Volume 14 | Issue 3

 Abstract

Lateritic soils are widely used in construction, particularly in subgrade applications, but their engineering performance is often limited due to low strength, poor gradation, and susceptibility to environmental conditions. To overcome these limitations, this study investigates the stabilization of lateritic soil using eco-friendly biopolymers, namely chitosan and sodium alginate. Soil samples collected from Kalluvathukkal, Kollam, Kerala were subjected to various laboratory tests including index properties, compaction, and unconfined compressive strength (UCS) tests to establish baseline characteristics. Biopolymer solutions of different concentrations were prepared and mixed with soil in varying ratios, followed by curing periods of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The experimental results revealed a significant improvement in the engineering behavior of the soil after stabilization. The UCS value of natural soil was relatively low, but the addition of biopolymers, especially in combined form, resulted in a substantial increase in strength, with the highest improvement observed at early curing stages. Durability tests also indicate enhanced resistance to environmental degradation. The study concludes that cross-linked biopolymers are effective in improving both strength and durability of lateritic soil and can serve as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional stabilizing agents such as cement and lime.

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 Keywords

Lateritic Soil, Biopolymers, Chitosan, Sodium Alginate, Soil Stabilization, UCS

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 Abstract

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The rapid expansion of digital payment systems in India, particularly following the widespread adoption of the Unified Payments Interface (UPI), has transformed the banking landscape. While digital financial inclusion is expected to enhance efficiency and outreach, its implications for bank stability remain underexplored. This study examines whether post-UPI digital financial inclusion contributes to or undermines the stability of Indian banks. The study employs panel data analysis covering Scheduled Commercial Banks in India over the period 2016-2025. Bank stability is measured using the Z-score and non-performing asset (NPA) ratios, while digital financial inclusion is proxied by digital transaction intensity and UPI transaction growth. Fixed and random effects models are estimated, followed by robustness checks using dynamic panel techniques. Secondary data are sourced from the Reserve Bank of India's Database on Indian Economy and official payment statistics (Reserve Bank of India [RBI], 2023; National Payments Corporation of India [NPCI], 2024). The empirical results indicate that digital financial inclusion significantly enhances bank stability by diversifying income streams and strengthening deposit mobilization. However, excessive digital expansion without adequate risk management may elevate operational and cybersecurity risks. The findings provide policy insights for regulators and bank managers, emphasizing the need to balance digital innovation with prudential oversight to sustain financial stability.

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Digital financial inclusion; UPI; bank stability; non-performing assets; panel data analysis

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In the aviation industry, digital transformation has become a strategic necessity that is changing consumer engagement, operational procedures, and overall competitiveness. Artificial intelligence, automation, digital payment systems, online booking platforms, digital check-in facilities, and data analytics have all transformed passenger services and operational efficiency in the context of Indian airlines. This study examines how passengers see these digital initiatives, emphasising how they improve customer experience, streamline operations, cut costs, and boost global competitiveness. The study offers insights into the acceptance, efficacy, and inclusivity of digital transformation across various demographic groups using a quantitative research approach with 200 airline passengers. The results show that digital initiatives in Indian airlines are highly valued, with favourable results for both strategic positioning and service quality. The study emphasises how crucial it is to keep funding digital technology in order to maintain customer satisfaction, efficiency, and innovation in the quickly changing Indian aviation sector.

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Artificial Intelligence, Data Analytics, Digital Payment Systems, Online Booking, Digital Transformation, Indian Airlines, Customer Experience, Operational Efficiency, and Aviation Competitiveness

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Women's empowerment through education is an important goal of social welfare policies in India, especially in Tamil Nadu. The Puthumai Penn Scheme, introduced by the Government of Tamil Nadu, provides financial assistance to girl students to support their higher education. This study, titled "A Study on the Impact of the Puthumai Penn Scheme with Special Reference to College Students in Coimbatore District," evaluates the effectiveness of the scheme and its impact on the beneficiaries. The main objective of the study is to examine the socio-economic impact of the scheme on college-going girls, particularly in reducing dropout rates, encouraging higher education and improving financial independence. The study follows a descriptive research design and is based on primary data collected from 50 respondents using a structured questionnaire and also through case studies. Secondary data was collected from government reports, journals, and official sources were also used. The findings reveal that the Puthumai Penn Scheme has significantly increased enrolment and retention of female students in higher education. The financial support through the scheme has reduced the economic burden on families, especially those from rural and economically weaker sections. In addition, the scheme has positively influenced the academic motivation, self-confidence, and career aspirations of the female students. Most respondents reported that the scheme helped them continue their education without interruption and contributed to their personal and professional growth. However, the study also identifies certain challenges, such as limited awareness among eligible students and administrative difficulties in accessing the benefits. In conclusion, the Puthumai Penn Scheme plays a vital role in promoting women's education and empowerment. The study suggests that increasing awareness and improving implementation processes can enhance the effectiveness and reach of the scheme.

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Puthumai Penn scheme, impact study, Goverment of Tamil Nadu scheme, Female education

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ??? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ????????, ????? ???? ??? ????????? ????????-???????? ????????? ????????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????????????? ?????????????? ????? ??????? ?????, ????????????, ??????-?????, ????-????? ????????? ?????????????, ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ??? ??, ??????????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???, ??? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????????????? ???? ???? ????????? ?? ??????? ????????????

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Academic stress has become a common concern among students in higher education due to increasing academic demands, examination pressure, and performance expectations. The present study aims to examine the level of academic stress among degree students in Hubli city and to identify the major factors contributing to it. A quantitative descriptive research design was adopted for the study. Data were collected from 200 undergraduate students using a structured questionnaire based on a three-point Likert scale. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as mean and standard deviation, along with an independent t-test to examine gender differences. The findings indicate that students experience a moderate level of academic stress, mainly due to academic workload, examination pressure, and expectations from parents and teachers. Although female students reported slightly higher stress levels than male students, the difference was not statistically significant. The study highlights the need for supportive academic environments and effective coping strategies to help students manage stress and improve their overall well-being.

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Academic Stress, Degree Students, Academic Pressure, Student Well-being, Hubli City.

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ABSTRACT We propose the Cognitive-Emotional Feedback Processing (CEFP) framework, an innovative method to assist high school teachers by merging affective neuroscience and cognitive load theory. The framework analyzes the dynamic interaction between teachers' emotional states and cognitive load during feedback sessions by measuring physiological indicators such as facial electromyography and heart rate variability to assess affective responses. Cognitive load is assessed through a dual-task paradigm, while a hierarchical Bayesian model integrates multimodal data to infer latent states of valence, arousal, and cognitive load. Furthermore, the framework includes self-efficacy as a moderating element, continuously adjusted through a Bayesian network to mirror teachers' adaptive reactions. The CEFP framework improves current approaches by introducing a tool grounded in computation and evidence, designed for immediate assistance to educators. Its importance stems from connecting theoretical frameworks with real-world implementations, delivering practical guidance for educational strategies. The framework merges affective and cognitive dimensions, yielding a deeper comprehension of teacher experiences, which supports the design of customized professional development approaches.

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Keywords: Cognitive-Emotional Feedback, Evidence-Based Teacher Support, Cognitive Load Theory

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The purpose of the present study was to compare Achievement Motivation between state-level Kabaddi and Softball players. Achievement motivation is considered a vital psychological determinant influencing persistence, competitive drive, goal orientation, and overall sports performance. A total of sixty (N = 60) male state-level players aged between 18 and 25 years were selected for the study, comprising thirty (n = 30) Kabaddi players and thirty (n = 30) Softball players. The Sports Achievement Motivation Test, developed by M. L. Kamlesh (1990), was used to assess participants' level of achievement motivation. Descriptive statistics, including Mean and Standard Deviation, were computed for both groups. The results indicated that Kabaddi players obtained a higher mean score (M = 135.42, SD = 12.18) compared to Softball players (M = 128.36, SD = 11.54), showing observable variation in achievement motivation levels. To determine whether this difference was statistically significant, an Independent Samples t-test was applied. The obtained t-value was 2.31 with 58 degrees of freedom, and the corresponding p-value was 0.024, which is less than the established 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed a statistically significant difference in achievement motivation between Kabaddi and Softball players. Therefore, the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant difference between the groups was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. The study concludes that sport type influences achievement motivation, with Kabaddi players demonstrating comparatively higher motivational orientation than Softball players.

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Achievement Motivation, Kabaddi, Softball, Sports Psychology, Independent t-test

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As the network requirements are increasing due to the increased traffic load given by 5G networks, the traditional methods for network management are not efficient to handle this traffic. Traditional traffic engineering (TE) solutions which uses static routing protocols and heuristic based load balancing can not handle highly dynamic and bursty nature of modern traffic which leads to inefficient resource utilization and compromised QOS. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) IS a transformative architectural paradigm by connecting the control plane with the data plane and hence facilitating programmable and agile traffic management. Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) offers a potent, model-free approach to intelligent TE, enabling agents to learn optimal routing policies through continuous interaction with the network environment. This paper provides the comparison of various DRL algorithms used for SDN-TE, Deep Q-Networks (DQN), Asynchronous Advantage Actor-Critic (A3C) and Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) are compared on the basis of latency and throughput.. Experimental results demonstrate that DRL-based agents can achieve up to a 30% reduction in latency and a 60% improvement in throughput compared to traditional routing baselines. The study also addresses critical implementation challenges, including scalability and the integration of Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) for enhanced generalization

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software defined network, deep reinforcement learning, deep Q network, routing

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Electricity generation using a bicycle is a simple and eco-friendly method of producing electrical energy through human power. This project converts mechanical energy generated by pedaling a bicycle into electrical energy using a dynamo or generator. The generated electricity can be stored in a battery and used for small devices such as mobile charging, LED lights, or emergency power supply. This system is useful in rural areas where electricity access is limited and promotes renewable energy and physical exercise

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ELECTRICITY GENERATION BY USING UPRIGHT BIKE

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Purpose - This research paper explores the pivotal role of academic institutions in fostering socially responsible start-ups. These academic start-ups emerge from university research, and provide a distinct advantage in spearheading innovation. This paper investigates the role of academic institutions in fostering academic start-ups that prioritise sustainability and social responsibility. Design/methodology/approach - Through a comprehensive literature review, the paper identifies key areas where academic startups have made substantial impacts. Additionally, the study highlights the role of these startups in advocating for regulatory changes and increasing public consciousness regarding sustainable practices. Findings -The findings demonstrate that academic startups bring innovative solutions and engage in significant collaborations with industry partners, government agencies, and local communities to enhance the effectiveness of socially responsible academically-driven start-ups. Nevertheless, the research also pinpoints the challenges faced by these startups, including financial limitations, reluctance from the market, and regulatory complexities. Research limitations/implications - The study provides a comprehensive background for industry and academia. It provides new avenues for funding agencies and lays grounds for amendments and policy changes for the government. Originality/value - A model framework is developed showcasing the role of academic institutions in creating a more sustainable and socially responsible future for the industry.

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Academic start-ups, social responsibility, sustainability, innovation.

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Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) has emerged as a viable strategy for sustainable machining because it drastically reduces cutting-fluid consumption while maintaining acceptable machining performance. This paper presents a structured review of MQL focusing on lubrication mechanisms, machining responses, process-wise applicability, implementation barriers, and industrial relevance for small-scale manufacturing industries, with special emphasis on the Ludhiana district in Punjab, India. The review synthesizes evidence from peer-reviewed studies on how MQL influences cutting force, tool wear, surface quality, thermal behavior, and process stability across turning, milling, drilling, and grinding operations. It further examines the functional roles of mineral, vegetable, synthetic-ester, and nano-enhanced lubricants, and compares MQL with dry, flood, and cryogenic cooling modes in terms of cooling capacity, lubrication quality, cost, and environmental impact. Finally, the paper discusses adoption barriers for micro and small enterprises in Ludhiana, including awareness gaps, retrofit feasibility, and economic hesitation, and outlines a practical roadmap for gradual implementation. The review concludes that MQL is not merely a laboratory concept but a realistic intermediate pathway toward sustainable machining in resource-sensitive industrial clusters, provided that technical, organizational, and economic factors are addressed coherently.

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Minimum Quantity Lubrication, MQL, sustainable machining, green manufacturing, cutting fluids, tool wear, surface roughness, Ludhiana industries, small-scale manufacturing.

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In the digital age, screen-based devices such as smartphones, tablets, televisions, and computers have become integral to children's daily lives. While these technologies offer educational and recreational benefits, excessive screen time has raised concerns regarding its impact on mental health and behavioral outcomes among children. This article explores the relationship between prolonged screen exposure and issues such as anxiety, depression, attention problems, sleep disturbances, and social difficulties. It also discusses contributing factors, including content type, duration of use, parental supervision, and individual susceptibility. Evidence suggests that excessive and unregulated screen time is associated with negative psychological and behavioral outcomes, whereas moderate and guided use may provide developmental benefits. The article emphasizes the need for balanced screen use, parental guidance, and public health awareness to mitigate adverse effects and promote healthy child development.

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Screen time, mental health, children, behavioral outcomes, digital media, anxiety, attention deficit, sleep disturbance, social development

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Efficient urban grievance redressal is crucial for strengthening public trust and ensuring smooth civic operations in rapidly growing cities. However, traditional manual systems remain slow, fragmented, and difficult for citizens to navigate. This work presents an AI- powered Grievance Management Platform that combines Natural Language Processing (NLP) for understanding voice and text complaints, Machine Learning (ML) for automated routing, Computer Vision (CV) for analyzing image-based issues, and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) for accurate location tracking. Citizens can securely submit GPS-enabled images while maintaining privacy, and a public dashboard displays active and resolved complaints to promote transparency. Image-based verification ensures authentic issue resolution. Experimental deployment demonstrates improved speed, accountability, and trust in urban governance, supporting a more data-driven and citizen-centric smart city ecosystem.

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Artificial Intelligence (AI), Natural Language Processing (NLP), Machine Learning (ML), Computer Vision (CV), and Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

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A Solar Based wireless Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station is an eco-friendly solution to meet the growing demand for electric vehicle charging. This project uses solar energy as a renewable source to generate electricity through solar panels. The generated power is stored in batteries and used to charge electric vehicles when needed. The system reduces dependence on conventional fossil fuels and helps in minimizing environmental pollution. It consists of key components like solar panels, charge controller, battery storage, inverter, and EV charging unit. The use of solar energy makes the system cost-effective and sustainable in the long run. It can be installed in remote areas where grid electricity is not available. The project promotes green energy and supports the concept of clean transportation. It also reduces electricity costs and carbon emissions. Overall, the solar-based EV charging station is a smart and efficient solution for future energy needs and contributes to a cleaner and greener environment.

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A Solar Based wireless Electric Vehicle (EV) Charging Station

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Indian philosophical tradition includes Vedas, Upanishadas, Puranas, Mahakabyas, Smritis etc. The ideals of one of them are followed by all and ultimately there are no differences of these ideals. Darshana is the journey of the Atmajnana to Brahmajnana. Darshana is also an attempt to balance personal well being with welfare of society. Moral philosophy or NITISASTRA discusses the human action or behaviour in general. All the works performed with freedom falls under the jurisdiction of moral philosophy. To live a peaceful and happy life we must follow moral standard. The Vedic principles are based on some 'do'es and don't's. These principles are recognized as Values. Sometimes we may face moral dilemma at certain situations. There are some flexibilities in the use of morality considering demands of the situation. In the age of crisis and confliction, Indian ethical values have specific significance. It teaches us to live a balanced life with nature. There are so many problems of our life and solutions of them are already prescribed in the ethical studies. We are already pre- cautioned by our ancestors. We must follow them to get rid of the life troubles whether it is personal or social in nature.

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Vedas, Darshana, Moral Value, Rta, Rna, Karmaphala,Moksha

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This paper will delve into the real audit methods that Chartered Accountancy (CA) firms are using with the main focus on both the statutory and internal audits that are carried out to guarantee financial adherence, authenticity and accountability. Observations, engagement in auditing tasks, and the sharing of experiences with auditors as part of the internship training in a mid-sized organization were employed to conduct data collection based on the qualitative research approach and analysis of the case study. The paper has studied planning, execution and reporting of audit in numerous businesses and found out that the auditing firms were always faced with the following problems: strict schedules, poor control mechanisms, GST and TDS discrepancies, and poor documentation. Even while not many people used advanced automation, a lot of people used products like Tally ERP, Microsoft Excel, and ICAI templates. The report says that to make audits more efficient, you need to follow professional standards, work well with clients, and keep good records. Even if there are still a lot of problems, audits have been very important for compliance and internal control systems since they provide assurance and advice. The research comes to the conclusion that incorporating emerging tools and technology and supporting the continuity of professional development can contribute to the credibility and efficiency to a greater degree.

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Tally ERP, ICAI Standards, Internal Audit, Statutory Audit, Chartered Accountant Firms, Auditing Practices, Audit Documentation, GST Reconciliation, Qualitative Study

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Excessive use of social media and digital devices has become a major concern affecting productivity, mental health, and overall well-being, especially among students and young adults. This research proposes a Social Media Screen Time Monitor and Control System designed to track, analyze, and regulate device usage effectively. The system monitors application usage in real time and generates detailed reports on daily and weekly screen activity. It also provides alerts, usage limits, and automated controls to reduce excessive screen time. The proposed system utilizes behavioral analysis and monitoring techniques to identify patterns of overuse and encourage healthier digital habits. Additionally, features such as personalized recommendations, parental control, and productivity modes help users maintain a balanced digital lifestyle. Experimental observations indicate that the system improves time management, reduces digital distractions, and promotes responsible technology usage.

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Screen Time Monitoring, Social Media Usage, Digital Well-being, Smartphone Addiction, User Behavior Analysis, Application Usage Tracking, Real-Time Monitoring, Productivity Improvement, Usage Analytics, Screen-Time Control System.

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The increasing reliance on web applications for handling sensitive user data has made application-level security a critical requirement. Although cryptographic algorithms are well established, their practical integration into web frameworks is often limited to theoretical demonstrations or isolated scripts. This paper presents the design and implementation of a web-based encryption system developed using the Django framework to demonstrate the practical application of cryptographic techniques in a real-time web environment. The system allows authenticated users to perform secure text encryption and decryption using symmetric algorithms such as Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and Triple Data Encryption Standard (3DES), while RSA is employed for secure symmetric key protection. Additionally, SHA- 256 hashing is used to ensure secure password storage and user authentication. Experimental observations conducted on varying input sizes indicate that AES provides lower computational overhead compared to 3DES, while hybrid encryption introduces additional processing cost due to asymmetric key operations. The primary objective of this work is to provide an educational and practical reference for implementing cryptography within web applications. The results confirm that established encryption algorithms can be effectively combined with modern web frameworks to achieve secure and user-accessible data protection. This work is intended primarily as an educational and practical implementation reference rather than a proposal of new cryptographic algorithms.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Cryptography, Web Application Security, Django Framework, AES, RSA, Hybrid Encryption

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