Volume 14 | Issue 4

 Abstract

While Nathaniel Hawthorne's morality has long been interpreted through the lens of Puritanical sin, guilt, and allegorical didacticism, this essay proposes a dual theoretical re-reading that moves decisively beyond such static formulations. Rather than treating Hawthorne's fiction as a vehicle for doctrinal instruction, this study applies Paulo Freire's concept of critical consciousness -- alongside Claire Kramsch's framework of symbolic competence, arguing that Hawthorne's characters and narrative voice engage in a dynamic, unresolved negotiation with moral meaning that resists closure at every turn. In Young Goodman Brown, the protagonist's forest journey is neither a trajectory toward redemption nor a straightforward descent into damnation, but rather an encounter with critical awareness -- a forced recognition of how social and theological codes actively produce the very subjectivities they claim merely to regulate (Freire 35). Yet Hawthorne simultaneously forecloses any final or actionable liberation from those codes. His narrators and fallen heroes do not escape ideology; they learn, at devastating cost, to inhabit its contradictions. What they demonstrate, this essay contends, is precisely what Kramsch identifies as symbolic competence: the capacity to perceive and position oneself within the inherent ambiguity of multiple, often mutually contradictory, moral systems without collapsing prematurely into certainty or resolution (Kramsch 251).

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Chronic cystitis, referred to as "Mutrakrichha" in Ayurveda, is a persistent inflammatory condition of the urinary bladder that often presents with symptoms such as frequent urination, pelvic pain, dysuria (painful urination), and discomfort. 1-5 This case report explores the management of a patient suffering from chronic cystitis using a comprehensive Ayurvedic treatment approach. The report emphasizes the role of herbal formulations like Gokshura (Tribulus terrestris), Chandraprabha Vati, Bruhatyadi Kashaya. Additionally, dietary and lifestyle modifications tailored to pacify aggravated Vata and Pitta Doshas were included. The treatment protocol not only provided symptomatic relief but also improved the patient's overall quality of life, demonstrating the efficacy of integrative Ayurvedic care for chronic cystitis .6-10 Keywords: Chronic Cystitis, Mutrakrichha, Ayurveda, Herbal Remedies, Gokshura, Chandraprabha Vati , Bruhatyadi Kashaya

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Management of Chronic Cystitis (Mutrakrichha) : A Case Report

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This study investigates non-interest income (NII) and its association on both risk and earnings volatility in Indian public sector banks from 2009-10 to 2023-24. Using a sample of the ten largest public sector banks, we examined both total NII and its components--fee income, trading income, and other income--to better understand their impact on bank risk and profit. Risk was quantified using Z-Score, RAROA, and RACAR, while control variables included loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR), net interest margin (NIM), bank size, and GDP growth. The data show that while NII generally reduces the risk profile, it has a mixed effect on profitability (RAROA) and risk-adjusted returns (RACAR). Bank size and operational efficiency, as measured by NIM, considerably improve stability and profitability, but LDR and GDP growth have little effect. This shows that internal bank factors dominated macroeconomic conditions in determining risk and performance during the research period. The findings of our study have implications for the banks exposed to earning Non-traditional sources of revenue hence exposure to various risks.

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Net Interest Margin, Banking, Risk measurement, Z-Score, GDP growth

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The SmartStudent platform is a comprehensive mobile ecosystem designed to help students manage their daily academic lives while navigating the complex college admissions process. Built using React Native (Expo) and Supabase, the application serves as a central hub for Live Attendance Tracking, Digital Note-Taking, and Application Status Monitoring. By integrating these core utilities into a single mobile interface, the system ensures that students stay organized during their final years of school. To further enhance the user experience, the app includes a Machine Learning-based OCR feature that automatically extracts academic data from transcripts to populate application forms. This project demonstrates how combining daily-use academic tools with intelligent automation can reduce student stress, improve data accuracy, and provide a seamless transition from high school to higher education.

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React Expo, Supabase, Attendance Tracking, Digital Notes, Mobile Application, ML OCR Feature, EdTech,PostgreSQL, Serverless

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Bhartiya Gyan Parampara Ev Adhunik Vigyan Ke Paripekshya Me Yog Ki Bhumika

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Bhartiya Gyan Parampara Ev Adhunik Vigyan Ke Paripekshya Me Yog Ki Bhumika

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ABSTRACT: Sudden cardiac death, primarily from coronary disease, constitutes 70% of natural deaths in adults, often with no prior indications of heart disease. Most out-of-hospital cardiac arrest cases occur at home and significantly impact adolescents, with India reporting around 7,00,000 sudden cardiac arrests annually. The study aims to assess the effectiveness of a planned teaching program on awareness regarding sudden cardiac arrest and its management among adolescents in INDEX School of Indore. Using a quantitative approach with a one-group pretest-post-test design and a sample of 40 participants, the study measures awareness before and after the program. Results indicate a significant increase in post-test awareness scores, demonstrating the program's effectiveness. Statistical analysis confirms the hypothesis that the teaching intervention successfully enhances understanding and awareness about sudden cardiac arrest among adolescents.

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Keywords: Planned Assisted Teaching Programme; Awareness Sudden cardiac arrest Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Adolescents

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The increasing demand for engaging and accessible digital learning content has highlighted the limitations of traditional text-based educational materials. This paper presents an AI-based system that automatically converts educational text documents into segmented visual narration videos using a fully automated multimodal pipeline. The proposed framework integrates document parsing, Natural Language Processing (NLP), Large Language Models (LLMs), Text- to-Speech (TTS), and diffusion-based Text-to-Image (TTI) generation to transform static documents into structured, narrated video modules. Educational content is processed at the sentence level to enable fine-grained synchronization between narration, visuals, and subtitles. A robust primary-fallback strategy is employed across LLM, TTS, and image generation modules to ensure reliable operation. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the system produces coherent and pedagogically suitable educational videos while significantly reducing manual effort and content production time through full pipeline automation. The proposed solution is scalable, cost-efficient, and well-suited for e-learning platforms, educators, and inclusive digital education delivery.

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Artificial Intelligence, Natural Language Processing, Generative AI, Text-to-Speech, Text-to-Image, Educational Content Automation, Visual Narration, Multimodal Learning, E-Learning Systems

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Turn-taking is a fundamental aspect of human communication that enables smooth and natural interaction. As conversational AI systems become more widely used in applications such as virtual assistants and real-time voice inter- faces, replicating this behavior has become a critical challenge. This paper explores how turn-taking mechanisms influence the perceived naturalness of human-AI conversations. It examines the underlying components that enable turn-taking, including speech detection, endpointing, and response timing, and analyzes the trade-offs between responsiveness and accuracy in real- time systems. The study highlights key challenges such as interruptions, variability in human speech, and environmental noise, which complicate reliable turn management. It further discusses modern design approaches, including adaptive models, predictive techniques, and user-control strategies, that aim to improve conversational flow. The findings suggest that effective turn-taking is essential for creating intuitive and engaging AI systems, and that no single approach fully resolves the inherent trade-offs.

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Turn-taking, Conversational AI, Real-time in- teraction, Speech systems, Human-AI communication

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This study examines the role of capital structure in determining firm performance and its impact on financial outcomes. The research focuses on how the mix of debt and equity influences profitability, risk, and overall firm value. Primary data were collected from 250 respondents using a structured questionnaire. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical research design and applies statistical tools such as percentage analysis, mean score analysis, and reliability tests. The findings reveal that factors such as financial risk, profitability, and optimal capital structure significantly influence firm performance. It is also observed that excessive debt increases financial risk, while a balanced capital structure enhances firm value and stability. The study highlights the importance of effective financial decision-making in achieving sustainable growth. Overall, the research provides valuable insights for managers, investors, and policymakers in optimizing capital structure for improved firm performance.

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Capital Structure, Firm Performance, Financial Risk, Profitability, Debt-Equity Ratio

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ABSTRACT RESEARCH STATEMENT: A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding acid peptic disease and its prevention among the residents of selected community areas in Bangalore. BACK GROUND OF THE STUDY: Peptic ulcer disease (PUD) affects millions globally, with approximately 25 million Americans experiencing an ulcer in their lifetime. Once believed to be caused by stress and diet, up to 90% of ulcers are now attributed to Helicobacter pylori infection, a condition treatable with antibiotics. However, lack of awareness among patients and inconsistent treatment practices persist. PUD contributes to significant healthcare burdens, including hospitalizations, deaths, and economic costs. Additionally, unhealthy lifestyles and eating disorders, especially among adolescents, increase gastrointestinal risks. This study aims to raise awareness about PUD, promote early detection, and encourage healthier lifestyle choices to prevent complications. OBJECTIVES: 1. To assess the pre interventional knowledge of residents of selected community areas regarding the healthy lifestyle in preventing Acid peptic diseases 2. To assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on prevention of peptic ulcer among residents of selected community areas. 3. To find out the association between post interventional knowledge score of residents of selected community areas regarding the healthy lifestyle in preventing Acid peptic diseases and with their selected demographic variables. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: The present study adopts a descriptive research design to assess the knowledge and awareness regarding peptic ulcer disease and its prevention. The target population includes individuals aged 20-60 years from selected urban and rural communities. A convenient sampling technique will be employed to select 100 participants. Data will be collected using a structured questionnaire, which includes both closed and open-ended questions related to symptoms, causes, risk factors (such as Helicobacter pylori infection and NSAID use), lifestyle practices, and preventive measures. The questionnaire will be validated by experts in gastroenterology and nursing. Prior informed consent will be obtained from all participants. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean, and standard deviation) to determine the level of awareness, and inferential statistics (chi-square test) will be used to find associations between selected demographic variables and knowledge levels. Ethical approval will be obtained from the concerned institutional ethics committee before conducting the study. RESULT: The study assessed the effectiveness of a structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding acid peptic disease and its prevention among 60 residents of selected community areas in Bengaluru. Pre-test and post-test data were collected using a structured interview schedule. The analysis revealed a significant increase in post-test knowledge scores, indicating that the structured teaching programme was effective. The 't' test showed a statistically significant difference between pre- and post-test scores (p < 0.05). Chi-square test demonstrated a significant association between post-test knowledge and selected demographic variables such as education and source of information. Thus, the intervention proved beneficial in enhancing awareness. CONCLUSION: The study concluded that a structured teaching programme is effective in enhancing knowledge about acid peptic disease and its prevention. Educating the community through systematic health education can promote healthy lifestyle practices, reduce disease risk, and improve public health outcomes, especially in resource-limited community settings. Keyword:- Structured Teaching Programme , Acid Peptic Disease, Community Health, Knowledge Assessment, Prevention, Health Education, Bengaluru. UNDER THE GUIDENCE: SUBMITTED BY: MRS. SHREEDEVI G C MR. GHANSHYAM SINGH ASST. PROFESSOR M.SC. NURSING DEPT. OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NSG. DEPT. OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NSG. RGUHS, BANGOLORE (KARNATAKA). RGUHS, BANGOLORE (KARNATAKA).

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Keyword:- Structured Teaching Programme , Acid Peptic Disease, Community Health, Knowledge Assessment, Prevention, Health Education, Bengaluru.

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Lung cancer is one of the most life-threatening diseases worldwide, where early detection plays a crucial role in improving survival rates. This study proposes an efficient lung cancer classification and prediction system using Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) deep learning techniques. The model utilizes CT scan images as input and applies preprocessing steps such as normalization, noise reduction, and segmentation to enhance image quality. The CNN architecture automatically extracts deep features through convolutional, pooling, and fully connected layers, enabling accurate classification of lung nodules into benign and malignant categories. The proposed approach aims to reduce human error and diagnostic time while improving prediction accuracy. Experimental results demonstrate that the CNN-based model achieves high performance in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score, making it a reliable tool for computer-aided diagnosis in medical imaging systems.

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Lung Cancer, CNN, Deep Learning, CT- Scan, Classification, Prediction

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Research Abstract This study examines the impact of digital banking on the performance of SMEs in Karnataka, focusing on the extent of adoption, financial outcomes, and factors influencing effective usage. The findings reveal that digital banking adoption among SMEs has grown steadily, with nearly 61% of enterprises integrating services such as online payments, mobile banking, and digital credit access. SMEs using digital banking reported notable improvements in financial performance, including a 17-20% increase in revenue, a 15% reduction in operational costs, and faster loan approvals compared to non-users. The study further identifies trust, digital literacy, and technological readiness as key determinants of successful digital banking utilization, with strong positive correlations to usage levels and efficiency gains. Despite the benefits, gaps remain in awareness, infrastructure, and perceptions of security, suggesting the need for improved digital literacy initiatives and stronger system safeguards. Overall, the research concludes that digital banking significantly enhances SME growth, financial transparency, and operational efficiency, making it a vital tool for strengthening the competitiveness and sustainability of SMEs in Karnataka.

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Keywords: Digital Banking, SME Performance, Adoption Factors

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Risk assessment and mitigation are most essential process to ensuring safety durability and performance of any structure, Residential structure are exposed to various types of risk including structural failures, construction defects, environmental issues and operational issues. This study focuses on identifying types of risk associated with residential building and evaluating their impact on safety, cost, time, environment and overall project performance. The process of risk assessment including identification of risk and analyzing and prioritization of risk based on their severity. This study also highlights practical mitigation measures such as proper design, use of good quality material, adherence to building codes, regular maintenance, and good site, supervision. Environmental consideration such as floods, earthquakes and soil conditions are also addressed to enhance resilience. A greater knowledge is anticipated to lead to more effective risk management and as result is a better project outcome and value for both contactors and clients. This study focused on importance of proactive planning and monitoring or supervision to reduce risks and ensure safe, economical and sustainable residential construction.

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Risk management, mitigation, environmental consideration, prioritization of risk, performance of residential structure, safety, building codes

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Parkinson's disease is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. This review aims to integrate Unani and modern perspectives of Parkinson's disease. A literature-based review was conducted using classical Unani texts and standard modern medical references. Modern medicine attributes Parkinson's disease to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra leading to dopamine deficiency and imbalance with acetylcholine. In Unani medicine, similar conditions are described under Ra'sha and Istirkha, associated with Su-e-Mizaj Barid and dominance of Balgham. An integrative approach combining both systems may improve patient outcomes.

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Parkinson's disease, Ra'sha, Unani medicine, Neurodegeneration, Dopamine deficiency,integrative medicine.

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Modern search engines handle billions of queries daily, requiring extremely fast and scalable data structures. Traditional indexing methods such as B-trees and inverted indexes face limitations in latency and memory efficiency at large scale. To address this, hybrid approaches combining prefix-based and hash-based techniques are explored to achieve faster query processing and better resource utilization.

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Trie Hash Table Hybrid Trie-Hash Architecture (HTH) Search Engine Optimization Prefix Search Autocomplete Systems Cuckoo Hashing Robin Hood Hashing Consistent Hashing Distributed Indexing Information Retrieval

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The construction industry is increasingly focusing on sustainable and eco-friendly materials to reduce environmental impact and enhance resource efficiency. Natural fibres have gained significant attention as reinforcement materials in concrete due to their low cost, renewability, and biodegradability. This study investigates the effect of incorporating water hyacinth fibre as a natural reinforcement on the fresh and hardened properties of concrete. The fibres extracted from water hyacinth were subjected to alkali treatment using sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution to improve fibre-matrix bonding. Concrete mixes were prepared with varying fibre contents and tested for workability, compressive strength, split tensile strength, and flexural strength. The results indicate that fibre inclusion enhances tensile and flexural properties due to crack-bridging mechanisms, while workability decreases with increased fibre content. The study demonstrates that water hyacinth fibre can be effectively utilized as a sustainable reinforcement material, contributing to waste utilization and improved performance of concrete.

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Water Hyacinth Fibre, Alkali Treatment, Compressive Strength, Split Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength

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The Student Complaint Portal is a web-based application designed to create an efficient, transparent, and user-friendly system for handling grievances in educational institutions. The main goal of this system is to give students a secure digital space to submit complaints or feedback about academic, administrative, infrastructure, or faculty-related issues. Each complaint is recorded, categorized, and assigned to the right department to ensure timely and fair resolution. The portal includes secure authentication, rolebased access, and an easy-to-use dashboard for both students and administrators. It allows realtime tracking of complaints and sends automated notifications through email alerts, which enhances transparency and accountability throughout the grievance process. The system also keeps a central database of resolved and pending complaints for analysis and policy improvement. By using modern web technologies and strong database management systems, the Student Complaint Portal removes the problems of traditional paper-based grievance handling. It improves how schools respond, encourages open communication, and builds a culture of trust and fairness on campus. Overall, the system provides a scalable, data-driven, and clear way to manage student grievances effectively in the digital age

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Online Complaint Management, Paperless Complaint System, Student Complaint Portal, Web Technology Integration, Online Grievance Handling, Complaint Resolution.

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A Study to Assess the Effectiveness of a Structured Teaching Program on Enhancing the Interpretation of Arrhythmias in Electrocardiograms Among Healthcare Workers at Lions Hospital, Mehsana.

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Over the past decade, the number of learning management systems available to institutions has grown considerably, but most comparisons between them never get past feature lists or vendor- backed reviews. Very few studies actually look at how real students behave on these platforms under controlled conditions, and that gap is what pushed us to run this study. We took four platforms-- Moodle, Google Classroom, Coursera, and Edu-Platform, a MERN-stack system we built and deployed ourselves--and put them side by side across six dimensions that we think matter most when an institution genuinely needs to control how students move through a course: whether learning paths can be locked in sequence, how clearly students can see their own progress, what approval mechanisms exist for content, how long setup actually takes for a busy instructor, how engaged students end up becoming, and how much technical effort the whole thing demands to configure. The numbers we use come from a four-week live deployment at D.Y. Patil Technical Campus, Talsande, where 48 undergraduate students across two Computer Science and Engineering courses used the platform for real coursework--not a controlled lab exercise, but actual teaching happening in real time. Engagement metrics include course completion rate, average days to completion, module access frequency, and a System Usability Scale (SUS) score. The study finds that structured sequential delivery with real-time progress feedback produces a completion rate of 87.3%, compared to 50.5% in a group using unstructured cloud-folder delivery--a statistically meaningful gap that aligns with prior MOOC attrition research. Qualitative dimensions of the comparison reveal that existing platforms trade governance and engagement depth for scale and ease of onboarding, a trade-off that may be inappropriate for institution-controlled curricula.

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MERN stack, learning management system, personalized learning paths, role-based access control, real-time progress tracking, online education platform, e-learning, React.js, MongoDB, blended learning

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This report explains how the structure of cellulose has been studied over time. Early models based only on diffractometry could not explain all results, so newer methods like Raman spectroscopy and carbon-13 NMR were used to develop more accurate models. These improved models help scientists better understand how cellulose structure changes with its source and processing, which affects its material properties. At the same time, there is a growing need for sustainable materials in industries like construction to protect the environment and meet sustainability goals. While synthetic fibres such as CFRP and GFRP are widely used, their environmental impact has led to increased interest in natural fibres. These natural fibres can improve the strength and flexibility of building materials while being more eco-friendly.

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cellulose Fibre Reinforced Concrete

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