Volume 12 | Issue 3

 Abstract

This research explores the creation of biodiesel fuel from mahua oil, a plant-based source. The process focuses on a chemical reaction called transesterification. The paper examines factors like how much amount of biodiesel is produced. This esterification process transforms mahua oil into methyl esters, the key component of biodiesel. The resulting biodiesel boasts properties similar to diesel fuel, including flashpoint, viscosity, and density. Notably, the viscosity of neem biodiesel is close to regular diesel, while its energy output (calorific value) is about 15.38% lower. Overall, this study strengthens the case for mahua oil, a non-edible resource, as a practical alternative to diesel fuel.

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Mahua oil, Transesterification, Biodiesel, Sodium Hydroxide.

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This study delves into the risk and return profiles of prominent companies within the IT sector over the period 2019-2023. Amidst the dynamic landscape of the IT industry characterized by rapid technological advancements and intense competition, understanding the performance dynamics of companies is crucial for investors. Through a comparative analysis of companies including Redington, LTI Mindtree, Persistent, Oracle Finance Service, Coforge Ltd, HCL Tech, Sun Pharma, Larsen & Turbo, Infosys, and Wipro, this research aims to assess the variability of returns, identify contributing factors to stock price fluctuations, and evaluate the risk-return relationship in IT sector investments. Findings reveal diverse performance trends across the companies, with some demonstrating consistent growth while others exhibiting fluctuations. Insights drawn from these study aid stakeholders in comprehending the relative performance and volatility within the IT sector, facilitating informed investment decisions.

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Risk, Returns, Standard Deviations

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Gear transmission is a major form of power transmission, of which the reliability greatly affects the life of many mechanical devices. Gears have two main failure modes, namely tooth surface pitting and tooth root fracture. Tooth surface pitting is mainly due to excessive contact stress and tooth root fracture is mainly due to excessive bending stress. In spur gears, the maximum bending stress concentration is known to occur in the gear tooth fillet region. This study focuses on the geometric optimization of symmetric involute gears to alleviate stress concentrations near the fillet. Stress relief is achieved by incorporating strategically placed holes in the area between adjacent teeth. The size and location of these features are varied to reduce bending stresses, leading to increased load capacity, extended gear lifetime, reduced manufacturing costs, and minimized noise and vibration. CATIA V5 software are used to model spur gears and ANSYS software are used for geometric optimization process to achieve the desired stress distribution

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KEYWORDS: Spur Gear , Stress , CATIA V5, ANSYS

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This study focuses on producing and characterizing biodiesel derived from mahua (Madhuca longifolia) oil for sustainable energy applications. Mahua biodiesel was produced through transesterification using a base catalyst. The biodiesel's physical and chemical properties were analyzed and compared with ASTM standards. The study also investigates the potential of mahua biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines, considering its performance, combustion characteristics, and emission profiles. The results demonstrate that mahua biodiesel meets the required standards for biodiesel fuel properties and exhibits promising performance as a renewable and environmentally friendly fuel option for various energy applications.

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 Keywords

Mahua biodiesel, production, characterization, sustainable energy, alternative fuel, transesterification, diesel engine, performance, emissions

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This research paper investigates the healing performance of epoxy matrix carbon fiber reinforced polymer composites, focusing on their ability to self-repair structural damage. The study explores the potential of these composites to autonomously heal microcracks and delamination, which can occur during service conditions, thereby extending the operational lifespan of composite structures. Through a comprehensive literature review, various healing mechanisms in composite materials are examined, highlighting the significance of healing performance in enhancing material durability and reliability. Experimental methods are employed to assess the healing capabilities of the composites, including characterization techniques such as optical microscopy, mechanical testing. This test are performed by varying the GO content from 0% to 1%. Thus maximum amount of fracture load obtained at the 0.50%.The results provide insights into the effectiveness of different healing mechanisms and their influence on the mechanical properties of the composites. The findings of this study contribute to the understanding of self-healing materials and have implications for the development of advanced composite structures with improved damage tolerance and longevity.

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Epoxy, Carbon fiber, Graphene oxide, catalyst, peel ply.

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The research investigates the combustion characteristics of a 4-stroke VCR Diesel engine by adding zinc oxide nanoparticles and using flax seed oil as an alternate fuel. The experimental setup includes testing several fuel samples. These samples contain traditional diesel as well as the beneficial of adding zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) to B20-grade flaxseed oil biodiesel together with dispersion (Triton X) and surfactant (CTAB) additives. B20 with 50 ppm ZnO NPs (B1), B20 with 50 ppm ZnO NPs and 50 ppm surfactant (B2), and B20 with 50 ppm ZnO NPs and 50 ppm dispersant (B3) were the three different mixes that were made. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted to determine how various additions affected the stability and combustion properties of the biodiesel. While flaxseed oil biodiesel and zinc oxide nanoparticles were used, engine operating characters significantly improved. According to the performance parameters, after improvements were made to the combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure (CP), Net heat release rate (NHRR), Mean gas temperature (MGT) rises by 1.2%, 2.98%, and 10.22%, respectively.

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Flaxseed oil, VCR Diesel Engine, Zinc Oxide nanoparticles, Combustion Characteristics, Alternative fuels.

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Inverter -are often needed at places where it is not possible to get AC supply from the mains. an inverter circuit is used to convert the dc power to ac power can be of two types True/pure sine wave inverters and quasi or modified inverters these true/pure sine wave inverters are costly while modified quasi-inverters are inexpensive. this modified inverter produced a sine wave and these are used to power delicate electronics equipment. here, a simple voltage driven inverter circuit using power IGBT as switching devices is build, which converts 12v dc signal to signal phase 220volt ac with the help of step-up transformer. The basic idea behind every inverter circuit is to produced oscillation using the given dc and apply this oscillation across the primary of the transformer by amplifying the current. This primary voltage is then stepped up to higher voltage higher voltage is then stepped up to higher voltage depending upon the number of turns in primary and secondary coils.

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Power Inverter; Dc/AC, sine wave; Oscillator; Transformer.

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This project explores the fabrication of composite materials using bamboo mat, jute fiber mat and epoxy resin focusing on improving mechanical properties by using TiO2. The process involves mixing epoxy resin with filler material and hardener, applying it onto PVC sheets fixed to metal plates, and layering bamboo mats soaked in the resin mixture. The composite is compressed using a Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to remove excess resin and achieve the desired thickness. After hardening, excess resin is machined off, and the composite is ready for tribological, mechanical, and physical testing. The method offers a straightforward approach for producing composite materials suitable for various engineering applications.

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Bamboo mats, jute fiber mat, Epoxy resin, Titanium dioxide, Resin infusion, wax ,ms plates.

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A reliable human recognition scheme is required in wide variety of systems to either verify or identify the identity of an individual requesting their services. Using traditional approaches such as possession based and knowledge based systems, it is very difficult to differentiate between an authorized person and an impostor. This is a strong reason for replacing traditional ID-based systems with biometric systems which are based on human traits that cannot be denied, stolen, or faked easily. Biometric recognition refers to the automatic recognition, based on physiological and /or behavioral characteristics of an individual. By using biometrics, it is possible to establish an individual's identity based on "who he or she is" rather than by "what he or she possesses likes smart card" or "what he or she remembers likes password." Human ear due to its consistent behavior over the age, has gained much popularity in recent years among various physiological biometric traits. The decidability index of the ear has been found that magnitude significant greater than that of face. Ear remarkably consistent and does not change its shape under expressions like face. The shape of the outer ear is recognized as a valuable means for personal identification. Naturally, an ear biometric system consists of ear detection and ear recognition modules. Ear biometric has played an important role for many years in forensic science and its use by law enforcement agencies.

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Physiological Characteristics

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Abstract: Of late, the landscape of education of students has been reportedly progressive and remarkably competitive. The knowledge they have gained is enormous with the help of various sources of information. Plenty of information is available at their fingertips. . But one of the most important factors the students need to concentrate is their employability skills. Many students struggle a lot to get job, not because of their lack of knowledge, but paucity of Employability Skills. Soft Skills are the part and parcel of employability skills. Nowadays, enhancing the employability skills with the help of e-learning is not only an absolute possibility but also a definite necessity. Almost every student accesses his/her study materials at the touch of the screen (smart phone). This paper describes the ways and means of enhancing the employability skills such as Job skills, Aptitude skills, Soft skills and Technical skills (JAST) through e-learning, which in turn increases the opportunity of getting employed or become the most sought after in the job market.

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Keywords: E-learning, Employability skills, Online, Soft skills, Student

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In this article, a new solar PV fed Dynamic Voltage Restorer (DVR) based on Trans-Z-source Inverter (Trans ZSI) is proposed to improve the power quality of ongrid Photovoltaic (PV) systems. DVR is a power electronic compensator using for injecting the desired voltage to the Point of Common Coupling (PCC) as per the voltage disturbance. In the proposed DVR, in place of traditional VSI, Trans ZSI with outstanding merits of buck/boost, a broader range of voltage boost gain, fewer passive components, and lower voltage stress, is put forth. For efficient detection, accurate voltage disturbances mitigation, and also lessening the injected voltage harmonics, a hybrid Unit Vector Template with Maximum Constant Boost Control (UVT-MCBC) method is proposed for Trans ZSIDVR. The performance of the proposed Trans ZSI-DVR with UVT-MCBC has been analyzed under severe sag, slight sag with harmonics, swell, and interruption. The comparative studies and simulation results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed Trans ZSI-DVR, as opposed to traditional ZSI-DVR and VSI-DVR. The Trans ZSI-DVR in the PV system has mitigated voltage sag/swell/interruption. It has also improved the power quality of both the injected voltage to the PCC and PV system's output voltage.

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PV, DVR, Trans ZSI, voltage sag, voltage transient, THD

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the development of an electric vehicle is a result of air pollution caused by automobiles. The goal of an electric automobile is to reduce pollution, but the major challenge with them is charging. The car should be charged at the same pace as it is filled with fuel in an electronic charging station. To enhance the charging speed of an electric car, a PID controller, a fuzzy logic controller, and a buck-boost controller are employed in this study. The electronic charging station must be able to charge a variety of electric vehicles with varying capacities in a short amount of time. The material in this article is about quick charging of an electric car that was developed in MATLAB. Best possible outcomes the circuit's performance can be improved with the aid of simulation. The best performance is shown in this article which is to use fuzzy logic which is supplied to 3 different chargers with their voltage levels such as 42v, 48v, 52v when charging EV batteries There is voltage difference, the switches are created are provided with a particular charger base this switching action can be controlled using the Fuzzy controller this result can be achieved using MATLAB simulation another advantage of this system that we have observed every results before the actual implementation of hardware and the purpose of this system we can store the charging and discharging of EV batteries and improves the maximum efficiency and life of EV batteries.

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Keywords-- AC/DC converter, DC/DC converter, Buck converter with PI Controlled, EV battery, Fuzzy Logic controller,

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In-service teacher education plays an important role in improving the quality of education by developing and supporting teacher competency continuously. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of professional development programs for in-service teacher educators, explore the key components of teacher competency, and examine the significance of ongoing support and mentorship in enhancing teachers' effectiveness. Using a descriptive research methodology, data were collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data included data from various in-service teachers' program across the nation focusing more specifically in the state of Odisha, while secondary data comprised research articles, policies, and program documents. Analysis was conducted through qualitative content analysis. The findings reveal the effectiveness of various professional development programs, such as Faculty Development Programmes (FDPs) and online platforms like DIKSHA, NISHTHA, SWAYAM, and NCERT, in upskilling teacher educators. These programs focus on enhancing pedagogical content knowledge, access to research, and instructional quality. The availability of research, pedagogical content knowledge, professional development, and high-quality instruction are all important aspects of teacher competency. These elements have a big impact on how well students learn, highlighting how crucial it is for teachers to always be learning and adapting. Moreover, government programs like PSSCIVE, CIET, PARAKH, and SCERT--which offer continuous support and mentorship--are essential in promoting teacher efficacy. These programs provide educators with tools, orientation sessions, and training programs to help them acquire the skills and competences they need. The study's result emphasizes how crucial in-service teacher education is to advancing teacher competency and, eventually, enhancing student outcomes. Education professionals can establish inclusive and productive learning environments that cater to the different needs of students by giving priority to continuous support, mentorship, and professional development opportunities.

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Competency, Pedagogical Knowledge, FDP, In-service Teacher Educators

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A novel rapid, sensitive and reproducible mass compatible, ultra-performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for quantitative determination of Lamivudine in active pharmaceutical ingredients and its dosage forms. The synthetic nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor analogues, Lamivudine form one of the fixed dosage combinations used in the effective management of HIV. It belongs to a group of anti-HIV medicines called non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs). The method is applicable to the quantification of related compounds of Lamivudine form one of the fixed dosage combinations. The developed HPLC method was further subjected to hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal stress conditions. The performance of the method was validated according to the present ICH guidelines for specificity, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness.

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Lamivudine, Force degradation studies, UV-visible spectroscopy method

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The current study's objective is to develop the closed-mold vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) method which is able to produce high-performance materials and examine, analyze, and assess the mechanical and thermal characteristics of epoxy hybrid composites reinforced with banana fiber and raw jute. Banana fiber was hybridized with jute fiber to enhance the mechanical qualities. The jute and banana fibers were manufactured with a different weight ratio (50/50) and then mixed into the epoxy matrix using the molding procedure to form composites. The tensile and flexural tests were performed on hybrid composite materials. The final results are for Tensile Strength - 24.13, Flexural Strength - 61.70.

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VARTM, Composite Manufacturing, Banana fiber, Jute fiber, Epoxy, Hardener, Fabrication Techniques

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Inclusive education is an approach that promotes equal participation and opportunities for all students, regardless of their background, abilities, or disabilities. It aims to create a supportive learning environment where diverse learners can thrive together, fostering empathy, understanding, and respect for differences. This approach emphasizes adapting teaching methods, curriculum, and classroom environments to accommodate the needs of all students, ensuring that every learner has access to quality education and can reach their full potential.

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INCLUSION EDUCATION: AN OVERVIEW

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Taxes .can .reduce .our .annual .savings. .To .overcome .this, .tax .planning .is .a .legitimate .way .of .reducing .our .tax .liabilities .in .any .given .financial .year. .It .helps .us .to .utilize .the .tax .exemptions, .deductions, .& .benefits .offered .by .the .authorities .in .the .best .possible .way .to .minimize .our .liability. The .definition .of .tax .planning .is .quite .simple. .It .is .the .analysis .of .one's .financial .situation .from .the .tax .efficiency .point-of-view. This .paper .will .increase .the .understanding .of .individual .about.tax planning for the .F.Y.2023-24.

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Tax, .Advantage .of .Tax .Planning, .Tax .Strategies, .Long .Term .Short .term .Capital . ..Gain.

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This project presents novel ideas on boosting security and thus reducing the risk in Internet of Things (IoT) based on implementing Intrusion Detection Systems leveraging machine learning. The project details the designing of two IoT devices based on DHT11 sensors that are used to measure the temperature and humidity levels. These devices use datagram communication, for which data is transmitted through a Mosquitto broker using the MQTT protocol. In the server side, a machine learning model made out of Random Forest and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithms analyzes the information that passes it through for patterns hinting at intrusion or unusual behavior. Whenever alarm is identified from a possible security threat, notifications are there forwarded on the Telegram platform within the relevant authorities. This project integrates IoT, machine learning, and secured communications technologies together in order to enhance the robustness of connected environments that can very quickly detect threats and respond accordingly in a timely manner.

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Intrusion Detection, Feature Selection, Machine Learning , Random Forest Ensemble Approach ,Support Vector Machine.

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 Abstract

Kala Samekit Shiksha Ke Prayog Ka Janapad Pilibhit Ke Parishadiy Vidhalayon Ke Shikshako Ke Anubhav V Uram Ke Adhar Par Tulanatmak Adhyayan |

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Kala Samekit Shiksha Ke Prayog Ka Janapad Pilibhit Ke Parishadiy Vidhalayon Ke Shikshako Ke Anubhav V Uram Ke Adhar Par Tulanatmak Adhyayan |

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The rate of automation in European industry is increasing continuously. In production metrology, the trend is shifting from measurement laboratories towards integration of metrology into the production process. Increasing levels of automation and the current skills shortage are driving demand for autonomous production systems. In this project, a roughness measurement system was developed that is fully integrated into machine tools and enables fully automatic roughness measurement of part surfaces during the machining process. Using a skidless measurement system, it was possible to obtained measured roughness values comparable to those obtained in measuring rooms under optimal conditions. The present paper shows the development process of the prototype and provides an overview of different application scenarios for in situ measurement of machine tools. In situ roughness measurement has high potential in the future of metrology in industrial applications. Not only can surfaces be measured directly in the process, sub-processes can be triggered based on the measured values, allowing the production process to react flexibly to actual conditions. Potential improvements in metrology and significant optimizations of the entire production chain are highlighted in this paper.

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surface roughness; integrated metrology; machine tools; tactile measurement

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