Volume 14 | Issue 5

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Plant diseases are responsible for major agricultural losses worldwide and directly affect food security, farmer income, and crop quality. Conventional disease diagnosis methods depend largely on visual inspection and laboratory-based testing, which may be time consuming and require expert knowledge. Recent progress in Artificial Intelligence (AI), especially machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, and Internet of Things technologies, has significantly improved plant disease detection systems. AI-driven approaches provide rapid, accurate, and automated identification of diseases under laboratory and field conditions. This review summarizes recent advances in AI-based plant disease detection including machine learning algorithms, convolutional neural networks, transfer learning, hyper spectral imaging, drone-based surveillance, smart phone applications, and IoT-enabled monitoring systems. The paper also discusses major datasets, challenges in practical implementation, limitations under field conditions, and future research opportunities. AI-based plant pathology tools have strong potential to support precision agriculture, sustainable disease management, and global food security.

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Artificial Intelligence, Plant Disease Detection, Deep Learning, Machine Learning, Precision Agriculture, Computer Vision, CNN, Smart Farming

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Storyboards are important tools in filmmaking because they help directors visualize scenes before shooting begins. In Indian cinema, the use of storyboards has evolved gradually due to technological growth, industrial development, and changing filmmaking styles. Early Indian filmmakers relied more on oral narration, theatre traditions, and improvisation rather than detailed visual planning. Over time, storyboards became an important part of film production, especially in action films, animation, and visual effects-heavy cinema. This study examines the historical evolution of storyboarding in Indian cinema from the silent era to the digital age. The research is based on secondary sources such as books, journals, interviews, and film studies literature. The study identifies five major stages in storyboard evolution: the silent era, studio era, post-independence realism, commercial expansion, and contemporary digital cinema. The findings show that Indian cinema developed unique storyboard practices by combining traditional storytelling methods with modern digital technologies. Today, digital pre visualization, animations and AI-assisted tools have transformed storyboard production and filmmaking workflows in India

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Storyboard, Indian Cinema, Bollywood, Pre visualization, Visual Storytelling, Digital Cinema

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Body scrub is a semi-solid cosmetic product that is widely employed to cleanse, exfoliate, and revitalize the skin. Exfoliation is crucial for maintaining healthy skin, as it helps remove accumulated dead cells from the stratum corneum, thereby improving texture, tone, and general appearance. In recent years, growing consumer concerns about the adverse effects of synthetic chemicals present in commercial formulations have driven a significant increase in demand for natural and herbal cosmetics. In the present study, natural ingredients including sugar, aloe vera gel, coconut oil, body wash, freeze-dried strawberry powder, rose essential oil, vitamin E, and distilled water were selected for the formulation and evaluation of a herbal body scrub. Each component was chosen based on its functional properties: sugar serves as a natural exfoliant with humectant activity; aloe vera gel provides soothing, calming, and moisturizing benefits; coconut oil acts as an emollient with antibacterial properties; body wash constitutes the mild cleansing base; freeze-dried strawberry powder contributes antioxidant properties and gentle exfoliation; rose essential oil enhances aroma and provides antimicrobial effects; and vitamin E functions as a natural antioxidant preservative. Four batches (B1-B4) were prepared, with Batch 4 representing the optimized standard formulation. The prepared scrub was systematically evaluated for physicochemical parameters including pH, spreadability, texture, homogeneity, washability, viscosity, stability, irritation, particle size, and extrudability. Test results demonstrated that Batch 4 (standard) exhibited optimal characteristics across all evaluation criteria, including a skin-compatible pH of 5.5, smooth uniform texture, excellent spreadability, and full stability under all tested storage conditions. The study thereby confirms that the herbal body scrub is a safe, efficacious, and cost-effective alternative to synthetic cosmetic formulations.

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 Keywords

Herbal Body Scrub o Natural Exfoliation o Aloe Vera o Coconut Oil o Strawberry Powder o Physicochemical Evaluation o Cosmetic Formulation o Green Pharmacy

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Life itself is a deception--a self-delusion. Life is a strange world. Within ordinary events, there lies an inherent perspective. What appears worthless from a common viewpoint is the artistic essence of his stories. Like the works of Kafka, Camus, and Sartre, his stories create a vast world of loneliness.

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Mirage/Illusory, Fire, Restlessness, Glimmering/Firefly, Betel-chewer.

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Email: prof.sbose595@gmail.com Abstract The IT sector today has problems of work-life balance as workload and other pressures are on the rise. This paper focuses on the issues of work-life balance of the IT professionals, deadlines and crunch culture. The objective of the study should be to find the effect of workload and deadlines on employees' health, to find the effect of stress and burnout and to find the effect variables of job satisfaction and turnover intentions. The rationale for mixed method research was because it was quantitative (based on the survey questions of 200-250 IT professionals in Indian metros of Bengaluru, Hyderabad and Pune) and qualitative (interviews). The relationships determined were through the statistical methods of descriptive and regression analysis. The results show that work load, deadlines and the crunch culture impact the work life imbalance and lead to stress and burnout. Also, work life imbalance and reduction in job satisfaction and turnover intention is seen. The research paper concludes that to enhance health and reduce turnover of IT professionals, companies need to adopt flexible work practices, time and stress management and support programs by investing in their human resource.

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Keywords: Work-Life Balance, IT Sector, Project Deadlines, Crunch Culture, Job Stress and Employee Well-being.

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Abstract: Social Realism and Empiricism When reality merged with an empirical perspective, it took the form of social realism. Within literary description, empiricism firmly established its position. It was a new version of realism. The core principles of empiricism are accuracy, adequacy, and truth. In order to lead society onto the right path, it is essential for literature to possess, portray and foster all these qualities.

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Mental arithmetic / Mind-map. A traditional arithmetic / Mind-map. A traditional decorative pillar or stack (often used in rituals or rural architecture). Greenery / Verdancy. Butea monosperma. Pandemic / Epidemic.

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Federated Learning allows collaborative model training without sharing raw data, making it ideal for privacy-sensitive Internet of Things (IoT) settings. However, deploying it in real-world scenarios is tough due to differences between devices, limited energy resources, and risks like model poisoning. These challenges create a difficult balance between efficiency, reliability, and model performance. This paper presents a unified orchestration framework for federated learning in a serverless edge-to-cloud environment. The framework includes two main parts. First is an energy-aware client selection mechanism called Adaptive Client Triage (ACT). It assesses devices based on energy levels, computing power, and data relevance to improve training efficiency and speed. Second is a Hybrid Security Aggregation (HSA) protocol. This combines lightweight statistical filtering at the edge with additive homomorphic encryption for safe aggregation in the cloud. This approach boosts protection against harmful updates while keeping overhead low. The system is built using a serverless architecture that spreads computation across edge and cloud resources to enhance speed and reduce costs. Experiments on the FEMNIST dataset show that the framework significantly cuts overall energy use and maintains strong model accuracy, even when facing adversarial attacks. It outperforms traditional federated learning methods.

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Federated learning, edge computing, serverless architecture, client selection, homomorphic encryption, IoT systems

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Haemophilia is an X-linked recessive genetic disorder that significantly impacts the sufferer physically, physiologically, emotionally, socially, mentally, financially and psychologically. This blood borne disease becomes more challenging specifically for learners in higher education and with this condition. The learners have to go through numerous academic hurdles raised by frequent bleeding episodes and associated gaps in their academic journey. Moreover, at such a crucial stage , concern for future aspirations, personal goals, physical constraints , financial loads, and social exclusion lead to psychological distress and emotional breakdowns. In coping up with these situations, the support systems of the haemophilic learners which includes their parents, teachers, siblings, peers etc play significant roles, not only by providing care and compassion but as social and financial support to the haemophilic learners. The present study explores the role of parents as a primary support system for haemophilic learners. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through semi-structured interviews from parents of haemophilic learners. An inducto-deductive thematic analysis was employed to identify both pre-constructed and emergent themes. The findings revealed that parents play multifaceted roles including those of caregivers, supporters in emotional breakdowns, educational facilitators, and social advocates. Despite challenges such as financial burden and debts, lack of awareness, social stigma for the disease, psychological stress, parents actively devote themselves to ensuring continuity in education and overall well-being of their children. The study highlights the need for institutional and government support along with awareness programs to enhance parental capacity and inclusive education practices.

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Haemophilia, parental support, caregivers, educational facilitators, parental awareness

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This research investigates the transition from traditional, school-based physical education (PE) to the modern "gym culture" popular among college students today. Historically, PE focused on collective values like teamwork, discipline, and general health. However, modern students now show a strong preference for commercial fitness centers, bodybuilding, and social-media-influenced workouts. This shift reflects deeper changes in youth identity and the influence of digital culture. Drawing on sociological theories from thinkers like Bourdieu, Foucault, and Goffman, the study argues that the gym has become a vital social space for "building a brand" and performing social status, rather than just a place for exercise. The paper explores how factors like gender, urbanization, and social media shape these preferences. While the rise of gym culture has increased overall health awareness, it has also introduced negative pressures, including body image anxiety, commercialization, and social exclusion. The study concludes that educational institutions should blend the structured benefits of traditional PE with modern fitness trends to create a more inclusive and healthy environment for students.

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Gym, Sports, Physical Education

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The emergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has catalyzed a paradigm shift across various sectors, most notably within the realms of education, healthcare, and the specialized domain of sports sciences. By leveraging sophisticated computational power, AI facilitates a move away from "one-size-fits-all" approaches toward highly individualized learning environments. These systems offer intelligent tutoring, instantaneous performance feedback, and forward-looking predictive analytics that empower both educators and practitioners to make data-driven decisions with unprecedented precision. In the context of health knowledge acquisition, AI serves as a critical bridge between complex medical data and the end-user. Through the deployment of sophisticated chatbots, AI-driven virtual assistants, and advanced diagnostic software, students and healthcare professionals can access and synthesize accurate medical information more efficiently than ever before. These adaptive learning systems ensure that health literacy is not just disseminated but is tailored to the specific cognitive needs and existing knowledge gaps of the individual. Furthermore, within the sphere of sports education, AI is revolutionizing traditional coaching methodologies. By integrating computer vision and machine learning, AI enables meticulous skill analysis, real-time biomechanical monitoring, and the development of proactive injury-prevention protocols. These technologies allow for a granular level of athlete training that was previously unattainable, ensuring that performance optimization is balanced with the physical well-being of the student-athlete. Health, Artificial Intelligence, Sports

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Health, Artificial Intelligence, Sports

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Quinoline-thiosemicarbazones(QTSCs),Chemosensors,Heavy-metal detection Fluorescence spectroscopy,Structure-activity relationships (SAR)

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The emergence of Artificial Intelligence and deep learning algorithms has revolutionized digital media in their entirety by generating incredibly real- istic images, videos, and audios that are artificial or fake. These are generated using advanced deep learning algorithms such as GANs and autoencoders. They are extremely difficult to distinguish between reality and fiction. However, they prove to be advantageous in entertainment, filmmaking, and virtual reality tech- nology applications but are equally harmful when misused, posing a great threat to people and spreading misinformation. In this paper, we discuss various Artificial Intelligence-based techniques utilized in detecting deepfakes in images and videos, as well as current developments in this domain. We offer an introductory insight into a generic deepfake detection technique and identify some crucial challenges in this domain.

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Deepfake Detection o Artificial Intelligence o GANs o Deep Learning o CNN

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Tax computation and filing are among the most critical yet cumbersome financial responsibilities for individuals and small businesses. The Indian tax system, governed by the Income Tax Act of 1961, encompasses a complex web of income categories, deduction provisions, exemptions, and frequently updated tax slabs that make the process highly prone to errors when performed manually. Millions of taxpayers across the country struggle annually to correctly compute their tax liability, identify eligible deductions, and complete their returns before the stipulated deadlines

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ClearTaxers-AI enables taxpayers to go from uploading their financial documents to receiving a comprehensive, filing-ready tax report in a fraction of the time it would take using manual or traditional software methods.

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The rapid digital transformation in Karnataka's modern business enterprises has significantly enhanced operational efficiency and market reach. However, this shift has also exposed organizations to escalating cyber security threats, including data breaches, ransom-ware attacks, phishing scams, and insider threats. As businesses in Karnataka increasingly adopt cloud computing, IOT, and AI-driven technologies, the complexity of cyber risks intensifies, necessitating robust security frameworks. This research paper examines the key cyber security challenges faced by enterprises in Karnataka, including inadequate security infrastructure, lack of employee awareness, regulatory compliance gaps, and emerging threats from advanced persistent threats (APTs). The study also explores mitigation strategies such as AI-based threat detection, cyber security training, and adherence to global standards like GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) and India's DPDP (Digital Personal Data Protection) Act. By analysing real-world case studies and industry trends, this paper provides actionable insights for businesses to strengthen their cyber resilience and safeguard critical assets in an evolving threat landscape.

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Cyber security, Digital Transformation, Karnataka Enterprises, Data Breaches, AI in Security, Regulatory Compliance, Cyber Resilience.

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The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in recruitment and talent acquisition has marked a significant transformation in how organizations identify, assess, and hire candidates. This paper explores the impact of AI technologies, such as chatbots, automated resume screening, predictive analytics, and AI-powered video interviews, on the recruitment process. It delves into the efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and bias reduction that AI offers while highlighting ethical concerns like algorithmic bias, lack of human touch, data privacy, and transparency. The research further examines case studies of companies like Unilever, Hire Vue, and IBM, showcasing how AI tools have streamlined their hiring practices, improved candidate experience, and enhanced decision-making.

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AI in recruitment, Talent acquisition technology, Artificial Intelligence in hiring, AI-powered recruitment tools, Automated resume screening, Candidate sourcing with AI, HR analytics with AI, Future of recruitment technology, End-to-end recruitment automation, AI and workforce planning, AI in job matching, Automated interview analysis. AI in diversity hiring, Recruitment process innovation, Talent pool management with AI, Machine learning hiring algorithms, Candidate profiling with AI, Recruitm

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Artificial Intelligence is enabling personalized learning, which is quickly changing the face of higher education, enhancing academic efficiency, and automating tasks. This study investigates students' perceptions of AI integration in higher education, with a specific focus on engagement, trust, and ethical concerns. Conducted in Shivamogga, India, the study adopts a quantitative and descriptive approach, collecting primary data from 50 college students using structured questionnaires. The findings reveal that students widely use AI tools like ChatGPT, Gemini, and Grammarly, appreciating their role in improving academic performance, understanding, and feedback. However, notable concerns include data privacy, reduced human interaction, and over-reliance on AI, which may hinder critical thinking and job security. An independent t-test confirmed no significant gender-based differences in perceptions. The study suggests the necessary for ethical AI integration, inclusive training, and transparent usage policies. These insights can guide educators, policymakers, and AI developers in implementing student-cantered AI strategies that promote equity, efficiency, and ethical use in academic environments.

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Artificial Intelligence in Education, Student Perception, AI-Based Learning Tools.

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The adoption of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in cybersecurity has transformed how organizations detect and respond to digital threats. AI systems process vast data in real-time, identify anomalies, and automate responses with great speed. However, this integration also introduces new risks--such as adversarial attacks, data poisoning, and the misuse of AI by malicious actors. The opaque nature of AI models complicates accountability, and reliance on high-quality data raises ethical and privacy concerns. This paper explores these challenges, presents real-world cases like Microsoft's Tay and IBM's DeepLocker, and suggests mitigation strategies such as adversarial training, secure data pipelines, and regulatory frameworks. While AI enhances cybersecurity, responsible deployment is crucial to prevent new vulnerabilities

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Cyber Security Challenges with AI Adoption

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The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into performance management systems is transforming how organisations assess, monitor, and enhance employee performance. This study aims to explore the real-world applications of AI in performance management among organisations operating in Karnataka, India. Using a structured, questionnaire-based research design, primary data was collected from employees, HR professionals, and managers across various sectors including IT, finance, education, and manufacturing. The study investigates the extent of AI adoption, the perceived benefits and challenges, employee attitudes towards AI-driven evaluations, and concerns related to transparency, bias, and data privacy. Findings indicate that while AI tools have improved the objectivity and efficiency of performance reviews, concerns persist regarding ethical implications and the need for human oversight. The study contributes valuable insights into the practical implementation of AI in the Indian workplace and offers recommendations for more effective, ethical, and employee-friendly performance management systems.

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Artificial Intelligence, Performance Management, AI tools, HR Technology, Employee Appraisal, AI in HR, Organisations in Karnataka, Questionnaire-Based Research, Ethical Concerns, Feedback, HR Innovation

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The development of personal security apps is plagued by an important design flaw - their dependence on consistent internet connectivity, making these applications unusable in "dead zones" or when network services are throttled. In this paper, we propose 'Her Haven', a comprehensive offline-first Progressive Web Application (PWA) which provides support for women's safety needs, reproductive health, and mental well-being. The inclusion of React/Vite front-end, Workbox service workers for local caching, and Capacitor JS for full hardware access allows Her Haven to operate without any connection to the internet. A new Fallback State-Machine Routing Algorithm is developed, which constantly analyzes network payloads latency. When regular API communication fails, it will automatically route through native SS7 SMS messaging within 1.5 seconds. Our experiments performed in Faraday cages show 100% delivery success in sending distress signals without any connectivity at all. Also, we present the mathematical basis behind phase-dependent health apps and CSS matrices maintaining psychological immersions on mobile devices within the scope of desktop viewports. Her Haven manages to establish an absolutely redundant architecture for intersectional women's technology.

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Progressive Web Apps (PWA), Offline-First Architecture, Service Workers, Women's Empowerment, Fallback Algorithms, Personal Area Networks (PANs), Capacitor, Mobile Health (mHealth).

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