Volume 14 | Issue 5

 Abstract

Tamil is one of the oldest living languages in the world, and it has a very rich tradition of expressing love and emotion. In Tamil culture, romantic words are not only used to show affection but also to create a deep emotional bond between two people. These phrases often carry cultural meaning, poetry, and strong feelings. Because of this, Tamil romantic expressions are more powerful than simple direct words. Traditional Tamil literature, especially Sangam poetry, has always described love through nature, beauty, and emotion. Tamil lovers often compare the person they love to the moon, lightning, gold, or other beautiful things in nature. For example, words like anbe (dear love), kannamma (a loving term of affection), and thangam (gold) are often used to show closeness and warmth. These words do more than name a person. They also show care, respect, and deep emotional attachment. In modern times, Tamil romantic phrases are used both in face-to-face conversation and in digital communication

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Tamil culture, Romatic songs, Sangam literature, Words, Emotion in songs

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This systematic review examines the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) techniques in Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS). The review analyses 162 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024, focusing on supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and deep learning approaches used in Network-based IDS (NIDS), Host-based IDS (HIDS), and Hybrid IDS architectures. The findings indicate that deep learning models, especially Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM), Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), and Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), outperform traditional ML methods on benchmark datasets such as NSL-KDD, UNSW-NB15, and CICIDS2017, achieving F1-scores above 0.98. However, challenges such as class imbalance, adversarial attacks, concept drift, high false positive rates, and limited dataset generalization continue to affect practical deployment. Emerging technologies including Federated Learning, Explainable AI (XAI), and Graph Neural Networks (GNN) show promising results for future IDS development. This review provides a structured overview of AI-based IDS techniques, benchmark datasets, current challenges, and future research directions.

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Intrusion Detection System (IDS), Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Cybersecurity, Anomaly Detection, Federated Learning, Explainable AI.

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The increasing generation of agro-industrial and municipal wastes presents both an environmental challenge and an opportunity for sustainable resource utilization. These waste streams, rich in lignocellulosic and organic components, can be effectively valorized into industrial enzymes through microbial fermentation. This review critically examines recent advances in enzyme production using waste substrates, focusing on fermentation strategies such as solid-state fermentation (SSF) and submerged fermentation (SmF), microbial strain improvement, and process optimization. Key enzymes including cellulases, amylases, proteases, lipases, xylanases, and pectinases are discussed in relation to substrate utilization and industrial applications. Emerging technologies such as CRISPR-based strain engineering, omics integration, artificial intelligence-driven fermentation, and nanobiotechnology are also highlighted. Furthermore, techno-economic feasibility, life cycle assessment, and sustainability aspects are analyzed. Despite challenges such as substrate heterogeneity and scale-up limitations, waste-based enzyme production represents a promising pathway toward a circular bioeconomy.

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Waste valorization; industrial enzymes; SSF; SmF; lignocellulose; circular bioeconomy

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The increasing use of online video reviews and user generated multimedia content has significantly influenced opinion formation and decision-making in domains such as e-commerce, entertainment, and education. This trend has enhanced the importance of sentiment analysis in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Previous studies, including the Urdu Multimodal Sentiment Analysis (UMSA) framework, have shown that integrating textual, audio, and visual modalities improves emotion and sentiment recognition, especially for low-resource languages.Through the introduction of the Urdu Sentiments Dataset (USD) and the use of multimodal fusion with ensemble learning, UMSA demonstrated the effectiveness of cross-modal learning. Building on these findings, this study explores the broader applications of multimodal NLP beyond sentiment classification, such as personalized content generation, intelligent tutoring systems, and interactive digital assistants. By jointly analyzing multiple modalities, the proposed approach aims to improve user intent understanding and adaptability while addressing challenges like data imbalance, noise, and limited labeled datasets. Overall, the study highlights the potential of multimodal approaches in developing robust and user-centric intelligent systems.

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Multimodal Sentiment Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Multimodal Fusion, Emotion Recognition, LowResource Languages, Intelligent System.

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BACKGROUND: To determine Does strength correlate with rotator cuff strength in patients with atraumatic shoulder instability. Occupational therapy is designed to help promote and improve functional independence. Unsurprisingly, the results showed that a course of occupational therapy for people with orthopedic shoulder injuries may result in greater functional independence as well as grip strength. METHOD: In this study 30 patients with Atraumatic shoulder instability is taken and the patients are randomly divided in to two Group A and Group B. Group A Strengthening Exercises and Group B Pendular Exercise for 4 week. RESULT: The result of within Group analysis, showed extremely significant improvement in terms of pain, ROM and disability (P = 0.000) in the Group showed significant improvement compared to Pendular exercise. CONCLUSION: The study conclude that both Groups shows the significant improvement but Pendular exercise is more effective than Strengthening exercise.

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Quick dash quality of life, Range of motion, Hand help dynamometer hand grip strength

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In Ayurveda, Vranagranthi resembles keloid. The pathogenesis includes vitiation of Rakta, Meda, and Mamsa Dhatus, primarily due to aggravated Vata and Kapha doshas. keloids are benign dermal growths resulting from abnormal wound healing, marked by the excessive proliferation of fibroblasts and deposition of immature collagen fibers presenting with symptoms such as kandu (itching), Daha (burning sensation), pain, tenderness, and cosmetic disfigurement .The treatment of keloids is difficult and often unsatisfactory. Several treatment modalities have been tried, but most of them have rendered disappointing results, especially when recurrence is concerned. Commonly used treatments include intra lesional steroid injection, which can have local side effects like skin relaxation, skin atropy, skin erosion, skin pigmentation along with the recurrence. Purpose of the study: the key objective of the study is to effectively manage symptoms of vranagranthi and reduce kandu and daha in patient.

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Keloid, Vranagranthi , Jalaukavacharan, Raktamokshana, Ayurveda, Leech Therapy, Kandu, Daha

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The coco peat industry, an emerging sector within the coir industry, provides significant employment opportunities in rural areas, particularly for women. This study examines women's participation and empowerment in coco peat production, with a focus on their roles in husk collection, cleaning, sorting, and packing. While women form a substantial share of the workforce, their contributions are often undervalued, with limited access to skill development, decision-making, and fair wages. The research explores the challenges faced by women workers, including occupational health risks, gender-based wage disparities, lack of social security benefits, and restricted career growth. At the same time, it highlights opportunities for empowerment through training programs, gender-sensitive policies, and sustainable employment practices. By addressing issues of equity and inclusion, the study emphasizes the potential of the coco peat sector to act as a platform for women's socio-economic empowerment and contribute to rural development.

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Women Employment

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The ML-Based Certificate Request and Management System is a web application developed to make the certificate request process easier and faster for students and administrators. The system allows students to submit certificate requests online by entering their details, selecting the certificate type, uploading files, and writing their request message. The application uses Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing techniques to automatically identify the priority of the request and analyse the sentiment of the message. This helps administrators understand urgent requests quickly. The system also provides an admin dashboard where administrators can view requests, update status, send replies through email, and manage student records efficiently. The project is developed using Flask, Python, SQLite, HTML, CSS, and Machine Learning libraries. It also includes features like secure login, file upload, request tracking, email notifications, and data export. This system reduces manual work, saves time, improves communication, and provides an easy and organized way to manage certificate requests in educational institutions.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Certificate Management System, Flask, SQLite, Sentiment Analysis, Web Application, Request Management, Email Notification, Automation.

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The Digital India effort, inaugurated in 2015, seeks to convert India into a digitally empowered society by improving infrastructure, governance and public participation. Gujarat, as one of India's most economically developed states, provides a substantial framework to evaluate the social ramifications of digital change. By examining Indian digitalization, we seek to critically analyse (a) the methods by which socially engaged, early stage, high-technology firms integrate social and economic objectives to expand their ventures; and (b) the strategies employed by socially engaged firms to cultivate entrepreneurial opportunities and the facilitation of stakeholder institutions to enhance the value creation process. This research study analyses the social ramification of Digital India in Gujarat, concentrating on digital inclusion, financial inclusion-governance, skill development and entrepreneurship. The research utilizes qualitative analysis of secondary data from governmental publications, scholarly literature and case studies demonstrating that digital initiatives have significantly improved service accessibility, governance transparency and economic inclusion. Digital India possesses significant potential for social benefit, its efficacy relies on inclusive implementation, legislative backing and ongoing investment in digital infrastructure and skills. We discovered that the entrepreneurs, social motivation and goals are equally powerful motivators and are the main reasons for the scaling up processes. The motivation is bolstered by the proactive involvement of government efforts, which also include other essential stakeholders in the growth process. Digital technology and a strong desire to succeed among entrepreneurs often work together to create market opportunities and draw the attention of national-international foundations.

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Digital India, Gujarat, Social Impact, Digital Inclusion, e-Governance, Skill Development, Start ups

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Sedentary lifestyle has emerged as a major public health concern globally, contributing to musculoskeletal dysfunction, decreased flexibility, impaired functional performance, and reduced quality of life (QOL). Non-pharmacological interventions such as yoga and conventional exercise have gained increasing attention for improving physical and psychological well-being. The present narrative review aims to evaluate the influence of yoga and exercise on muscle flexibility, QOL, and functional outcomes in sedentary adults. Literature was searched through PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and related databases for studies published between 2010 and 2025. Evidence suggests that both yoga and exercise significantly improve flexibility, muscular function, balance, mobility, and health-related QOL. Yoga demonstrates additional benefits through mindfulness, breathing regulation, stress reduction, and holistic wellness. Conventional exercise is particularly effective in improving strength, endurance, and cardiovascular fitness. Recent Scopus-indexed studies indicate that integrated yoga-based interventions may provide superior outcomes in physical and mental health compared to isolated exercise programs. Despite promising evidence, methodological heterogeneity, small sample sizes, and variability in intervention protocols remain major limitations across studies. Future large-scale randomized controlled trials with standardized outcome measures are recommended. Integration of yoga into physiotherapy and rehabilitation programs may offer a comprehensive strategy for improving health outcomes in sedentary Adults.

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Yoga, Exercise, Flexibility, Quality of Life, Functional Outcome, Sedentary Lifestyle, Physiotherapy

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This research presents a machine learning-based product recommendation system designed for e-commerce platforms using collaborative filtering techniques. The system analyzes user interaction data including browsing history, ratings, and purchase behavior to generate personalized product recommendations. The proposed model improves recommendation accuracy, customer engagement, and product discovery efficiency compared to traditional recommendation methods. Experimental analysis demonstrates enhanced user satisfaction and faster response time using machine learning algorithms such as cosine similarity. The study highlights the importance of intelligent recommendation systems in modern digital commerce environments.

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Machine Learning, Recommendation System, E-Commerce, Collaborative Filtering, Artificial Intelligence, Product Recommendation, Cosine Similarity

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Social media has become an important part of everyday life, allowing people to communicate, share information, and connect globally. Along with its advantages, it has also created new opportunities for cybercriminals to exploit users through various online threats. Social media platforms are increasingly being used for cyberattacks, making cybersecurity a major concern for individuals, organizations, and governments.This paper focuses on different cybersecurity threats found on social media platforms, including phishing attacks, identity theft, malware attacks, social engineering, and data privacy issues. The research is based on the review of existing literature related to cybersecurity risks and social media security. Platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram are considered highly vulnerable because they store large amounts of personal information and involve continuous user interaction. These platforms are widely used for communication and information sharing, but they can also be misused for spreading misinformation, conducting cyberattacks, and stealing sensitive data.The paper highlights important cybersecurity concerns associated with social media and discusses practical preventive measures that can help users protect their personal information and maintain online safety.

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Cybersecurity risk, Cyber threats, mitigation techniques, Identity Theft, Risks Prevention in Social Media sites, Social Engineering

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Green finance has emerged as a critical component in promoting sustainable development, particularly within the Indian banking sector, where financial institutions play a vital role in resource allocation and economic growth. This study examines the impact of green finance on sustainable development by analyzing how banks in India integrate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles into their financial practices and decision-making processes. Green finance includes instruments such as green bonds, green loans, carbon financing, and ESG-based investment strategies, which aim to support environmentally sustainable projects like renewable energy, energy efficiency, and pollution control. The research highlights that the adoption of green finance practices by Indian banks contributes significantly to environmental sustainability by reducing carbon emissions, promoting clean energy, and encouraging eco-friendly industrial development. Economically, green finance enhances long-term financial stability, supports innovation, and creates new opportunities for sustainable growth. Socially, it contributes to employment generation, improved public health, and inclusive development. The study also explores the role of regulatory bodies such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) and the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) in promoting green banking initiatives and establishing frameworks for sustainable finance. Furthermore, it examines the growing role of financial technology (FinTech) in improving transparency, efficiency, and accessibility of green financial services. Despite its positive impact, the study identifies several challenges, including lack of standardized regulations, high initial investment costs, limited awareness, and technological constraints. However, with increasing government support, global collaboration, and advancements in digital banking, green finance is expected to expand significantly in the future.

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Green Finance, Sustainable Development, Indian Banking Sector, ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance), Green Banking, Green Bonds, Green Loans, Carbon Financing, Renewable Energy, Energy Efficiency, Pollution Control, Sustainable Finance, Financial Technology (FinTech), Reserve Bank of India (RBI), Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI), Environmental Sustainability, Clean Energy, Inclusive Development, Sustainable Growth, Eco-friendly Development.

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Objective: To evaluate the diagnostic significance of bone marrow aspiration and biopsy and assess their combined utility in 35 patients presenting with diverse hematological abnormalities. Materials and Methods: Thirty-five patients underwent simultaneous BMA and BMB. Indications, cytological findings, and biopsy results were analyzed and correlated to determine concordance, diagnostic yield, and the added value of combined procedures. Results: The study population included 20 males (57.1%) and 15 females (42.9%), with age ranging from 0-20 years (17.1%) to >60 years (20%). Common indications were pancytopenia (34.3%), anemia evaluation (22.9%), suspected leukemia (20%), thrombocytopenia (14.3%), and marrow infiltration (8.5%). BMA diagnosed acute leukemia in 17.1%, myelodysplastic syndrome in 11.4%, megaloblastic anemia in 28.6%, aplastic anemia in 5.7%, reactive marrow in 20%, and was inconclusive in 17.1%. BMB detected acute leukemia in 20%, myelofibrosis in 11.4%, aplastic anemia in 8.6%, metastatic infiltration in 8.6%, megaloblastic anemia in 22.9%, reactive marrow in 17.1%, and was inadequate in 11.4%. Concordance between BMA and BMB was observed in 62.9% of cases, with biopsy providing diagnosis when aspiration was inconclusive in 17.1% of patients. Conclusion: Bone marrow aspiration and biopsy are diagnostic procedures. Aspiration provides detailed cytological evaluation, particularly useful in leukemias, whereas biopsy offers critical architectural information and is essential for few cases. Combined use of both techniques ensures a comprehensive assessment of hematological disorders, improving diagnostic accuracy and patient management.

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bone marrow, aspiration

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This research paper examines the role of coping practices and support systems in strengthening administrative decision-making effectiveness among first-generation entrepreneurs. First-generation entrepreneurs usually start and manage their ventures without inherited business experience, established family business networks, or prior exposure to formal administrative procedures. As a result, they often face difficulties in handling regulatory compliance, financial administration, documentation, operational decisions, institutional communication, and other routine administrative responsibilities. In this context, the study focuses on how coping practices such as use of administrative software, delegation of tasks, structured planning, consultation with experts or mentors, and fixed work scheduling help entrepreneurs manage administrative pressure more effectively. The study also examines the contribution of support systems such as government schemes, peer networks, mentoring, family support, digital platforms, professional advisors, entrepreneur associations, training programmes, and access to government offices in improving the quality of administrative decision-making. The findings indicate that coping practices are meaningfully associated with better administrative decision-making effectiveness, while support systems act as important predictors of confidence, timeliness, and quality in administrative decisions. The paper contributes to entrepreneurship research by shifting attention from merely identifying administrative challenges to understanding how first-generation entrepreneurs manage such challenges through practical coping mechanisms and external support structures. The study highlights that administrative effectiveness among first-generation entrepreneurs depends not only on individual capability but also on disciplined work practices and an enabling entrepreneurial support ecosystem.

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First-generation Entrepreneurs, Coping Practices, Support Systems, Administrative Decision-Making, Entrepreneurship Development

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Abstract: BACKGROUND: Radiculopathy or nerve root pain arise from disc herniation, spinal stenosis. This study focuses on disability, pain and range of motion of spine The study evaluates "The effectiveness of McKenzie technique versus neural mobilisatiom on reducing symptoms and disability of cervical radiculopathy. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to compare and evaluate the effectiveness of McKenzie exercise versus neural mobilisation for the patients with cervical radiculopathy. METHODOLOGY: This study included 30patients, they were divided into Group A and Group B. Group A given McKenzie technique and Group B given neural mobilization. Pain was assessed using Visual analogue scale (VAS), and Range of motion by goniometer. RESULT: The results between pre-treatment and post-treatment scores of pain are considered. The mean and standard deviation are taken for both the Group A and Group B. The Group B showed better improvement in mean &standard deviation using Visual Analogue Scale, Oswestry disability index scores and Range of motion value than the Group A. CONCLUSION: Both groups showed better improvement in reducing pain and functional disability. This study proved that Group B showed better improvement in reducing pain and reducing functional disability when compared to Group A

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KEYWORDS: Radiculopathy, McKenzie technique, Neural mobilisation, Visual analogue scale

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Abstract India and Nepal share one of the most unique bilateral relationships in South Asia, characterized by deep historical, cultural, religious, economic, and strategic connections. Since the establishment of modern diplomatic relations, both countries have maintained close interaction through the open border system, people-to-people contact, trade cooperation, and security coordination. However, the nature of India-Nepal relations has undergone significant transformation from 1980 to 2026 due to changing domestic politics, regional geopolitical shifts, globalization, and the increasing influence of external powers, particularly China, in South Asia. The contemporary geopolitical environment has created both opportunities and challenges for the bilateral partnership, making the study of India-Nepal relations highly relevant in present times. The present research paper examines the evolution of India-Nepal relations from 1980 to 2026 with special emphasis on political, economic, strategic, and regional dimensions. The study analyzes major developments such as Nepal's democratic transition, constitutional changes, border disputes, trade and transit relations, hydropower cooperation, and regional connectivity initiatives. It also evaluates the strategic implications of China's growing economic and infrastructural engagement in Nepal under initiatives such as the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), which has significantly influenced the regional balance of power and India's foreign policy approach toward Nepal. The research further highlights important bilateral issues including the Kalapani and Lipulekh border disputes, economic blockades, cross-border migration, water resource management, and security cooperation. The study explores how political instability and changing governments in Nepal have affected diplomatic trust and bilateral coordination with India. Simultaneously, the paper discusses the role of regional organizations such as SAARC and BIMSTEC in strengthening regional integration and promoting cooperation between the two neighboring countries. The study is analytical and descriptive in nature and is based mainly on secondary data collected from books, research journals, government reports, policy documents, newspapers, and official publications of India and Nepal. Historical and comparative methods have been used to understand the changing dynamics of bilateral relations over time. The findings of the study reveal that despite periodic tensions and geopolitical challenges, India and Nepal continue to share strong civilizational ties and mutual strategic interests. Economic connectivity, infrastructural development, energy cooperation, and cultural diplomacy remain key pillars of bilateral engagement. However, unresolved border disputes, political mistrust, and external geopolitical competition continue to create challenges in maintaining stable relations. The study concludes that sustainable diplomatic dialogue, mutual respect for sovereignty, balanced regional cooperation, and enhanced economic partnership are essential for strengthening India-Nepal relations in the changing geopolitical landscape of South Asia.

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India-Nepal Relations, South Asian Geopolitics, Bilateral Relations, Regional Cooperation, Border Diplomacy, Strategic Partnership, Connectivity, China Factor, SAARC, BIMSTEC, Trade and Transit, Hydropower Cooperation, Security Cooperation, Foreign Policy, Geopolitical Challenges, South Asia, Economic Diplomacy, Open Border System, Cultural Relations, Regional Stability

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In today's rapidly evolving digital landscape, the frequency and sophistication of cyber-attacks have grown significantly, posing serious threats to individuals, organizations, and critical infrastructures.

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Cyber security, Cyber attacks ,Threat Detection , Threat Prevention , Information Security

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Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) remains one of the foremost public health challenges globally, affecting approximately 296 million individuals and contributing to over 820,000 deaths annually from cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While nucleos(t)ide analogues and pegylated interferon constitute the current standard of care, their limitations including the inability to eradicate covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), lifelong dependency, drug resistance emergence, and high treatment costs necessitate the exploration of complementary therapeutic agents. Shyonaka (Oroxylum indicum Vent., Bignoniaceae), a revered plant in Ayurvedic medicine and a constituent of the classical Dashamula formulation, offers a scientifically compelling phytochemical profile for addressing the multidimensional pathophysiology of CHB. This review systematically evaluates the botanical identity, Ayurvedic classical categorization, phytochemistry, and pharmacological evidence pertaining to its key bioactive constituents including baicalein, baicalin, chrysin, oroxylin A, ellagic acid, and scutellarein. Evidence demonstrates that baicalein inhibits HBV through the CCDC88A-AKT-mTOR signaling pathway and autophagy induction; baicalin suppresses viral transcription via the HNF4-alpha/HNF1-alpha axis; and chrysin reduces HBsAg secretion by up to 45% and HBeAg by up to 58% in vitro via HMGB1 targeting, with binding affinity superior to lamivudine. The plant additionally exhibits hepatoprotective, antifibrotic, immunomodulatory, and NF-kB suppressive activities relevant to CHB pathology. An integrative framework aligning Ayurvedic concepts of Yakrit Vikara and Kamala with modern hepatological paradigms is presented. Safety profile, bioavailability considerations, and the current research gap are critically discussed. This review establishes Oroxylum indicum as a rational candidate for adjunctive or integrated therapeutic development in CHB management, warranting rigorous clinical evaluation.

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Shyonaka, Oroxylum indicum, Chronic Hepatitis B, Baicalein, Chrysin, Oroxylin A, HBV, Dashamula, Hepatoprotective, Ayurveda, cccDNA, NF-kB, Integrative medicine, Antiviral flavonoids, Kamala

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Agriculture is one of the most important sectors for economic growth and food security. However, farmers face many challenges such as unpredictable weather conditions, water scarcity, soil nutrient imbalance, pest attacks, crop diseases, and inefficient use of resources. Traditional farming methods often depend on manual observation and past experience, which may not always provide accurate or timely decisions. As a result, crop productivity can decrease and operational costs may increase. To overcome these issues, this paper presents an AI Based Agriculture Monitoring System that combines Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), environmental sensors, cloud computing, and machine learning techniques for smart farming applications. The proposed system continuously monitors important agricultural parameters such as soil moisture, temperature, humidity, soil pH, and crop leaf condition. Sensors collect real-time data, which is processed using a microcontroller and transmitted to a cloud platform for remote access. Machine learning algorithms are used to analyze the collected data and generate intelligent recommendations. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is used for plant disease detection, while Random Forest and Regression models are used for irrigation planning and crop yield estimation. The system can automatically alert farmers regarding water requirements, disease symptoms, and abnormal environmental conditions. The proposed model aims to improve farming efficiency, reduce water wastage, minimize manual effort, and increase crop productivity. It is low-cost, scalable, and suitable for both small and medium farms. This project demonstrates how interdisciplinary technologies can contribute toward sustainable and modern agriculture.

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Collision Detection * Safety System * Sensors * IoT * Accident Prevention * Arduino / Embedded System * Vehicle Safety

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