Volume 14 | Issue 4

 Abstract

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of plyometric training combined with game specific training on skill performance variables among men cricket players. To achieve the purpose of the present study, forty-five cricket players from Gobi Arts and Science College, Gobichettipalayam, Erode were selected as subjects at random and their ages ranged from 18 to 25 years. The subjects were divided into three equal groups of fifteen subjects each. Group I acted as Experimental Group I (plyometric Training), Group II acted as Experimental Group II (plyometric Training combined with Game Specific Training) and Group III acted as Control Group. The requirement of the experiment procedures, testing as well as exercise schedule was explained to the subjects so as to get full co-operation of the effort required on their part and prior to the administration of the study. It was observed that the twelve weeks of plyometric training with Game Specific Training have significantly improved the selected Game Specific Training than the plyometric training and control group.

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Plyometric Training, Game Specific Training, Cricket.

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to know how breathing techniques can reduce stress and anxiety among the health of teachers

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teachers, breathing techniques, stress, anxiety,

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Textile Effluent is notoriously difficult to treat because the chemicals are designed to be stable and resist fading, which makes them highly toxic to aquatic ecosystems. To tackle this issue, this project directly compares two chemical treatment methods: coagulation-flocculation and the Fenton process. For the coagulation-flocculation stage, we used different chemical dosages to find the ideal coagulant dose and pH levels needed to separate the dye from the water. For the Fenton process, we conducted experiments to test different ratios of ferrous oxide(fe2so4) and hydrogen peroxide(H2O2) with lime hydrate (Ca (OH)2) to see how effectively the hydroxyl radicals could break down the dye molecules. We evaluated both methods based on COD and TOC levels reduction. Based on existing research, coagulation is incredibly fast and great at stripping color out of the dye water, but it just transfers the pollution into a heavy sludge rather than destroying it. The Fenton process, on the other hand, degrades the chemical structure of the dye, but is expensive and require technical personnel for operating at a highly acidic ph.

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Dye removal, Coagulation-flocculation, Fenton process, Ph, Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Total Organic Carbon (TOC).

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This review critically examines the article "Spiritual Intelligence and Spiritual Care in Nursing Practice: A Bibliometric Review" published in the Indian Journal of Palliative Care (2024) by Stiliya et al. The original study employs a bibliometric analysis of 461 publications (2014-2024) indexed in Scopus to explore trends, key contributors, and thematic developments in the field of spiritual intelligence (SI) and spiritual care in nursing. Using MS Excel and VOS viewer, the authors report a consistent growth of research since 2015, identify influential authors and journals, and highlight the increasing integration of SI into nursing education and practice. This review recognizes the article's contribution in mapping the evolving landscape of SI research and its relevance for holistic, patient-centered care. At the same time, it underscores certain limitations, including the reliance on a single database and exclusion of non-English studies, which may restrict the generalizability of findings. By reflecting on the strengths and gaps of this bibliometric review, the present paper emphasizes the need for future studies on measurable tools for SI, cross-cultural perspectives, and curriculum integration in nursing education. Such efforts can deepen the understanding of SI as a professional competency and enhance the quality of holistic nursing care

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 Keywords

Article review, Spiritual intelligence, Nursing, Bibliometric analysis, Spiritual care.

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Adaptive reuse has emerged as an important strategy for ensuring the continued use and survival of historic buildings. However, reuse often requires the introduction of new architectural and service interventions in order to accommodate changing functional, technical, and environmental demands. While major interventions such as structural repairs and material replacements are widely discussed in conservation literature, smaller service-based insertions are often treated as technically necessary but architecturally insignificant. Among these, lighting interventions occupy a particularly critical position, as they influence not only the physical fabric of heritage buildings but also their visual interpretation, spatial hierarchy, material perception, and experiential character. This research examines how lighting interventions affect the heritage value of historic structures undergoing adaptive reuse. The research posits that heritage buildings ought not to be perceived as isolated static entities, but rather as complex systems comprising site context, spatial organization, structural rationale, masonry techniques, and surface articulation. Any modification implemented within such a system may influence one or more of these interrelated layers. In this wider context, lighting is seen as a very important type of intervention because it affects both the physical and the perceptual. The paper employs a stratified analytical framework to assess the ramifications of lighting installations in heritage edifices, utilizing Mehboob Mansion, Hyderabad, as the principal case study. The research is substantiated by a systematic literature review, a comparative analysis of selected heritage lighting projects, and the formulation of an evaluative framework grounded in conservation principles, including minimal intervention, reversibility, compatibility, and the preservation of significance. The study proposes a structured value-assessment framework for examining how lighting interventions may alter or support heritage character during adaptive reuse. The results indicate that lighting interventions, frequently regarded as trivial service enhancements, can yield cumulative and enduring effects on architectural legibility, authenticity, and material integrity. The paper contends that a more stringent and value-conscious methodology in lighting design is essential within conservation practice.

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Adaptive reuse; architectural conservation; heritage value; lighting interventions; value assessment

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Temperature is one of the most critical environmental determinants influencing fish production, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions such as South Asia. With ongoing climate change, rising temperatures and increased variability in thermal regimes are significantly affecting aquaculture and capture fisheries. This review synthesizes empirical and theoretical literature on temperature impacts on fish growth, reproduction, survival, disease dynamics, and overall productivity in South Asia, focusing on countries such as Bangladesh, India and Pakistan. Evidence suggests that moderate increases in temperature may enhance metabolic and growth rates within optimal thresholds; however, extreme heat stress leads to reduced feed efficiency, increased mortality, and disease outbreaks. The review highlights adaptive strategies, including selective breeding, improved pond management, and climate-resilient aquaculture systems. Policy implications for sustainable fish production under changing thermal regimes are also discussed.

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Temperature, Aquaculture, Climate Change, Fish Production, South Asia, Thermal Stress

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Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Is A Chronic, Multisystem Autoimmune Disorder Characterized By Immune Dysregulation, Production Of Autoantibodies, And Immune Complex Deposition Leading To Inflammation And Multi-Organ Damage. The Prevalence Of SLE In India Is Reported To Be 3.2 Per 100,000 Population, With A Rising Trend. Conventional Treatment Mainly Includes Glucocorticoids And Immunosuppressants, Which Are Associated With Long-Term Adverse Effects.

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Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE), Homoeopathy, Autoimmune disease, Constitutional treatment, SLAQ score, Immune regulation.

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This project presents an AI-Based Plagiarism Detection System designed to overcome the limitations of traditional keyword-based approaches in identifying copied content. With the increasing availability of digital resources and AI-generated text, detecting both exact and semantic plagiarism has become essential. The proposed system utilizes advanced Natural Language Processing techniques, specifically Sentence-BERT (all-mpnet-base-v2), to generate semantic embeddings and compute similarity using cosine similarity, enabling accurate detection of paraphrased and contextually similar content at the paragraph level. In addition, GPT-2-based perplexity analysis is incorporated to identify AI-generated text and distinguish it from human-written content. A hybrid approach combining semantic similarity and lexical overlap further improves detection accuracy and reliability. The system supports multiple file formats including PDF, DOCX, and TXT, and performs preprocessing steps such as text cleaning, segmentation, and embedding generation. A Flask-based web interface allows users to upload documents and perform real-time analysis, generating outputs such as similarity scores, matched segments, and AI probability. Overall, the system provides an efficient, intelligent, and user-friendly solution for maintaining academic integrity in modern digital environments.

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Plagiarism Detection, Natural Language Processing, Sentence-BERT, Semantic Text Similarity, Transformer Models, GPT-2, Perplexity-Based Detection, Cosine Similarity, AI-Generated Content Detection.

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Photovoltaic (PV) systems are a leading source of renewable energy; however, their power output is inherently variable due to changes in solar irradiance and cell temperature. Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) techniques are essential to ensure that PV systems consistently operate at their peak power output, regardless of environmental conditions. This paper presents a comprehensive study and hardware implementation of key MPPT algorithms including Perturb and Observe (P&O), Incremental Conductance (INC), Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based MPPT. A DC-DC boost converter controlled by a microcontroller implements these algorithms in real time. Comparative analysis is conducted on the basis of tracking speed, oscillation around the maximum power point, efficiency, and system complexity. Results demonstrate that intelligent MPPT techniques such as FLC and ANN outperform classical methods under rapidly changing irradiance conditions, achieving efficiencies exceeding 98%. The system is validated through prototype testing and simulation in MATLAB/Simulink. This work contributes to the advancement of efficient, cost-effective PV energy extraction for sustainable power applications.

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IJCRT. ORG

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Memory plays a crucial role in shaping individual identity, influencing personal beliefs, relationships, and self-perception. In Remember Me? by Sophie Kinsella, the protagonist Lexi Smart experiences amnesia following an accident, causing a sudden disconnection from her past self. This research paper examines how memory loss disrupts identity and how the process of rediscovery leads to self-reconstruction. Through a psychological and thematic analysis, the paper explores the contrast between Lexi's past and present identities, the illusion of perfection in her transformed life, and the role of relationships in redefining the self. The study argues that identity is not fixed but fluid, shaped by both memory and conscious choices. By analyzing Lexi's journey, the paper highlights the importance of authenticity over superficial transformation and emphasizes that true identity lies beyond material success and altered memories.

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Memory, Identity, Amnesia, Self-Perception, Personal Transformation, Identity Crisis, Self-Reconstruction, Relationships, Authenticity, Materialism, Psychological Identity, Contemporary Fiction

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Vision is a complex physiological function involving both ocular structures and neural mechanisms. In Ayurveda, visual perception is attributed to Alochaka Pitta, a subtype of Pitta Dosha responsible for the perception and interpretation of visual stimuli. Classical Ayurvedic texts describe Alochaka Pitta as the functional entity that enables the eye to perceive form, colour, and light. In contrast, modern neuro-ophthalmology explains vision through phototransduction within the retina, transmission of impulses through the optic pathways, and interpretation within the visual cortex of the brain. Although these explanations arise from different knowledge systems, they ultimately describe the same biological phenomenon of visual perception. The present conceptual review aims to analyze the Ayurvedic concept of Alochaka Pitta and examine its possible correlation with mechanisms described in neuroophthalmology. Such an integrative understanding may provide a broader perspective for studying visual physiology and related disorders.

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Alochaka Pitta, Neuro-ophthalmology, Vision, Ayurveda, Optic pathway

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The hospitality industry is highly service-oriented and customer-centric, making employee motivation a critical determinant of service quality and organizational performance. This study, titled "An Empirical Study of Parameters Influencing Employee Motivation in the Hospitality Industry with Reference to The Leela Palace Chennai," aims to identify and analyse the key factors that influence employee motivation and their impact on job performance and job satisfaction. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 140 employees across departments including HR, Front Office, Finance, Food & Beverage, Housekeeping, Engineering, Sales & Marketing, and Spa. Statistical tools including Percentage Analysis, Chi-Square tests, One-Way ANOVA, and Pearson Correlation were employed for analysis. The findings reveal that both intrinsic factors (recognition, personal growth, responsibility) and extrinsic factors (salary, job security, incentives) significantly influence employee motivation. A positive work environment, effective leadership, and supportive management contribute substantially to employee satisfaction. Key findings show that 74.3% of respondents agree that training and development opportunities are provided, 75% feel working conditions are safe and comfortable, and 65% feel overall motivated and satisfied. The study concludes that a balanced approach integrating financial and non-financial motivational strategies enhances employee performance, service quality, and long-term retention in the hospitality industry.

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Employee Motivation, Hospitality Industry, Job Satisfaction, Intrinsic Factors, Extrinsic Factors, The Leela Palace Chennai, Work Environment, Leadership.

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Index Terms - Emotional Maturity, Gender, Secondary School Teachers (SSTs), Type of School.

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This study examines the personality traits and workplace expectations of Generation Z and how their values shape perceptions of career success and organizational culture. Using a descriptive research design, primary data was collected from 108 respondents through a structured questionnaire. The findings show that Gen Z prioritizes career growth, financial stability and mental well-being, while valuing work-life balance and flexibility. Recognition, feedback and continuous learning act as key motivators. The study concludes that organizations must adopt flexible, employee-centric and purpose-driven strategies to effectively attract, engage and retain Generation Z in the evolving workplace.

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Generation Z, Workplace Expectations, Personality Traits, Work-Life Balance, Career Growth, Employee Motivation organizational Culture, Flexibility, Mental Well-being

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Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has emerged as a critical strategic tool for tourism companies operating in today's competitive, experience-driven marketplace. This study examines the significance of CRM practices in the tourism sector with specific reference to Go Adventures, Chennai -- an adventure travel company serving customers across South India. Primary data were collected from 150 respondents using a structured questionnaire covering demographics, awareness, service quality, personalization, communication, trust, loyalty, and retention. Statistical tools including Percentage Analysis, One-Way ANOVA, Chi-Square tests, and Pearson Correlation were employed. The findings reveal that social media is the dominant discovery channel (51.3%), Kerala is the most preferred destination (48.7%), and 66% of respondents feel brand loyal. However, a critical personalization gap was identified: 74% of respondents indicate that Go Adventures does not understand their travel preferences. Statistical tests confirm that income does not significantly influence customer perception of CRM effectiveness (ANOVA: F = 0.280, p = 0.891; Correlation: r = 0.006, p = 0.942), indicating that service gaps are systemic and not income-dependent. The study concludes that while Go Adventures has built strong trust, brand preference, and loyalty, it must urgently invest in personalization capabilities, structured communication, and loyalty programs to convert first-time visitors into repeat customers and achieve sustainable growth

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Customer Relationship Management, CRM, Tourism Sector, Go Adventures, Customer Loyalty, Personalization, Adventure Tourism, Customer Satisfaction

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 Abstract

Fungi act as decomposers by breaking down organic matter in nature, and many form beneficial relationships with plants in the soil. However, some fungi develop parasitic relationships with plants, such as rusts and leaf spots. These disease-causing fungi obtain their nutrients from the plants they infect. They cause significant damage, leading to symptoms like wilting, scabs, moldy coatings, rust-like patches, and rotting tissue. In more developed areas, plant diseases are estimated to reduce crop yields by about 10% annually, while in less developed regions, the yield loss due to diseases can be more than 20%. Forests provide essential resources such as timber, fuel, and fodder, and also help conserve soil and water, regulate climate, support wildlife, and offer recreational and aesthetic benefits to humans. There is a strong connection between plants and their environment. In forest nurseries, various diseases like damping-off, root rot, stem rot, leaf curl, wilt, canker, rust, and decay can be observed. In this study, we have examined specific and widespread plant diseases in forest nurseries of Sonebhadra, Chandauli, and Mirzapur districts in Uttar Pradesh, India, caused by fungal pathogens. Many soil-dwelling fungi can live as saprophytes, completing part of their life cycle in the soil, and are known as facultative saprophytes. Pathogenic conditions can result from both biotic and abiotic factors. Fungi reproduce both sexually and asexually through the production of spores and other structures. Spores can travel long distances through air or water, or they may be present in the soil. Fungi have been classified into four groups by Alexopolous and Mims (1979) as Zygomycetes, Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes. In my research, most plant-disease-causing fungi belong to the Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes groups. These have been studied because there has been very little previous research conducted in different forest areas.

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 Keywords

FUNGI, DECOMPOSER, FOREST, DISEASE, SPORES

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"One of the first conditions of happiness is that the link between man and nature shall not be broken." - Leo Tolstoy. Keywords: Environmental Education (EE) Package, Environment Awareness, Environment Behaviour, Value Action Gap, Quasi-Experiment, Pro-environment action This research investigates the effectiveness of a specialised Environmental Education (EE) Package in enhancing environmental awareness and behaviour among secondary school students in Anand, Gujarat, with a specific focus on the "value-action gap," where knowledge often fails to translate into sustainable habits. Utilising a quasi-experimental pre-test/post-test design with 100 students, the study compared a traditional lecture-based control group against an experimental group exposed to a multi-sensory 15-day intervention. This EE Package integrated multimedia presentations, hands-on activities, and cultural storytelling from the Ramayana and Bhagavad Gita to foster stewardship. The results demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in both awareness and pro-environmental actions in the experimental group, which significantly outperformed the control group. Furthermore, a strong positive correlation of 0.91 was found between awareness and behaviour, indicating that the package effectively translated ecological knowledge into practical action regardless of student gender.

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Environmental Education (EE) Package, Environment Awareness, Environment Behaviour, Value Action Gap, Quasi-Experiment, Pro-environment action

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There is a growing need for dependable and effective charging infrastructure as a result of the quick uptake of electric cars (EVs). However, finding available charging stations, scheduling charging times, and obtaining flexible battery exchange choices are frequently difficult tasks for EV customers, which causes delays and annoyance. The suggested system makes use of real-time data integration and sophisticated location-based services to give consumers precise information about the availability of charging stations and battery swap stations. It provides EV users with an easy-to-use mobile application that lets them look for charging stations and battery exchange locations in their area, browse station information, check slot availability, and make reservations ahead of time. Additionally, the system has a secure payment gateway that enables customers to reserve charging or battery exchange times and complete transactions with ease. Wait times are reduced and station utilization is maximized using an effective slot management algorithm. The suggested system greatly improves user convenience and helps create a more sustainable and orderly EV charging infrastructure by incorporating safe payment processing, battery exchange possibilities, and real-time notifications. The system architecture, implementation difficulties, and possible advantages for EV consumers and charging station operators are covered in this article.

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Electric Vehicle (EV), Charging Station Locator, Mobile Application, Slot Booking System, Smart Charging Infrastructure, Location-based Services.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as powerful tools for software engineering tasks including code summarization, bug detection, and architectural analysis. However, integrating these models with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to ground responses in trusted evidence presents significant challenges for enterprises and startups. Most existing LLM-based systems depend heavily on cloud infrastructure, introducing critical concerns related to data privacy, intellectual property protection, regulatory compliance, and operational costs. This is particularly problematic for organizations managing proprietary source code where data sovereignty is paramount. This literature survey comprehensively reviews recent research on offline retrieval-augmented AI systems for secure enterprise code intelligence, analyzing LLMs, RAG frameworks, hybrid retrieval mechanisms, secure knowledge storage, and lightweight deployment architectures. The survey encompasses works from 2023-2025 across IEEE, Elsevier, and Springer, examining deployment feasibility, architectural paradigms, and enterprise applicability. Our analysis reveals critical research gaps: most approaches remain cloud-dependent, lack offline deployment capabilities, treat source code as unstructured text without understanding repository structure and dependencies, and demonstrate insufficient integration of hybrid retrieval in private environments. Furthermore, unified offline knowledge base architectures that seamlessly integrate semantic embeddings, keyword indexing, and structural metadata remain largely unexplored. These observations motivate the need for a secure, offline, cost-effective, and startup-friendly code analysis system. We identify promising research directions toward lightweight generative models, secure retrieval ecosystems, parameter-efficient fine-tuning, and hardware-aware inference optimization that enable next-generation AI-powered code intelligence platforms capable of operating entirely within private organizational infrastructure while maintaining high reasoning accuracy and developer productivity.

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Large Language Models, Retrieval-Augmented Generation, Offline AI Systems, Secure Code Analysis, Private Knowledge Base, Lightweight Deployment, Enterprise Software Engineering, Vector Databases, Hybrid Retrieval

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Sign language serves as a vital mode of communication for individuals with hearing and speech impairments, yet its widespread adoption is limited by the lack of mutual understanding between signers and non signers. A sign language translator aims to bridge this gap by converting hand gestures into meaningful text or speech in real time. The system typically integrates computer vision techniques for gesture detection, machine learning models for classification, and natural language processing for refining output into grammatically coherent sentences. By combining image acquisition, feature extraction, and predictive modelling the translator provides an accessible communication channel that promotes inclusivity and reduces barriers in education, healthcare, and everyday interactions. This work highlights the potential of gesture to text systems to enhance accessibility, while emphasizing modularity, scalability, and adaptability for diverse sign languages and user contexts.

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 Keywords

Sign Language Recognition , Computer Vision , Random Forest Classifier , Natural Language Processing , Gesture-to-Text Translation, Accessibility Technology , Real-Time Communication

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition