Volume 14 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Hypertension, a major health issue in developing countries, contributes significantly to cardiovascular disease. This study explores the potential of drumstick seed powder incorporated sprouted millet malt in managing high blood pressure. Drumstick seed powder showed moderate toxicity in the brine shrimp assay, while heavy metal levels showed within safe limits and did not contribute toxicity. Quantitative analysis using UV-spectrophotometry. Nutrient analysis showed that drumstick seed powder contained high levels of calcium, magnesium and potassium, along with vitamin C, all of these nutrients help for antihypertensive properties. The Sorghum Millet was germinated and malted and also drumstick seed powder was incorporated in 5g, 10g and 15g variations. Sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale, indicated that 10 g of drumstick seed incorporation variation in sprouted sorghum millet malt had the highest acceptability. Phytochemical analysis of SM2 showed the presence of coumarins, flavanoids, phenols and polyphenols. In Quantitative analysis using UV- Spectrophotometery results showed that coumarins were present at 0.12 mg/g, flavonoids at 37.8 mg/g, phenols at 44.3 mg/g, and polyphenols at 25 mg/g. The moisture content, pH, bulk density, tapped density, color and water absorption capacity are confirmed in physicochemical properties.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Hypertension, drumstick seed powder, sprouted sorghum millet, phytochemical analysis, nutrient analysis, physicochemical properties and shelf life.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This paper presents an Intelligent Anomaly Detection and Cyber Defence System -- a real-time Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) capable of classifying network traffic into five attack superclasses: Normal, DOS, PROBE, R2L, and U2R. The system implements a dual prediction pipeline architecture: a Legacy Path utilizing full-session feature classification based on the 41-feature NSL-KDD dataset, and an Early-Stage Path enabling fast probabilistic risk scoring derived from 2-second packet aggregation windows. The Early-Stage Path extracts six lightweight behavioral features -- packet count, SYN rate, average packet size, payload entropy, connection attempts, and window duration -- and maps them through either a trained RandomForest classifier or a heuristic risk estimator when the trained model is unavailable. The system is deployed as a Flask-based web application integrated with a Scapy packet capture daemon, a thread-safe producer-consumer architecture, and a real-time browser dashboard with live polling. A training pipeline converts NSL-KDD connection records into synthetic 2-second windows using sliding window aggregation, and a RandomForestClassifier with balanced class weighting is trained on the resulting dataset. Experimental results demonstrate effective detection of DOS and PROBE attacks in real-time, with graceful degradation to heuristic estimation under model-unavailable conditions. The system bridges the gap between offline model training and live network defense, providing a deployable, scalable intrusion detection framework.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Network Intrusion Detection System, Machine Learning, Random Forest, NSL-KDD, Anomaly Detection, Real-Time Traffic Analysis, Shannon Entropy, Cyber Security, DoS Detection, Packet Analysis

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mental health among students has become a key societal health issue in every corner of the world, and the barriers to access, social stigma, and lack of resources have been impeding the timely access of the significant portion of the student population. The paper describes Sanctuary, an anonymous mental wellness web platform giving solutions to these challenges, which uses AI. The platform offers a non-stigmatized safe setting where students can evaluate their wellness in four clinical domains (mood, sleep, stress, and behaviour), receive an AI-generated personalized wellness reports, follow a gamified suite of wellness activities, chat with an anonymous AI therapist (LLM), and find mental health services nearby with an integrated geolocation module. The identity architecture is built using pseudonymous identities, each user is assigned a unique Wellness ID and display alias, which makes the identity absolutely anonymous. A population-level risk stratification and engagement monitoring dashboard is available to the institutional stakeholders on a real-time basis, without revealing individual identities. Pilot deployment with six users confirmed platform functionality in each of the modules. The system is deployed with React.js, Node.js/Express, and the Anthropic Claude API using geolocation features with the OpenStreetMap and Leaflet.js. The paper will include the system architecture in its entirety, four data tables that are detailed, pilot outcome, ethical discourse, and next-generation research directions

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mental health platform, student wellness, gamification, AI therapist, self-screening, anonymity, mood tracking, mindfulness, geolocation, large language models

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The growing awareness among consumers about environmentally friendly products has led to the increasing importance of green marketing. Many organisations have revised or developed their products and processes to position themselves as environmentally responsible. Advertising has become a key communication tool for marketers to convey their environmental commitment and shape consumer perceptions by creating a green image. Consequently, consumer perception plays a critical role in influencing green purchase behaviour and guiding companies' strategic decisions. The present study examines the perception of consumers among Calicut district, Kerala towards green advertisement its influence on green purchase intention. A sample size of 250 consumers was surveyed and the data was analysed using descriptive statistics and Chi-square tests. The findings reveal that a positive perception of green advertisement among consumers with significant variations based on demographic factors such as age, income and educational qualification.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green Advertising, Green Purchase Intention and Perception Analysis.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The trade unions have played a crucial role in industrial environment of India since the time of collective bargaining and worker empowerment. This academic paper brings out the important concept of Recognition of Trade Union, its establishment in promoting harmonious industrial relations. The paper starts by giving an introduction of trade unions as organised groups of employees to protect the rights of labour in India and then proceeds to give a history of their development in India. Since the early labour movements in British colonial times, which were characterized by the emergence of the All India Trade Union Congress (AITUC) in 1920 due to unrests in the aftermath of the First World War, the trade unions transformed into organised bodies with statutory frameworks. Fundamentally, recognition of a trade union is the legal recognition by the employer or the state of a union representative body to bargain the wages, working condition, and dispute resolution on behalf of workers. In contrast with most countries where suitable statutory recognition is mandatory, Indian law does not include a full central law on the same, but relies on scattered provisions of the Trade Unions Act, 1926 which helps to be registered but not automatically recognised, the Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 which empowers the recognised unions to settle industrial disputes under Section 18 and 36, and specific state legislation such as the Maharashtra Recognition of Trade Unions and Prevention of Unfair Labour Practices Act of 1972 Such actions highlight the voluntary nature of recognition or recognition which is usually decided by secret ballot or membership level. The advantages of recognition are numerous: it entitles the unions with the sole bargaining power, advances the welfare of workers due to the presence of collective agreements, and fosters industrial peace since it institutionalizes the dialogue. Nevertheless, there are still issues such as employer opposition, rivalry between multiple unions that causes fragmentation and lack of universal criteria, which compromise effectiveness. Issues that unrecognized unions encounter, and lack of negotiation platforms, victimization of leaders and lack of legitimacy in strikes contribute to the worsening of labour exploitation especially in the unorganized sector. The law system is examined based on some of the most important acts and judicial interpretations, and a progressive yet incongruent trend can be observed. This is revealed by landmark cases: In B.R. Singh v. The Supreme Court, in union of India (1989) stressed the importance of recognition in the democratic working in the workplace; Food Corporation of India Staff Union v. Food Corporation of India (1995) provided the fair representation requirements; and Tata Chemicals Ltd. v. Workmen (1978) pointed at verification of the unions by check-off. Recent cases such as Bharat Petroleum Corporation Ltd. v. Maharashtra General Kamgar Union (1999) support secret ballots in majority status The article criticizes the loopholes in the existing framework that should be changed by a centralized Recognition of Trade Unions Act to compel the verification procedures, limit the unfair practices, and adopt the ILO standards. It proposes that the statutory recognition of the links between the historical, doctrinal and empirical and the analysis of the case law is essential in ensuring that industrial relations in the developing Indian economy are fair.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

oTrade Unions o Recognition of Trade Unions o Collective Bargaining o Worker Empowerment o Industrial Relations o Legal Recognition o Trade Unions Act, 1926 o Industrial Disputes Act, 1947

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In the Globalized Economy the cross-border insolvency has become a common issue, where the businesses operate in the multiple countries and financial activities are interconnected with each other. When any company with assets or creditors in different countries becomes insolvent or legal complications arise due to the differences in the nationals 'laws and procedures. Then this makes the resolution process become slow, complex and often unfair to the stakeholders. In the cross-border insolvency the UNCITRAL Model Law was introduced to address these challenges by providing a uniform legal framework for the cooperation between the countries. It provides a coordination among courts ,ensure the fair treatment of the creditors and improve the efficiency in the insolvency proceedings. The UNCITRAL Model Law focuses on the key concepts such as access to the foreign courts, recognition of the foreign proceedings and the cooperation between the Judicial authorities. This paper examines the role of the UNCITRAL Model Law in managing the cross-border insolvency in the Globalized world. It analysed how the UNCITRAL Model Law helped in reducing the conflicts between the jurisdictions and facilitating the smoother resolution of the international insolvency cases. This Paper also highlights the Legal Framework of different countries, challenges and the future direction in globalized economy and certain limitations for example differences in implementations by countries and concerns related to the national sovereignty. It plays a significant role in the improving the international insolvency systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

cross- border insolvency. UNCITRAL model law, globalization, creditors rights, international legal framework and judicial cooperation

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mobile phones have transitioned from mere communication devices to essential learning tools. This paper explores the relationship between Mobile Phone engagement and Academic Performance among college level students in the purba medinipur district. For this present study researcher used descriptive survey methods. Through a survey of 100 college going students, the researcher examines how digital access influences learning habits in a predominantly semi-urban context. Researcher collected data using self-made questionnaire, and the collected data are analysed using SPSS.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mobile Phone, Academic Performance, Digital

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: This paper investigates the contradictory relationship between Enlightenment philosophy and the "Woman Question" by conducting a critical analysis of the writings of Immanuel Kant, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and Mary Wollstonecraft. Although the Enlightenment promoted the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity, it concurrently upheld gender hierarchies that confined women to the private and domestic realms. Through a meticulous examination of significant philosophical texts, the paper uncovers the inherent contradictions present in Enlightenment discourse, especially regarding the exclusion of women from the universalist concepts of reason and citizenship. Kant's differentiation between public and private domains, along with his rationale for women's dependency, and Rousseau's gender-specific educational framework in Emile, illustrate a continual support for patriarchal norms disguised as natural differences. Conversely, Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman stands out as a revolutionary challenge to these beliefs, advocating for women's rational and educational equality. By placing these discussions within the wider intellectual and historical landscape of the Enlightenment, the paper contends that feminist discourse both originated from and opposed Enlightenment ideology. In conclusion, it emphasizes how the purported universal tenets of the Enlightenment were profoundly gendered, exposing a significant tension between its liberating assertions and its exclusionary practices.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Enlightenment, Woman Question, Gender Inequality, Patriarchy, Rousseau ,Kant

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The AI Powered Resume Analysis for Personalized Mock Interview Preparation system is a web-based application designed to provide a complete and personalized interview preparation experience. The system allows users to upload their resumes, from which technical skills and project details are extracted using Natural Language Processing (NLP) techniques. Based on the extracted information and the selected proficiency levels, the system dynamically generates interview questions for coding, aptitude, and HR interviews using AI models.Unlike traditional platforms that provide static question banks, this system adapts questions according to the candidate's skill level and project experience and also it generates real time scenario based questions. It includes a coding execution environment with AI test case validation and AI-based feedback for HR interviews. A dashboard tracks performance, interview attempts, and readiness status. The proposed system provides an integrated, intelligent, and user-specific solution that enhances interview preparedness through realistic simulation and personalized feedback.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Intelligent Interview Preparation System, Resume Parsing and Analysis, Interview Readiness,Machine Learning-Based Skill Assessment, Gradient Boosting Algorithm, Automated Interview Evaluation, Skill Proficiency Prediction, Interview Readiness Prediction, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Resume Classification, Technical and HR Interview Assessment, Performance Analytics Dashboard.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Water scarcity and irregular electricity supply are major problems in rural irrigation systems. This paper presence a minor irrigation system powered by solar energy for agriculture applications.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Solar irrigation, drip irrigation, solar power, renewable energy

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Unattended cooking is a significant source of home fires and gas-related incidents. To mitigate this problem, a thermal imaging-based smart stove safety system with autonomous response is proposed. A miniature thermal camera is employed to continuously observe the temperature pattern of the burner and cooking pot. The observed information is analyzed in real-time using embedded hardware to determine the operating status of the stove. The system recognizes potentially dangerous situations like an open burner, removing the cooking pot with the burner still ON, and unattended cooking. Once a danger is recognized, it first raises local notifications using a buzzer and LEDs. If the situation is not remedied, a stepper motor connected to a specially designed 3D-printed knob cap is used to automatically turn the gas regulator to the OFF position, thereby shutting off the gas supply. This non-invasive system allows for physical control without altering the gas line inside, making it safe, easily installable, and applicable to real-world kitchens without compromising user privacy.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Thermal imaging, smart stove safety, embedded systems, automatic shut-off.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Road accidents caused by potholes, debris, stalled vehicles and unmarked road irregularities remain a major chal- lenge for transportation safety worldwide. Traditional navigation systems rely heavily on manual reporting and therefore cannot provide automated detection of hazardous road conditions in real time. This paper presents TerraVision-Pothole, an intelligent Edge-AI based road hazard detection framework designed to automatically identify potholes and road anomalies using com- puter vision techniques. The system processes video streams captured from vehicle-mounted dashcams and analyzes them using deep learning models such as YOLOv8 for object detection. Image preprocessing operations are performed using OpenCV to enhance detection accuracy. The framework integrates GPS- based geo-tagging and cloud-based analytics to visualize detected hazards on an interactive monitoring dashboard. To ensure user privacy, the system incorporates automatic face and license plate blurring mechanisms before transmitting visual data. Experimen- tal evaluation demonstrates that the system achieves approxi- mately 85% detection accuracy while maintaining reliable real- time performance. The proposed framework contributes toward the development of intelligent transportation infrastructure by enabling automated road monitoring, proactive hazard detection, and data-driven maintenance planning.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Road Hazard Detection, Computer Vision, YOLOv8, Edge Computing, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Road Safety.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The need for continuous and uninterrupted availability of pure and clean water entails quick monitoring of water quality degradation and immediate remediation of the quality. This paper proposes a smart system for monitoring and purifying the quality of water by incorporating the Internet of Things (IoT) and machine learning techniques. An ESP32 microcontroller-based smart water quality monitoring system, facilitated by low-cost pH, turbidity, and total dissolved solids sensors, is implemented for acquiring real-time water quality information. The acquired information can be remotely monitored by the cloud platform. A machine learning model is incorporated and trained with the acquired data for classifying the water quality and predicting the water quality in advance. According to the result of the machine learning prediction model, a water purification system can be remotely implemented through a relay. The results of the experimental evaluation of the smart water quality monitoring and purification system, implemented with the real-time results of the sensors, show a high accuracy of 92.4 percent. This indicates the reliability of implementing the proposed water quality monitoring and purification system.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Machine Learning, Predictive Modeling, Water Quality Prediction, Random Forest, IoT-based Monitoring

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The suspension system of an automobile plays a critical role in providing a smooth and comfortable ride while ensuring safety and stability. Traditional suspension systems commonly rely on mechanical springs for absorbing shocks and vibrations from the road. However, there is growing interest in springless suspension systems that utilize alternative technologies, such as bevel gears, for suspension and damping. This paper presents an exploration of the use of bevel gears in springless suspension systems for automobiles. The advantages and challenges of using bevel gears in place of traditional springs are discussed. Bevel gears offer a compact and lightweight solution, precise control over suspension characteristics, and potential reduction in complexity and maintenance requirements. However, challenges such as design complexities, durability and reliability issues, and increased cost need to be addressed. The principles of bevel gears and their application in suspension systems are reviewed, and the current state of research and development in this area is highlighted. The proposed approach and methodology for further investigation are discussed, emphasizing the significance of this concept in advancing the field of automotive suspension systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Springless suspension, Wear, Bevel gears, Self-aligning, Comfortable ride, Damping

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Inventory management, automotive supply chain, JBM Auto Ltd, stock control, ANOVA, Chi-Square, Pearson correlation, ERP systems, warehouse operations, operational efficiency, Indian automobile industry.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In this paper, FuzzyDedup-Chain, a new unified framework, is presented to combine adaptive block-level deduplication, Fuzzy Identity-Based Encryption with Proxy Re-Encryption (Fuzzy IBE-PRE), and blockchain-based auditing to achieve better efficiency, security, and transparency of cloud data management. Conventional cloud systems find it hard to optimize storage, provide flexible access control and auditability akin to the impregnable qualities of the Tasers. In order to overcome these shortcomings, the given architecture proposes an Adaptive-Flat-Block-Deduplication (AFBD) mechanism that dynamically chooses the best block size to minimize redundancy without causing a high cryptographic overhead. It has a Selective-Re-Encryption (SR-PRE) mechanism to delegate access rights by re-encrypting only metadata reference not an entire data block, which greatly lowers the re-encryption latency. More so, a PoNR protocol-backed by a blockchain guarantees clear and verifiable reporting of deduplication efficiency without revealing plaintext content. The audit layer uses aggregate digital signatures; this allows scalability of storage events and verification that is tamper proof. The combination of these elements forms secure, efficient, and auditable cloud architecture that can handle the current threats, minimizes the cost of storage, and fine-grained access control. The suggested model can be regarded as a full-fledged solution to the next-generation cloud-based environments that require operational efficiency and solid security assurances.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Cloud Security; Deduplication; Fuzzy Identity-Based Encryption; Proxy Re-Encryption; Blockchain Auditing; Data Sharing; Access Control; Aggregate Signatures; Proof-of-Non-Redundancy

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is one of the most important fruit crops cultivated in Murshidabad district of West Bengal. However, its production is severely affected by a wide range of insect pests that damage different plant parts such as leaves, inflorescence, shoots, and fruits. The present study focuses on the diversity and nature of mango insect pests in Murshidabad district. Field surveys and literature-based analysis reveal that major pests include mango hopper, mealy bug, fruit fly, shoot gall psylla, stem borer, leaf webber, and stone weevil. These pests cause significant yield loss and deterioration in fruit quality. The study highlights pest diversity, damage symptoms, and ecological patterns, providing a basis for effective pest management strategies.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mango, Insect pests, Diversity, Murshidabad, West Bengal, Damage symptoms, Pest ecology

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The growing prevalence of stress, anxiety, and emotional dysregulation in contemporary society highlights the need for innovative approaches to mental well-being. Mindfulness has emerged as an effective psychological tool; however, its underlying mechanisms can be further understood through an interdisciplinary lens. This study explores a physics-based framework of mindfulness by integrating concepts such as rhythms, waves, vibrations, and resonance with neurophysiological and psychological processes. Drawing on secondary data from national mental health reports and empirical research, the study examines how rhythmic breathing, sound-based practices, and vibrational stimuli influence brain activity, heart rate variability, and emotional regulation. Findings indicate that synchronization of internal physiological rhythms through structured mindfulness practices contributes to reduced stress, improved attentional control, and enhanced psychological stability. The study proposes that a physics-informed model offers a scientifically grounded explanation of mind-body interactions and presents scalable, non-invasive strategies for promoting mental well-being in modern contexts.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Mindfulness, Rhythms, Brainwaves, Vibrations, Mental Well-Being, Neurophysiology.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Skin diseases affect a large portion of the population worldwide, and it is very difficult to monitor and diagnose each and every skin condition accurately through manual clinical inspection alone. Traditional diagnosis methods depend heavily on dermatologist expertise, visual observation, and experience, making the process time-consuming, subjective, and prone to human error. This project addresses a new automated technique for detecting and identifying skin diseases using image processing and machine learning methods. Medical diagnosis quality assessment is an important task in healthcare systems, where early and accurate detection plays a vital role in effective treatment and patient care. In conventional healthcare environments, medical diagnosis procedures are partially automated through digital systems; however, the observation and classification of skin diseases are still largely performed manually. Human-based diagnosis depends on visual appraisal, experience, and interpretation skills, which may vary from one expert to another. Skin surfaces commonly suffer from various conditions such as acne, eczema, psoriasis, fungal infections, pigmentation disorders, and melanoma, which require precise identification and classification for proper treatment. The proposed system provides an automated and intelligent approach for skin disease detection using digital image processing techniques. The system acquires skin images, performs pre-processing to enhance image quality, segments the affected regions, and extracts relevant features such as color, texture, and shape. These features are then analyzed using machine learning classifiers to identify different skin diseases accurately. This approach enables consistent, precise, and frequent evaluation of skin conditions without continuous human intervention. The proposed system offers a reliable, cost-effective, and scalable solution for early diagnosis and medical decision support. It reduces dependency on manual inspection, improves diagnostic accuracy, and supports healthcare professionals in clinical decision-making. This automated framework is suitable for hospitals, clinics, rural healthcare centers, and telemedicine applications, providing an efficient platform for modern digital healthcare systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Skin Disease Detection, Image Processing, Machine Learning, Fuzzy Logic Grading (FLG), Fuzzy Rules, Camera Based Image Processing Techniques, IR-Based Image Processing Techniques, Length And Width Feature Detection.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition