Volume 6 | Issue 4

 Abstract

Sadhon Chattopadhyay's short story 'flesh eating horse' to see how the tale first builds and then breaks its own world. The horse, which eats human flesh is more than a frightening animal - it is a moving sign that upsets daily human life. As fear spreads, the lines between safe and dangerous, human and animal, real and imagined start to blur. The story's switching narrator, sudden jumps in time and unfinished hints deepen this feeling of confusion. The story shows that, space is never fixed. It is shaped by people's thoughts, memories and worries, and it can fall apart when a shock arrives. By showing this break-up of space, Sadhon Chattopadhyay challenges old power rules and reminds us how quickly men's thinking can change the world.

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Horse, Animal, Human being, Power, Space, World.

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Karnataka, one of India's most agriculturally progressive states, holds a pivotal position in the country's floriculture landscape due to its unique combination of diverse agro-climatic zones, fertile soils, and a favorable tropical monsoon climate. These natural advantages, coupled with emerging infrastructure and policy support, have enabled the state to become a leading producer and exporter of a wide array of flowers such as roses, chrysanthemums, gerberas, marigolds, tuberose, and orchids. Presently, Karnataka contributes around 14% of India's total flower production, and is recognized as a major player in both domestic and international flower markets, particularly through hubs like Bengaluru and Kolar. The climatic conditions--marked by moderate temperatures, relatively high humidity, and predictable rainfall patterns--support year-round cultivation, especially under protected environments like polyhouses and greenhouses, which have been increasingly adopted by farmers across the state. This research article aims to explore the geographic and climatic suitability of Karnataka for floriculture and examines how this sector is being strategically integrated with agriculture and the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) ecosystem. The study investigates how MSMEs are playing a catalytic role in areas such as flower processing, marketing, packaging, cold chain logistics, and export facilitation. In addition, the paper delves into key policy initiatives, success stories, and infrastructural developments that have contributed to the sector's rise, while also critically analyzing existing challenges including post-harvest losses, export taxation, inconsistent market linkages, and limited access to finance for small growers. A focused case study from Tumakuru district is presented to illustrate real-world examples of floriculture success, especially where traditional farmers have diversified into floriculture and experienced significant income growth.

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Karnataka, Floriculture, Agro-climatic Zones, Climate Suitability, Agriculture, MSME, Sustainable Practices, Export Potential, Horticulture Policy elaborate

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Sentiment Analysis (SA) is currently a very significant area of Natural Language Processing (NLP) owing to the constant increase in the amount of text-based online communication on social networking sites, review websites, discussion forums, and news sources. The widespread rise of web communication has thus necessitated increasingly strong systems able to extract subjectivity from text in order to capture opinions, feelings, and attitudes. This review of literature provides a comprehensive overview of the emergence and evolution of sentiment analysis methods, with a focus on three major pillars: datasets, tools and libraries, and evaluation metrics. It discusses prominent corpora used, compares performance metrics, and introduces the tools and frameworks that have enabled sentiment classification implementation. In addition, the review highlights emerging trends like the combination of deep learning and transfer learning and highlights important challenges and considerations for future work, including multilingual analysis, sarcasm detection, and model interpretability. The literature review is a detailed overview of sentiment analysis studies, highlighting datasets, tools, and evaluation metrics. The article canvases major methodologies, benchmark corpora, and relative results, and provides a snapshot overview of developments in the field over this timespan.

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Sentiment Analysis, Natural Language Processing, Datasets, Tools, Libraries, Evaluation Metrics, Deep Learning, Transfer Learning, Multilingual Analysis, Sarcasm Detection, Model Interpretability.

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The novel's realism developed in Britain in the 19th century as a result of rising literacy and cultural awareness. Realist writing in the 17th and 18th century was limited to a small number of authors, such Afra Bhen, Daniel Defoe, Richardson, and fielding. Abrams noted in his book "A Glossary of Literary Terms (1899)" that a number of nineteenth-century novelists, such as George Eliot, William Dean, and de Balzac, adopted realism. Realists perceive things as they actually are, as opposed to romanticism, which sees life as it appears to be. Realisticism tackles human existence and experience, whereas romanticism focuses on feelings and ideas. The goal of realist writing is to establish a connection between the writer and the reader, and a skillful use of reality is all that is required. Novelists with a creative bent are those who can distinguish between literary realism and reality, and who also have superior writing techniques. The novel's realism can be evaluated based on how it continues to impact the readers. Williams (1958) introduced a novel concept in realism during the 20th century, contending those novels written in the 17th and 18th centuries, like Defoe's Robinson Crusoe (1719) and Behn's Oroonoko (1688), adopted traditional techniques when applying realism, relying on sparse observations and limited records. As a result, the realistic flavor of these books fades quickly. Additionally, he says that novels created in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have been treasured and preserved. This study examines how much Hardy's "Tess of the D'Urbervilles (2005)" adheres to Williams' (1961) idea of New Realism.

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Realism, Society, Thomas Hardy, Williams, Social Problems and discrimination

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Every poet writes poetry in a different way. The ideas and twofold aim in Robert Frost's poetry are the main theme of this article. According to his theory, poetry demonstrates the union of passion and thought. The poet's mind is infused with a blend of passion and thought. According to his theory, poetry serves two functions. It is joy and knowledge. His poem starts off joyfully and ends wisely. Robert Frost's conception addresses his whole outlook on life. According to Frost, the cosmos is nearly chaotic to us. He may discover important concepts by overcoming obstacles in the cosmos, which is a confusing place. Robert Frost shapes it into a poem. His poetry's depiction of rural life is simple to understand.

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Joy, Knowledge, realism etc.

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Bhaskara I, a brilliant mathematician and astronomer of 7th-century of ancient India. He stands as a towering figure in the history of mathematics. His profound insights and innovative contributions have left an indelible mark on the field, shaping the course of mathematical thought for centuries to come. This article delves into the life, works, and enduring legacy of this remarkable scholar. Bhaskara I. The 7th Century Indian Mathematician and Astronomer Bhaskara I, also known as Bhaskara charya or Bhaskara the First, was a brilliant Indian mathematician and astronomer. He is considered one of the most influential mathematicians of his time and a pioneer in the field of mathematics and astronomy.

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Brilliant , Innovation, Contribution, Indelible, Remarkable.

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Using online resources to advertise a business and its goods or services in order to create leads, boost traffic, and boost sales is known as internet marketing. Digital marketing, often known as online marketing, disseminates ads and promotional messages via digital channels. What makes marketing so crucial? Every business must use marketing tactics to: boost sales, define goods or services, establish relationships with new partners or collaborators, acquire new clients, cultivate client loyalty, establish a brand, and use the media to expand internationally.

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Online Marketing, Local Marketing, Business.

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India is the largest democratic nation with a huge population. India shows progress in all the fields like Science and Technology, Trade, Education, Sports, Industries etc., Indian economic scene has been divided into two phases (i.e) 1947 to 1991 as first phase, from 1991 as second phase. After the implementation of Industrial policy1991, there have been many remarkable changes from consumers' point of view. Due to the introduction of LPG in our industrial policy, consumer is able to consume a wide variety of products at different price ranges. This has added a new dimension to Indian market scene and thus has shifted the scene in favour of consumer. Consumers are exploited or cheated in many forms like under weight and under measurement of product. The trader/ producer induce the consumer to buy the product through deceptive advertisement. Selling inferior quality product or substandard product, adulterated food product, these are very serious problem, because it affects the health of human resource. In the haste of profit traders are selling the banned and expired product and denying the warranty and guarantee, variants in contents of packs, inadequate labeling, selling the product at an exorbitant price, creating artificial scarcity etc, are the different forms of exploitation prevailing in Indian retail market. In this context, studying the causes and remedial measures for consumer exploitation becomes significant in further development of consumerism. This study will bring valuable results to overcome the consumer exploitation in organized retail sector.

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consumer exploitation, organized retailing

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This letter presents the design of Square Shaped MIMO Microstrip line feed patch antenna and their 2x1 MIMO implementation for Bluetooth, 4G LTE, WLAN, and WiMAX applications. The proposed antenna consists of modified square shaped patch and microstrip feed line on one side of the substrate, other side on which some rectangular defective ground structure. The proposed antenna in this letter offers improved directivity, bandwidth, and return loss characteristics. The antenna system operates four frequency ranges such as 7.14-7.42GHz, 7.6-8.2GHz, 8.2-8.6GHz, 9.8-10.2GHz frequencies for VSWR<=2. A study was performed to implement in 2x1 MIMO arrangements on the same circuit space have Better mutual coupling and better envelope correlation coefficient are achieved.

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: Multiple Input Multiple Outputs (MIMO); Wireless Local Area Networks; Long Term Evolution; Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access.

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One of the most celebrated poets of Kannada literature, Kuvempu has profoundly influenced the literary world with his exploration of universal human emotions. In many of the themes present in his works, love stands as a central motif, transcending the boundaries of romantic love to encompass love for humanity, nature, and life. This research paper examines how Kuvempu's poems depict love not only as a personal experience but also as a transformative force that connects individuals to the larger world. Through an analysis of his works, this paper explores the various dimensions of love in Kuvempu's poetry - love for self, love for others, love for nature, and the divine. By examining key poems and understanding the philosophical underpinnings of Kuvempu's expression of love, this study sheds light on his literary contribution to the expression of profound human values and his advocacy for an inclusive, harmonious world.

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 Keywords

Kuvempu, Love in Poetry, Kannada Literature, Human Emotions Universal Love, Nature in Poetry, Love for Humanity, Romance, Philosophy of Love, Divine Love

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Metal is cold-and hot-formed to make technical parts in the industrial sector. The condition of the dies used in these manufacturing procedures is one of the factors that establish the surface quality of engineering components. Tribological activities at the die-component contact have a significant impact on the surface finish of engineering components. The surface finish of the products is affected by lubrication, the form of the die, and the hardness of the die surface. This study used a pin-on-plate sliding tester to determine how surface shape, lubrication, and hardness impact the tribological behavior-defining coefficient of friction and transfer layer transfer. The morphology of mild steel (EN8) plate surfaces was altered using three separate surface modification techniques: shot blasting, electric discharge machining, and grinding (silicon carbide wheel polishing). The surface roughness parameters that characterize the morphology of the steel plates were measured using a three-dimensional optical profilometer. We probe the function of hardness by pushing lead, copper, and aluminum (Al6082) pins over steel plates. The studies were conducted using plate inclination angles of 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5 degrees. Throughout the trials, the standard load was varied between 1 and 150N. The trials were conducted in a lubricated, ambient environment. Surfaces of plates and pins were studied for the formation of transfer layers using a scanning electron microscope. It was shown that the contour of the lubricated harder surface influenced both the friction coefficient and the formation of the transfer layer. The formation of transfer layers on surfaces is seen to grow as the surface roughness rises.

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Surface Morphology, Transfer Layers, Lubricated Environments, Tribological Behaviour, coefficient of friction.

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Image segmentation is an important preprocessing operation in image recognition and computer vision. This paper proposes an adaptive K-means image segmentation method, which generates accurate segmentation results with simple operation and avoids the interactive input of K value. This method transforms the color space of images into LAB color space firstly. And the value of luminance components is set to a particular value, in order to reduce the effect of light on image segmentation. Then, the equivalent relation between K values and the number of connected domains after setting threshold is used to segment the image adaptively. After morphological processing, maximum connected domain extraction and matching with the original image, the final segmentation results are obtained. Experiments proof that the method proposed in this paper is not only simple but also accurate and effective.

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Image segmentation, Adaptive K-means, Clustering analysis

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The tribal population is the aboriginal inhabitants of India who have been living a life based on the natural environment and have cultur- al patterns congenial to their physical and social environment. The Concerted efforts for the development of these groups by the Central and State Governments have had only marginal impacts on their socio-economic conditions despite the various welfare measures and constitutional protection. This paper attempts an analysis of the development and welfare programs addressing poverty, land aliena- tion, exploitation, education, health care, employment, social devel- opment, and in their strengthening of service delivery. This article is concentrated on the tribes of three Districts Dakshina Kannada, Udupi, and Uttara Kannada of Karnataka state. The methodology adopted for the present study includes both primary and second- ary sources of data. The researcher has visited Tribal areas with his students to collect the primary data. The above three districts cover the foothills of the Western Ghats (Sahyadri) Agumbe range in the Udupi District and other forest areas in Dakshina Kannada and Ut- tara Kannada.

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Challenges To The Tribal Development In Coastal Karnataka: A Sociological Analysis

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A stiffened panel is a generic representative structural element of an airframe structure. A stiffened panel is therefore considered for the analysis. It is almost impossible to completely represent the structure with all the structural details in the finite element modeling. Nevertheless it is important to represent the necessary structural features in the finite element model to get the correct response of the structure for a given loading condition. This is where an understanding of the structural response of the multiple load paths, multi layered, and discretely connected airframe structure helps. It will be shown that the conventional method of representing the structure in FEM will lead to inappropriate stress distribution and incorrect identification of critical locations. Appropriate FEM will be used to represent the details of the stiffened panel.

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Structural analysis, FEM, Stiffened panel.

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 Abstract

Saamidheni Mantranaam Vivaranam

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Saamidheni Mantranaam Vivaranam

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The traditional management gave inadequate attention to human values and more or less concentrated on extracting more work from employees. Human being cannot be compared with machines. They have their own impulses, instincts, emotions. In the present scenario, needs and aspirations of the employees are changing. Employers are now redesigning jobs for better quality of work life. The quality of work life, as strategy of Human Resource Management has assumed increasing interest and importance. Many other terms have come to be used interchangeably with quality of work life, such as 'humanizations of work' 'quality of working life, 'industrial democracy' and 'participative work'. Therefore an Employer should design a job, which suits the needs of workmen not the technology. This revolutionary adoption will surely increase the worker's potential and can be used to maximum extent. It ensures greater participation and involvement of workers, makes work easier and improves quality and efficiency. Quality of work life is a process of work, in which organizations enable its members at all levels to actively participate in shaping the organizations policies, environment, methods and outcomes. This value based process is aimed towards meeting the twin goals of enhanced effectiveness of organizations and improved quality of life at work for employees.

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Human Resource, Relations, Humanizing, Quality of work, Participation

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Rohinton Mistry is an award winning Indian writer of Parsi origin who lives and writes in Canada, the country to which he immigrated in 1972 at the age of 23. Author of three acclaimed novels and a book of short stories, Mistry's books have often been called 'Indo-nostalgic'. His novels are set mainly in Bombay, India, which is home to a majority of the religious minority of people known as Parsis who follow the ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism. The characters in Mistry's stories are representative of the Parsi community, highlighting their struggles between tradition and modernity. His novels deal with problems unique to this community - their identity as a religious minority, their way of life, their cultural practices and beliefs, their sense of being different from Indian society at large, their anxieties, problems and aspirations - as part of the main narrative.

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Parsis Community, Diaspora, Minorities, Tradition & modernity

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Gitanjali is the concept of soul's liberation a tale of soul's wait to meet her eternal bridegroom, the divine Lord. The main theme is the consciousness of the divine through self purification and examination to humankind. Tagore's spiritual humanism is concept of interpersonal relationship. Tagore says that Patriotism cannot be our final spiritual shelter; his refuge is humanity. Tagore's spiritual philosophy, Gitanjali discusses how to reach God through the path of love and devotion. Tagore advocates the leading men into the realm of God through Gitanjali.

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Humanism, Spiritual, God, Soul, Relation, Love, Beauty, and Dignity

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Katha Prapancheekarana Prabhavam

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Katha Prapancheekarana Prabhavam

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This research explores the transformative role of social media in modern political campaigns, focusing on how platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram have redefined political communication. Social media has provided politicians with direct channels to engage voters, allowing for targeted messaging and real-time interactions. The study examines the impact of these platforms on voter behaviour, particularly through micro-targeting and the spread of political content. It also addresses the challenges posed by social media, including the rise of misinformation, echo chambers, and political polarization, which can undermine democratic processes. By analysing case studies from recent elections and reviewing existing literature, the paper highlights both the opportunities and risks that social media presents to political campaigns. Finally, the research underscores the need for regulatory reforms to ensure that social media continues to enhance democratic participation while minimizing its potential harms, particularly with regard to election integrity and public trust.

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Political Campaigns, Micro-targeting, Voter Behaviour, Misinformation, Echo Chambers, Political Polarization, Democratic Governance, Election Integrity.

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