the loop by acting on the information provided by the V2V communications system without waiting for human input. To substantiate the design with empirical evidence, we conducted four case studies of deployed smart safety systems: the Euro NCAP AEB program in Europe, the ITS Connect V2V system in Japan, the IHMCL smart highway pilot in India, and Tesla Autopilot's collision avoidance functions. The collective lessons learned from these four studies were used to inform the technical architecture and policy recommendations of the proposed system. The key outputs of this project include a conceptual system prototype, a multi-dimensional feasibility analysis, and a specific set of recommendations regarding India's road infrastructure and automotive laws/regulations necessary for the successful implementation of smart vehicle safety technologies.

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 Keywords

1. Smart Collision Safety System 2. Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) 3. Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V) 4. Collision Avoidance System 5. Artificial Intelligence (AI) 6. LiDAR Technology 7. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) 8. Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) 9. Sensor Fusion 10. Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)

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