Volume 14 | Issue 4

 Abstract

In contemporary transnational literature, language has emerged as a critical site for negotiating identity, belonging, and cultural transformation. This paper examines the phenomenon of linguistic exile, defined as the deliberate adoption of a non-native language for literary expression. Through a qualitative textual analysis of works by Jhumpa Lahiri and other multilingual authors, the study explores how self-translation and linguistic displacement reshape narrative voice and identity construction. Drawing on postcolonial theory and sociolinguistics, the paper argues that linguistic exile produces hybrid literary forms and redefines the relationship between language and selfhood. The findings contribute to interdisciplinary debates in literary studies, migration theory, and language identity

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Linguistic Exile and Identity Reconstruction in Transnational Literature: A Study of Self-Translation and Cultural Belonging

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Abstract - The quick rise in electric vehicle (EV) usage has led to a bigger need for sustainable and smart charging solutions. Traditional EV charging stations that rely on the power grid can cause stress on the grid and lead to higher carbon emissions, especially if the electricity comes from fossil fuels. Solar photovoltaic (PV) systems offer a more sustainable and localized option. This paper introduces the design, setup, and testing of a low-power solar-powered EV charging station that uses battery storage and a web-based monitoring system built with Raspberry Pi Pico W. The system includes a 12V solar panel (20W-50W), DC-DC converters for voltage control, circuits to measure voltage and current, and a Next.js dashboard for real-time monitoring. The system is organized into three main parts: the power section, control section, and cloud interface for smart monitoring. We also compare this system with traditional grid-based charging stations. The results show that the system can generate 85-220 W of energy daily, with a converter efficiency of 88-92%, and it can reduce about 60 kg of CO? annually. This system is a viable option for academic projects, charging for small electric vehicles, and decentralized renewable energy setups.

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Keywords: Electric Vehicle Charging, Solar Photovoltaic, IoT Monitoring, Raspberry Pi Pico W, Renewable Energy, Smart Charging Infrastructure.

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The Solar Powered Smart Lawn Mower is an eco-friendly and automated grass cutting system designed to reduce human effort and dependency on conventional fuel-based machines. The system uses solar energy stored in a battery to power DC motors, enabling blade rotation and movement. The integration of a microcontroller allows smart control, obstacle detection, and efficient operation. This project demonstrates the application of renewable energy and automation in agricultural and domestic lawn maintenance

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Solar Energy, Smart Lawn Mower, Renewable Energy, Grass Cutting Machine, Arduino Controller, Ultrasonic Sensor, DC Motor

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Cow milk, sound speed, density, statistical analysis and quality assessment

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Teaching is associated with significant occupational stress, and coping strategies play a critical role in managing stress. Institutional differences may influence coping patterns among teachers.

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Coping strategies, teachers, stress, government schools, private schools

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The emergence of Financial Technology (FinTech) has significantly transformed conventional banking systems by introducing faster, more efficient, and customer-centric financial services. This study aims to examine the impact of FinTech on banking operations, customer experience, and financial inclusion. The research is based on secondary data collected from journals, reports, and official sources using a descriptive approach. The findings reveal that FinTech improves transaction speed, reduces operational costs, and enhances customer convenience through digital platforms. However, challenges such as cybersecurity risks, data privacy concerns, and high implementation costs persist. The study concludes that collaboration between traditional banks and FinTech firms is essential for sustainable growth in the evolving financial landscape.

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Keywords: FinTech, Conventional Banking, Digital Transformation, Financial Inclusion.

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The present study aims to develop and standardise a tool to assess intergroup harmony among young adults. A 54-item Likert-type attitude scale was developed through an extensive review of the relevant literature and existing tools, as well as consultations with experts in psychology and sociology. The tool adopts a five-point response format ranging from Strongly Agree to Strongly Disagree. The reliability of the scale was assessed in a pilot study with 150 students, and internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha. A total of 54 items, of which 44 were retained for the final study. The internal consistency (reliability) of this scale is 0.940. The present research discussed the development of a scale to measure the intergroup harmony among young adults.

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Intergroup Harmony, Young Adults, Intergroup Relations

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN HERBAL COLD CREAM INCORPORATED WITH LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL FOR SKIN BRIGHTENING

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DEVELOPMENT OF AN HERBAL COLD CREAM INCORPORATED WITH LEMON ESSENTIAL OIL FOR SKIN BRIGHTENING

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Event management workflows remain fragmented, requiring organizers to use multiple disconnected platforms for promotion, registration, communication, and execution. Existing commercial platforms restrict intelligent features to expensive paid tiers, leaving small and independent creators without access to analytics, automated verification, or fraud prevention tools. This paper presents CrowdPulse, a centralized AI-enhanced event hosting and management platform built on the MERN stack. Novel contributions include: (a) a unified free architecture integrating six enterprise-grade features--QR-based cryptographic check-in, a hybrid tag-behavioral recommendation engine, host analytics dashboards, cascading waitlist auto-promotion, automated pre-event reminders with embedded QR tickets, and real-time seat urgency indicators; (b) a weighted hybrid recommendation model with empirically tuned parameters validated through grid search; and (c) a cascading waitlist algorithm with time-bound confirmation offers, which, to the best of our knowledge, has limited representation in existing event management literature. A controlled four-week deployment with 150 users across 25 events demonstrated: 72.1% reduction in check-in time (p < 0.001), 81.4% recommendation relevance accuracy, 89.5% cancelled-seat recovery rate, and 34.0% attendance improvement (p = 0.003). The system sustained sub-200 ms API response times under 250 concurrent users with 99.2% uptime, demonstrating that enterprise-grade event management capabilities can be delivered through a unified, cost-free platform.

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Event Management Platform, MERN Stack, QR Authentication, Hybrid Recommendation System, Waitlist Automation, Event Analytics, Real-Time Web Application, Recommendation Systems, Full Stack Development, Scalable Web Systems

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This research paper presents a comprehensive and critically grounded analysis of the Haryanvi Saang-style raginis (Ragini 1-8) from the narrative series Adhar?jan, examined through literary, prosodic, and socio-cultural perspectives. The study aims to investigate the narrative structure, emotional depth, gendered consciousness, and metrical organization of these compositions within the framework of Pingal Shastra. It argues that Haryanvi ragini is not merely an oral folk expression but a structured poetic tradition that reflects a dynamic synthesis of indigenous aesthetics and classical poetics. The analysis demonstrates that the sequence of Ragini 1-8 follows a coherent narrative progression--from aesthetic awareness and emotional awakening to courtly interaction, intensification of love, social tension, and eventual assertion of dignity and conditional acceptance. The character of Raskapoor emerges as a central figure representing feminine agency, self-determination, and ethical consciousness, rather than merely a passive subject of desire. In contrast, the figure of Sawai Jagat Singh embodies the tension between royal authority and human vulnerability. From a prosodic perspective, the study highlights the effective use of mixed syllabic metres, balanced caesura, patterned rhyme schemes, and rhythmic recurrence, all of which enhance both performative quality and aesthetic depth. The study concludes that the raginis of Adhar?jan should be recognized not merely as performative folk compositions but as culturally significant literary texts that articulate complex intersections of love, power, morality, and gender, thereby contributing meaningfully to broader academic discourses in Indian folk literature and cultural studies.

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Haryanvi Folk Poetry, Ragni Tradition, Pingal Prosody, Oral Performance Culture, Indigenous Aesthetics, Narrative Poetics, Socio-Cultural Discourse, Gendered Voice and Agency, Courtly Love Tradition, Ethnomusicology of North India

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FRAUENFIGUREN, FURCHT UND UEBERNATUERLICHE MAECHTE: EINE VERGLEICHENDE ANALYSE AUSGEWAEHLTER DEUTSCHER UND INDISCHER VOLKSMAERCHEN

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FRAUENFIGUREN, FURCHT UND UEBERNATUERLICHE MAECHTE: EINE VERGLEICHENDE ANALYSE AUSGEWAEHLTER DEUTSCHER UND INDISCHER VOLKSMAERCHEN

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FoodHub is a full-stack web-based food ordering and management system designed to provide a scalable and cost-effective alternative to third-party delivery platforms. The system enables users to browse restaurants, place orders, and track order status, while administrators can manage menus, orders, and analytics through a dedicated dashboard. Developed using React , the platform ensures secure and efficient data handling with role-based access control. The system demonstrates reliable performance and offers a flexible solution for independent restaurant operations with potential for future enhancements.

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Food Ordering System, Full-Stack Web Application, React, PostgreSQL, Role-Based Access Control, Scalable Architecture, Online Ordering Platform

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The global push towards sustainable transportation has accelerated the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs), with electric two-wheelers (E2Ws) gaining notable traction in urban and semi-urban markets across India. This study examines the relationship between perceived economic benefits and consumer preference for electric two-wheelers in Salem City, Tamil Nadu, a rapidly emerging tier-2 market with a strong two-wheeler culture. Using a structured questionnaire, primary data were collected from 173 respondents through purposive and convenience sampling. The economic dimensions explored include fuel cost savings, lower maintenance expenditure, government subsidies and incentives, total cost of ownership (TCO), and resale value perceptions. Descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, and regression techniques were employed to analyse the data. The findings reveal that perceived fuel cost savings and government subsidies significantly influence consumer preference, while maintenance cost and resale value perceptions play a moderating role. The study concludes that economic considerations are a dominant driver of E2W adoption in Salem and recommends that manufacturers, policymakers, and dealers align their communication strategies to highlight long-term cost advantages. This research contributes to the growing literature on EV consumer behaviour in tier-2 Indian cities and offers actionable insights for stakeholders in the electric mobility ecosystem.

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Electric Two-Wheelers, Consumer Preference, Economic Benefits, Salem City, Sustainable Transportation, EV Adoption, Total Cost of Ownership

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'Early state' is a term used in state formation study to denote pre-modern non-industrialised state. The medieval kingdom of Tripura under the rule of the M??ikya dynasty was one of such states. The present paper intends to shed light on the administrative structure of this state during the 15th-18th Century period. It will solely concentrate on the civil aspect of the administration during the chosen time-period. The contours of this administration in terms of the nature of kingship, officials manning this structure, tribal and non-tribal local administration in the hills and plains, etc., will be reviewed. The traditional literary sources as well as the existing secondary works on the history of the state have been used whenever necessary to prepare the paper.

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Early State, Tripura kingdom, administration, sanskritisation, R?jm?l?

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The Gadar Movement (1913-1915) was one of the most important anti-colonial movements in Indian history. It was organized among Indian workers on the Pacific Coast of North America. This paper studies the leaders of the Gadar Movement in a comparative and analytical way. It examines figures such as Sohan Singh Bhakna, Baba Jawala Singh, Lala Hardayal, Kartar Singh Sarabha, Sant Baba Wasakha Singh Dadehar, Hafiz Abdullah, Karim Bux, Nawab Khan, and Bhai Parmanand. The central argument is simple: the movement's internal ideological diversity was not a weakness. It was its greatest political and organizational strength. Each type of leader could reach a different section of the Indian diaspora. The paper uses a typological framework. Five types of revolutionary leadership are identified: the philosopher-revolutionary, the patriarchal organizer, the martyr, the spiritual revolutionary, and the cultural nationalist intellectual. Bhai Parmanand receives special attention. He combined the Arya Samaj tradition of Hindu cultural reform with revolutionary anti-colonial politics. This placed him at the centre of the movement's deepest internal tensions. The paper examines what these tensions meant for the long-term trajectory of Indian nationalism. The paper argues that studying the Gadar leaders comparatively gives a much richer understanding of the movement than studying them separately. It also argues that Bhai Parmanand deserves far more scholarly attention than existing literature has given him.

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Gadar Movement; Bhai Parmanand; Indian nationalism; anti-colonialism; revolutionary leadership; Punjabi diaspora; Lahore Conspiracy Case; Arya Samaj; Hindu-Muslim-Sikh unity; Lala Hardayal; Kartar Singh Sarabha; Sohan Singh Bhakna

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Agriculture is a fundamental sector that supports global food supply and economic stability. However, the increasing global population, climate variability, and limited natural resources have created significant challenges for traditional farming practices. From this perspective , Artificial Intelligence has emerged as a transformative technology that enables efficient, data-driven, and sustainable agricultural systems. AI integrates advanced computational techniques such as machine learning, deep learning, computer vision, and the Internet of Things (IoT) to enhance agricultural productivity and decision-making. This paper presents a comprehensive study of the applications of AI in agriculture, including precision farming, crop disease detection, smart irrigation systems, yield prediction, and agricultural robotics. It further explores the techniques used in implementing these applications, such as supervised and unsupervised learning algorithms, convolutional neural networks, and sensor-based data acquisition systems. The role of AI in reducing resource wastage, improving crop quality, and enabling real-time monitoring is critically analyzed. Despite its advantages, the adoption of AI in agriculture faces several challenges, including high implementation costs, lack of technical expertise among farmers, limited availability of quality datasets, and infrastructural constraints in rural areas. Ethical considerations such as data privacy and dependency on automated systems are also discussed. The paper also highlights future trends in AI-driven agriculture, such as autonomous farming, climate-aware decision systems, and integration with advanced technologies like robotics and edge computing. It concludes that AI has the potential to revolutionize agriculture by making it more efficient, sustainable, and capable of meeting future food demands.

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Artificial Intelligence, Agriculture, Machine Learning, Deep Learning, IoT, Smart Farming

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THE EXPLORATION OF LOVE AND DEATH: IN JOHN KEATS' POETRY Miss. SIRLA AISHWARYA M.A. (English Lit.) ABSTRACT John Keats (1795-1821) stands among the great figures of English poetry. Often regarded as a remarkable phenomenon, he has been described as a luminous martyr, consumed by the harsh resistance and rejection of the society in which he lived. However, it was not merely the aura of martyrdom, as portrayed by his contemporary Shelley in Adonais, that has immortalized him. Instead, it is the profound depth and refined qualities of his poetry that earned Keats the highest acclaim, with many considering his poetic genius to come closest to Shakespeare's. As a central figure of the second generation of Romantic poets, Keats exemplified a movement that had liberated itself from traditional norms. F.R. Leavis referred to these norms as the constraints of "sanity and normality" in Revaluation, while Matthew Arnold defined them as the "classical" characteristics of English prose in A Study of Poetry. Keats represents not only the essence of Romantic poetry but also embodies the very spirit of poetry itself. Keats began his poetic journey under the influence of Spenserian traditions, and through remarkable growth, he became a vivid example of poetic maturity. His untimely death was undoubtedly a tremendous loss for English literature. Tennyson's poignant observation captures this sentiment: Keats, with his profound spiritual vision, could have become the greatest poet of them all had he lived longer. This analysis explores two recurring and prominent themes in Keats's poetry: Love and Death themes that are central to his poetic ethos, often culminating in an epitaphic solemnity. A major transformation within this movement was a newfound, introspective awareness of love and death. The work of poets like William Blake and Samuel Taylor Coleridge introduced a more personal and individualized understanding of love, a love rooted in human emotion and spiritual connectivity rather than mere intellectual constructs. As C.M. Bowra aptly notes, Blake's creed of mercy, pity, peace, and love formed the foundation for his belief in universal brotherhood. The poem channels his inward struggles, contrasts between reality and dreams, moments of unshakable confidence versus despair, and feelings of human connection juxtaposed with the loneliness of an alienated soul. These tensions breathe life into his imaginative narrative, imbuing it with a profound emotional resonance. Diminishing his own achievements, Coleridge once stated that his aim was only to create "that willing suspension of disbelief for the moment, which constitutes poetic faith." Yet his poem does far more than invite disbelief; it engenders a complete and fulfilling faith rooted in the realities of both human nature and the tangible world. Death in Romanticism takes on a veiled mystique its hypnotic allure stems from an unfathomable depth that resists definition. Thus, for Romantic poets like Keats and Coleridge, themes of Love and Death transcend mere mortality, emerging as profound sources of artistic inspiration, forces that reveal deeper truths about humanity's passions, struggles, and ultimate connection to life's mysteries.

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Keywords: Phenomenon; Luminous; Romantic; Spenserian; Harmony; Love and Death; Introspective; Diminishing; Intertwined; Engenders; Coexisting; Inspiratio

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Modern digital platforms use AI to show users personalized ads and recommendations based on their past behavior. However, most users do not clearly understand why a particular product or advertisement is shown to them. This lack of transparency often creates confusion and reduces trust in such systems. In this paper, we present T-Trace, a simple and transparent framework that helps track how a user's past actions influence their current decisions. Instead of only explaining why an ad appears, the system tries to connect a user's final decision (such as making a purchase) with earlier activities like searching, browsing, or comparing products. The proposed system collects user interaction data and processes it using a lightweight machine learning model. It then uses SHAP-based explanations to highlight which past actions had the most impact on a particular decision. To maintain reliability, each decision and its explanation are stored in a hash-linked structure, making it difficult to alter past records. We also developed a Streamlit-based dashboard that presents these insights in an easy-to-understand format using timelines and simple explanations. Through this approach, the system aims to improve transparency, help users better understand their own decisions, and support ethical use of AI in personalization systems.

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Explainable AI, Behavioral Influence, User Decision Tracking, SHAP, Transparency, AI Ethics, Recommender Systems, Digital Marketing, ML Explainability, Streamlit

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Modern software deployment can be challenging, especially for beginners, as tools like Docker still require manual Dockerfile creation, which is complex and error-prone. This research introduces a Smart Deployment Assistant that uses Generative AI to automatically generate Dockerfiles from inputs such as GitHub repositories, ZIP files, or images. Built with Streamlit and Python, the system analyzes project data and produces optimized configurations, significantly reducing time and improving accuracy compared to manual methods. Overall, it simplifies deployment and makes it more accessible, efficient, and user-friendly for developers.

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Generative AI, Docker, Dockerfile Automation, DevOps, Software Deployment, Streamlit, Containerization, Artificial Intelligence, Automation Tools, Cloud Deployment

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The Fatal Accidents Act, 1855 is a law that allows the family of a person who died due to someone else's negligence or wrongful act to claim compensation. We use it to ensure that dependents like spouse, children, or parents get financial support and justice after such a loss.

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Wrongful act, negligence

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition