Volume 14 | Issue 4

 Abstract

The present study was conducted to document the fish diversity in the Vihirgaon reservoir of the Ralegaon tehsil of the Yavatmal district for the period of one year. A total of 18 species were observed from 07 orders and 08 families, out of which the order Cypriniformes was dominant, with a total of 10 species, followed by the orders Perciformes and Anabantiformes, which have 02 species each, and then the orders Gobiiformes, Cichliformes, Siluriformes, and Decapoda, which have one species each. Distribution of these fish species indicates that the reservoir supports and provides a stable environment. The dominance of Cyprinidae indicates that there is healthy primary productivity within the aquatic ecosystem. This baseline data will act as a benchmark. For making fishing practices and the effective conservation strategies, ultimately this study emphasizes the importance of limnological health of the reservoir in order to protect its fish diversity for upcoming generations.

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diversity, fishes, vihirgaon reservoir, Ralegaon Tehsil, Yavatmal District

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Abstract--This project presents an AI-powered academic scheduling system designed to automate timetable generation in educational institutions. Using Genetic Algorithms combined with constraint satisfaction techniques, the system ensures clash-free timetables by preventing teacher and room conflicts while balancing workloads. A full-stack architecture integrates a React.js frontend, Node.js + Express backend, and MongoDB database for persistent storage and multi-user support. Administrators can input student, faculty, and classroom data, and the system dynamically generates optimized timetables with options for visualization and export. Designed for scalability and adaptability, the solution reduces manual effort, improves accuracy, and supports future enhancements such as cloud deployment, calendar synchronization, and workload fairness.

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Keywords--timetable generation, genetic algorithm, constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), optimization, clash-free scheduling...

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?????, ???????, ???????????, ????????? ??????, ???? ??????, ????? ??????

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This research paper compares Blinkit and Swiggy Instamart profits from 2023 to 2025. The study is done because there is rapid increase in company valuations, more and more people are using quick commerce, and both companies are expanding fast in the market with support of big retail partnerships. The main aim of the study is to compare the financial performance of both companies during this time period. It also tries to look at the profit trends to understand how both are growing. The findings shows that both companies are growing in a positive direction. Their profits are increasing and overall financial performance is also improving, so it clearly shows that both companies are doing well in the market.

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Blinkit, Swiggy Instamart, Grocery, Delivery

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This paper explores how patriotism in Assam grew from local acts of resistance into a vibrant national identity. The journey begins with the Ahom kingdom, where Chaolung Sukapha sowed the seeds of unity and cultural harmony. As external threats loomed, especially from the Mughals, Assamese patriotism transformed into a shared mission to protect the land. The stirring leadership of Lachit Borphukan at the Battle of Saraighat stands out as a defining chapter, rallying the people of Assam into a united force. The narrative also shines a light on remarkable women like Jaymati Konwari, whose sacrifice embodies the moral heart of patriotism. Through a historical lens, the study reveals that early Assamese patriotism was deeply rooted in regional pride, focused on fending off both outside threats and internal strife. During British colonial rule, Assamese patriotism was reshaped, weaving Assam's regional spirit into the fabric of India's freedom movement. This study argues that Assamese patriotism became a vital bridge, connecting local pride with the larger dream of Indian nationhood. The story of Assam's patriotism is one of evolving identity, forged through shared struggles, collective memory, and sweeping social change.

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Assam; Patriotism; Ahom Kingdom; Regional Identity; National Consciousness; Resistance Movements;

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Background: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) constitute a significant public health challenge, contributing to substantial morbidity, mortality, and healthcare expenditure worldwide. Pharmacovigilance -- the science and activities associated with the detection, assessment, understanding, and prevention of adverse effects of medicines -- is essential to ensuring medication safety throughout the drug life cycle. Pharmacists, by virtue of their specialised training, accessibility, and continuous patient interaction, occupy a uniquely strategic position within pharmacovigilance systems. Objective: This review aims to comprehensively examine the multidimensional roles of pharmacists in pharmacovigilance and ADR monitoring across diverse practice settings, evaluate existing challenges, and propose evidence-based strategies to strengthen pharmacist engagement in drug safety surveillance. Methods: A narrative review of published literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases. Studies, systematic reviews, guidelines, and policy documents published between 2000 and 2024 were included. Results: Pharmacists play central roles in ADR detection, causality assessment, spontaneous reporting, patient education, medication review, and interprofessional collaboration. However, persistent barriers -- including under-reporting, insufficient training, workload constraints, and inadequate regulatory feedback -- continue to limit full pharmacist integration into pharmacovigilance systems. Emerging digital tools and structured reporting frameworks offer promising avenues to overcome these gaps. Conclusion: Strengthening pharmacist engagement in pharmacovigilance requires coordinated efforts across educational institutions, healthcare systems, and regulatory authorities. Recognising pharmacists as indispensable pharmacovigilance practitioners is essential for building resilient drug safety ecosystems.

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Pharmacovigilance, adverse drug reactions, pharmacist, drug safety, spontaneous reporting, medication safety, ADR monitoring

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Saadat Hasan Manto's short story, "The Dog of Tithwal," is a searing critique of the absurdity and inherent dehumanization of war, set against the backdrop of the 1947-48 Indo-Pakistani conflict. This paper argues that Manto employs the stray dog as a powerful allegorical figure to expose the futility of nationalist fervor and the destruction of innocence that war necessitates. The analysis begins by situating the story within the context of the Partition and Manto's larger literary project, which consistently unmasks the hypocrisies of a society torn by violence. The paper then delves into a close reading of the narrative, tracing the dog's journey from a neutral, apolitical entity to a symbol of contested nationalism and, finally, to a tragic victim. The initial interaction between the soldiers and the dog reveals a universal human need for companionship and relief from the psychological monotony of war, momentarily transcending manufactured national identities. However, this fragile connection is shattered when the human compulsion to assign allegiance--to impose a political identity upon innocent existence--corrupts the relationship. The act of tying a message to the dog's neck transforms it from a living being into a military object, a symbol of espionage. Its subsequent killing is not merely an act of violence but the inevitable consequence of a logic that cannot accommodate neutrality or innocence. The paper concludes that the dead dog lying in the valley is Manto's ultimate indictment of war. It serves as a silent testament to the destruction of simple humanity, suggesting that in the machinery of conflict, the first casualties are empathy, connection, and any form of life that does not conform to the brutal binary of "us" versus "them." Through this concise yet profound narrative, Manto moves beyond the specificities of the Indo-Pakistani dispute to comment on the universal and tragic absurdity of all human conflict.

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Saadat Hasan Manto

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Background: Exposure of pregnant women to atmospheric pollutants (AP) in both open and closed environments has an adverse effect upon the early development of the foetus leading to preterm delivery, low placental weight, premature deaths, which occur due to oxidative stress. Objective: The present cross-sectional study was undertaken to investigate the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in mother blood, placenta and cord blood. Mothers with normal and singleton pregnancy were selected from thickly populated, traffic-congested, industrial and remote rural areas of Odisha, India. Methods: The Air Quality Index of three study areas was collected from the Odisha State Pollution Control Board (OSPCB), Bhubaneswar. Maternal venous blood was collected prior to and cord blood, placental tissue was collected immediately after delivery. The effect of air pollution on the placental tissue was analysed by histopathological study and photographed by fluorescent microscope. The estimation of LDH level in serum was done by using Boils 24i automated clinical chemistry analyzer. Results: Significant increase of LDH level in maternal and cord blood of heavy traffic congestion areas and industrial areas was recorded in comparison to rural non-industrial areas. The histopathological study of placenta showed presence of PM2.5 and less number of villi in heavy traffic and industrial areas as compared to non-industrial areas (Das P et al., 2022). Conclusion: Our findings advocate that the exposure of pregnant women to air pollution may adversely affect the growth and development of foetus in highly polluted areas. More studies are required for confirmation.

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Key words: Placenta, villi, Lactate dehydrogenase, Air Pollution

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In this fast-growing world of modernity, Tech adaptation and IT industrial competitive race modules have pushed the definitions of workforce into an unimaginable standpoint. With the emerging ease of transportation, sedentary workstyle and exhaustive working hours, the exponential rise of non-communicable diseases evokes significant discussions on Physical and Mental health. Thereby, therapeutic interventions via Yoga practices like Pranayama can serve vital utility in addressing the health - work life balance issue. This study examined the effects of an eight-week structured pranayama intervention on perceived stress, sleep quality, and selected cardiovascular parameters among urban information technology (IT) professionals. A randomised controlled pre-test post-test design was employed with 60 participants (aged 25-40 years, M = 31.7, SD = 4.5) drawn from the IT industrial corridor of Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. Participants were randomly allocated to an experimental group (n = 30) receiving a progressive pranayama protocol comprising Nadi Shodhana, Bhramari, Kapalabhati, Ujjayi, and a control group (n = 30) maintaining existing lifestyle routines. Outcome measures included the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10; Cohen et al., 1983), the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI; Buysse et al., 1989), resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and resting heart rate. Post-intervention analysis revealed statistically significant reductions in perceived stress (p < .001), improved sleep quality (p < .001), and meaningful decreases in both blood pressure and resting heart rate (p < .01) in the experimental group. The control group showed no significant change across any parameter. Effect sizes ranged from moderate to large (Cohen's d = 0.97-2.76). Findings support the clinical utility of regulated pranayama practice as a non-pharmacological response to occupational stress. The study situates its argument within classical Indian philosophical frameworks and contemporary autonomic neuroscience, proposing structured pranayama as a viable component of workplace health programmes.

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pranayama, occupational stress, autonomic nervous system, Nadi Shodhana, Perceived Stress Scale, sleep quality, yoga therapy

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The research paper presents a combined financial evaluation of the Vignan Vidyalayas Limited. (VVL) hostel unit over five year financial period from 2020 to 2024. Using an ex-post facto research design and longitudinal time-series analysis, the study investigates the unit's transformation from a pandemic-induced operational shutdown to a state of robust financial independence. The analysis utilizes two primary tools: Comparative and Common-Size Analysis to diagnose shifts in revenue, cost structures, and capital employment. The empirical results confirm a significant "U-shaped" recovery, with gross income rising from Rs. 55,137,007 in 2021 to a record of Rs. 224,241,179 by 2024. A key finding of the study is the successful deleveraging of the institution; the unit transformed its capital structure by reducing bank borrowings from 47.68% in 2022 to 25.96% by 2024, effectively moving toward a self-funded model. While the unit achieve a high occupancy rate of 94.5%, the research identifies a new challenge in "expense inflation," where rising operational expenses are beginning to outpace stable income. The paper concludes that while VVL has built a structurally sound foundation, future sustainability depends on strict operational cost control and strategic fee management.

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Financial Resilience; Educational Auxiliary Services; Ex-Post Facto Longitudinal Analysis; Comparative Analysis; Common-Size Analysis.

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The automotive emission norms under the Bharat Stage 6.2 have led to transformed attention on alternative fuels like Compressed Natural Gas (CNG), which offer cleaner combustion. However, maintaining the Bharat Stage 6.2 pollutant levels requires a fine balance between combustion stability and after-treatment performance. This experimental study evaluate effects of lambda variations on engine-out emissions and catalyst conversion efficiency in a BS 6.2-compliant multi-cylinder CNG engine. The experimental work was performed on a fully instrumented test bench using ETAS INCA for ECU-based ? control and a HORIBA MEXA-ONE analyzer for emission measurement of CO, NOx, THC, and CH? at steady-state load and speed points. By systematically ? sweeping from 0.95 to 1.05 in steps of lambda 0.01, the study establishes clear relationships between air-fuel ratio, combustion behaviors, emission formation, and TWC conversion efficiency under rich, stoichiometric, and lean conditions, and identified the optimal ? range is 0.98 to 1.01. The findings indicate that at ? = 0.98, CO, CH?, and NMHC are higher due to incomplete combustion, while NOx is lower. At ? = 0.99, all CO, CH?, NMHC, and NOx emissions improve significantly. At ? = 1.00, all emissions are well balanced and remain within BS 6.2 limits. However, at ? = 1.01, NOx increases sharply, which is above BS 6.2 limits due to excess oxygen and reduced catalyst efficiency in lean conditions. The test results indicate that the optimal lambda range lies between ? ? 0.99-1.00, where both oxidation and reduction reactions occur effectively in the TWC, confirming that maintaining lambda near stoichiometric conditions is essential for achieving stable combustion, maximum catalyst efficiency, and compliance with BS 6.2 emission norms.

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CNG engine, Lambda (?), CNG Engine, Three-Way Catalyst (TWC), BS 6.2 Emissions, WHTC, Air-Fuel Ratio, NOx Emissions, CO Emissions, Hydrocarbons (THC, CH?), Catalyst Efficiency.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) present significant health challenges due to its different response to treatment. Personalized therapy approaches for managing type 2 diabetes is studied in this systematic review. Precision medicine uses digital technologies, biomarkers, lifestyle factors, and genetic profiles to provide therapy to each person for better results. One of the most important areas is pharmacogenomics, which looks for gene variants that affect drugs like metformin and sulfonylureas to help people select the right drug and dose. Biomarkers such as C-peptide and HbA1c changes how doctors conclude on treatment. Customized medication classes meet the persons needs. For example, SGLT2 inhibitors are for people with heart or kidney problems ,and GLP-1 receptor agonists are for people who are obese. Digital health devoplments like AI algorithms and constant glucose monitoring give you real-time data so you can make changes before they happen. Lifestyle management asses environmental factors and nutrigenomics to make them more efficient. Implementation is obstructed by the high costs of genetic testing, constrained access in developing countries, the lack of standardized protocols, and concerns related to data privacy, even after potential advantages such as good glycemic control and reduced difficulty. Future guidance include indicative modeling, longer treatments, and integrating different types of omics. This review emphasizes the need for continued research to aid equitable clinical adoption, while demonstrating precision medicine's capacity to change T2DM management from broad to customized strategies.

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Precision medicine , Type 2 Diabetes , Pharmacogenomics , Personalized therapy , Digital health

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ABSTRACT Women's prisons in Tamil Nadu represent a unique and often overlooked dimension of the Indian correctional system. This paper examines the administrative structure, welfare provisions, and systemic challenges facing the five exclusive Special Prisons for Women operated by the Tamil Nadu Department of Prisons and Correctional Services. Drawing on recent news reports, judicial interventions, and government policy documents, this study analyses critical issues including the absence of female superintendents in violation of state orders, the lack of post-release tracking for children who accompany incarcerated mothers, and the expanding scope of vocational rehabilitation programmes such as beautician training. The findings underscore the need for strict enforcement of gender-sensitive administrative norms, an integrated child welfare framework, and sustained investment in livelihood-oriented rehabilitation. This paper recommends urgent policy measures to align prison administration with constitutional guarantees of dignity and the principles of restorative justice.

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Women's prisons, Tamil Nadu, prison administration, female superintendents, rehabilitation, children of prisoners, correctional services, prison reform

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The rapid growth of India's gig economy--driven by platform-based services in transport, delivery, freelancing, and digital labor--has created flexible income opportunities but also heightened concerns about workers' mental health. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of institutional coping mechanisms (platform-driven support systems, insurance schemes, helplines, training, policy interventions) and personal coping mechanisms (self-care routines, peer networks, resilience strategies) in addressing stress, insecurity, and burnout among gig workers. Drawing from academic studies, labor surveys, policy reports, and case analyses, the paper synthesizes evidence that while institutional mechanisms provide structural safety nets, personal strategies sustain day-to-day resilience. The findings suggest that a synergistic approach, where platform policies reinforce workers' self-care and social connectedness, is most effective in reducing stress, improving job satisfaction, and sustaining productivity. Challenges such as limited social protection, income volatility, digital surveillance, and stigma in seeking mental health support persist. The study proposes a mixed-methods framework for systematically evaluating interventions and recommends policy innovation, platform accountability, and collective action to enhance sustainable well-being for India's gig workforce.

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Gig Economy, mental health, coping mechanisms, Indian gig workers

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"VOLUME: Gamified Health and Fitness Tracking Web Application" reimagines traditional health tracking as an interactive, accountability-driven system using a caloric ledger model--where food intake is treated as expenditure and physical activity as income. It leverages scientifically validated metrics like BMR and TDEE (via the Mifflin-St Jeor equation) to deliver personalized insights, supported by a dynamic engine that provides real-time feedback and corrective suggestions. With an Indian nutrition database, hydration tracking, and a gamified dashboard, the app promotes holistic health. Built entirely on the client side using HTML5, Tailwind CSS, and JavaScript, it ensures offline access, privacy, and high performance while encouraging sustainable lifestyle habits.

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Gamification, Health Tracking, Caloric Ledger, BMR, TDEE, BMI, Metabolic Computation, Nutritional Analysis, Indian Food Database, Hydration Monitoring, Macronutrients, Behavioral Analytics, Client-Side Application, Local Storage, Real-Time Feedback, Heuristics Engine, Fitness Tracking, Web Application, Data Visualization, Lifestyle Management

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Article 21 of the Constitution of India declares, with the terseness of the absolute, that no person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except according to procedure established by law. The Supreme Court, in a long and luminous line of decisions, has progressively transformed this laconic guarantee into a rich jurisprudence of substantive liberty. Yet, a stark paradox persists within the criminal justice system: the grant of bail by courts does not always translate into actual liberty for the accused. This paper examines the disjunction between judicial relief and lived freedom, arguing that onerous bail conditions, inability to furnish sureties, socio-economic vulnerabilities, and procedural delays render bail an illusory remedy for many undertrials. Drawing on constitutional jurisprudence, case law analysis, and empirical insights, the study interrogates how "procedure established by law" under Article 21 is often reduced to procedural formality rather than substantive fairness. It further evaluates recent judicial and legislative attempts at bail reform and contends that unless structural barriers to availing bail are dismantled, the constitutional promise of personal liberty remains deferred. The paper concludes that a rights-based approach to bail must prioritize de-custodialization, reasonable conditions, and access to justice to give full meaning to Article 21.

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Article 21, Bail, Personal Liberty, Pre-trial Detention, Criminal Justice, Supreme Court of India, Procedure Established by Law

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Knee pain caused by degenerative conditions such as osteoarthritis remains a major contributor to reduced mobility and diminished quality of life. This paper presents the design and development of a novel automated knee massager integrated with an oil infusion mechanism for enhanced therapeutic efficacy. The proposed system combines controlled vibration, heat therapy, and programmable massage patterns to stimulate blood circulation, alleviate muscle stiffness, and improve joint flexibility. In addition, a regulated oil infusion module enables localized delivery of therapeutic oils, enhancing transdermal absorption and providing anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects. The device is equipped with adjustable intensity levels, temperature control, and user-friendly automation, making it suitable for home-based rehabilitation. The integration of mechanical stimulation with topical treatment distinguishes the system from conventional knee massagers. Preliminary analysis suggests that the combined therapy approach offers improved pain relief and user comfort compared to standalone methods. The proposed solution aims to reduce reliance on manual physiotherapy while ensuring consistent and effective treatment. Future work includes clinical validation, optimization of infusion parameters, and incorporation of smart monitoring features for personalized therapy. Index Terms-- Knee pain, automated massager, oil infusion, rehabilitation, osteoarthritis, physiotherapy, biomedical device.

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Knee Pain, Osteoarthritis, Automated Knee Massager, Oil Infusion Therapy, Transdermal Drug Delivery, Vibration Therapy, Heat Therapy, Rehabilitation Engineering, Biomedical Device, Physiotherapy Automation, Pain Management, Smart Healthcare System.

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Crinum latifolium is an ornamental and medicinal plant widely grown in various Indian regions and worldwide. In aurveda, this plant having a significant medicinal importance. In present study, this plant was used in green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles using Copper chloride. However before the green synthesis of CuO nanoperticles, Plant leaves were extracted in double distilled water and methanol. Qualitative phytochemical screening for presence of bioactive compounds and antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria (E.coli and Salmonella), gram positive bacteria (K. pneumoniae) and fungi (Fusarium oxysporum) were analysed. After green synthesis of CuO nanoparticles, were characterized using different available techniques UV visible, FTIR and XRD. Moreover about this the synthesized CuO nanoparticles were investigated for antimicrobial potentiality and antioxidant activity.

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Crinum latifolium, Phytochemicals, Antioxidants, CuO nano particles and Antimicrobial activity.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The deployment of autonomous vehicles represents one of the most consequential applications of artificial intelligence, with profound implications for public safety, urban mobility, and societal trust in AI systems. This paper proposes a comprehensive trust-centric ethical AI architecture specifically designed for self-driving cars, addressing the critical gap between technical capability and ethical accountability in autonomous decision-making. The architecture integrates five core dimensions: transparent decision-making through explainable AI mechanisms, value-aligned behavior encoded through machine ethics frameworks, safety assurance via formal verification and redundant systems, privacy preservation through federated learning and differential privacy, and human oversight mechanisms maintaining meaningful human control. A multi-layered framework encompasses the perception layer with bias-mitigated sensor fusion, the ethical reasoning layer implementing structured moral decision frameworks, the action selection layer with constraint-based planning, and the accountability layer enabling post-incident analysis through immutable logging. The proposed architecture addresses the trolley problem variants specific to autonomous driving by prioritizing legally compliant outcomes while avoiding algorithmic discrimination. Simulation-based evaluation demonstrates that the trust-centric approach achieves safety performance comparable to conventional architectures while providing superior transparency, auditability, and ethical alignment. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for regulatory frameworks governing autonomous vehicle deployment and identifies open research challenges in aligning AI systems with diverse human values across cultural contexts.

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Autonomous Vehicles, Ethical AI, Self-Driving Cars, Machine Ethics, Trust Architecture, Explainable AI, AI Safety, Algorithmic Accountability, Moral Decision-Making, Value Alignment, Autonomous Systems.

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Santali Folks Literature

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Santali Folks Literature

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