Volume 6 | Issue 3

 Abstract

Morphometry of the terrestrial slug Laevicaulis alte (Gastropoda: Styllomatophora) was carried out. Slugs were collected from the foot hills of Southern Western Ghats region of Courtallam area. Frequency distributions were calculated on the basis of animal length, breadth and live body weight (at motion and at rest). The study revealed significant positive correlation ( P>0.05 ) of the length and breadth of the slug with relevance to body weight of the animal at motion and at rest. The regression equation of length at motion was y = 1.169x + 0.516, (R2 = 0.983) and at rest it was y = 0.684x + 0.76 (R2=0.988); the breadth at motion y = 0.276x + 0.541 (R2 = 0.851) and at rest y = 0.414x + 0.713 (R2=0.839). Morphometric measurements are basic details of the animal to study taxonomy, comparison of distribution of similar species and their ecobiology.

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Laevicaulis alte, morphometry, length, breadth, body weight.

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natural justice, equality, procedure, due process, personal liberty

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Micro Finance has become is recent years, a fulcrum for development initiative for the poor, particularly in the third world countries. It has been practiced in varying forms in different countries and has come to be regarded as important tool for poverty alienation through social and economical development of poor, with focus on empowering women. It was observed that Microfinance often gets equated nearly as credit for Micro enterprises while the poor also needs savings, consumption loans, having loans and insurance services.

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Key Words: Micro Finance, consumption loans, insurance services

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: In the recent years of development, the abundant use of power electronics based components and systems have made a major impact on power quality of electric power supply of distribution system and raised various power quality issues. There are various technologies used for mitigation of power quality related problems. One of them is shunt active power filter(SAPF). A modified harmonic detection method based on Gauss-Newton method is used for three phase three wire shunt active power filter. The main objective of this method is to compensate for load harmonic current. A model of three-phase three wire SAPF based on the proposed modified recursive Gauss-Newton method is developed using MATLAB/Simulink. Synchronous Reference Frame theory [SRFT] is a well-known reference current generation technique, used for mitigation of harmonics. Both the reference generation method is implemented in MATLAB/Simulink and their performance comparison has been discussed. .

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Shunt active power filter(SAPF), Gauss-Newton method, Synchronous Reference Frame Theory, Hysteresis current controller band(HBCC)

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Biodegradation of biomedical waste (LDPE) samples using microbial consortium of microorganisms was monitored as a function of number of days and the results were presented in Percentage weight loss due to degradation was determined by subtracting the weight of the sample taken out on a particular day i.e., 40 days of exposure from the initial weight ie., the weight of the sample at the start of degradation study each time. It was observed from the results that percentage weight loss by Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis revealed 34.61, 26.92 and 15.38 %. Similarly, when the polymer LDPE was pretreated with UV exposure it was 46.15% for Bacillus cereus UV treated sample followed by Bacillus licheniformis exhibited 38.46% and Bacillus subtilis revealed 26.92 %. In the present study, bacteria cultured on nutrient broth medium until the mid - exponential phase was transferred to the test tube with constant volume of 1.2 ml to which increasing volumes of hexadecane were added. Bacillus cereus incubated in a liquid medium containing polyethylene as sole carbon source colonized the polyethylene and formed a sparse biofilm. BATH assay demonstrated that hydrophobicity of Bacillus cereus exhibited 89% and it was very high in compared to Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis.

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Biodegradation, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis, Uv, BATH.

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The reservation policy in India represents one of the most significant instruments of social justice embedded within the constitutional framework of the Republic. Designed to address historical discrimination and structural inequalities rooted in the caste system, reservation has functioned as a form of affirmative action to ensure representation of Scheduled Castes (SCs), Scheduled Tribes (STs), and Other Backward Classes (OBCs) in education, public employment, and political institutions.

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Reservation Policy, Affirmative Action, Social Justice, Constitutional Equality, Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes, Other Backward Classes, Indra Sawhney Case, Mandal Commission, Democratic Representation, Political Mobilization, Creamy Layer, Substantive Equality.

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A crucial role in determining educational motivation is played by gender. The difference in educational attainment that is found between boys and girls provides evidence that educational motivation is highly gender specific. It is argued that differential market returns to educational investment in girls and boys are important determinants of parental decisions regarding schooling. Also social considerations such as perceptions of gender roles (implicit in the sexual division of labour) and son preference (biased intra-household allocation of resources) have led to educational discrimination against the female child. The perceived difference in benefits for boys and girls has definitely led to an undervaluation of female education and this is implicit in the high female non-enrolment rates and drop-out rates at different levels of education. This study attempts to analyse the gender gap in education by considering attendance ratio. The study focuses on West Bengal on the basis of data available in NSSO 52nd round.

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gender, education, attendance ratio

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In the present research Indian traditional dairy product burfi was prepared by blending finger millet with khoa in the different proportions like T1, T2, T3, T4 and T0 as 97 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 3 Parts of Finger millet, 94 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 6 parts of finger millet, 91 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 9 parts of finger millet, 88 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight and 12 parts of finger millet and 100 parts of buffalo milk khoa by weight without finger millet respectively. The aim of the investigation was to optimize the level of finger millet in burfi, to access the sensory properties of finger millet burfi, to study the chemical composition of finger millet burfi and to study the textural properties of finger millet burfi. The results revealed that all the sensory evaluation parameters like colour & appearance, flavour body & texture and overall acceptability values decreased as the percentage of finger millet in the burfi increased. Chemical composition parameters like moisture, fat and protein decreased with increase in the percentage of finger millet in the final product while carbohydrate, total solids and ash per cent increased with the increase in the finger millet percent in the finger millet burfi. The overall textural profile of burfi showed that sample T1 was superior to that of T0, T2, T3 and T4 treatments. From the investigation, finally it is concluded that the burfi blended with 3 per cent finger millet powder is more nutritious, acceptable and cheap for consumers

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STUDIES ON PREPARATION OF BURFI BLENDED WITH FINGER MILLET

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Mobile commerce (m-commerce) has emerged as one of the most transformative developments in the digital economy. Enabled by the rapid penetration of smartphones, affordable internet services, and advanced digital payment ecosystems, m-commerce has significantly altered consumer behaviour and business strategies worldwide. This paper examines the evolution of mobile commerce, key drivers behind its growth, emerging trends, challenges, and future opportunities. It also highlights the economic and social impact of m-commerce across global and developing markets.

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affordable internet services, and advanced digital payment ecosystems, m-commerce

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The present study examined the effects of own body exercises and plyometric training on selected speed performance among kabaddi players. Sixty male intercollegiate kabaddi players aged 19-22 years were randomly assigned into three equal groups (n=20 each): Experimental Group I (own body exercises), Experimental Group II (plyometric training), and a Control Group. Both experimental groups underwent a 12-week training program, while the control group received no special treatment. Speed was assessed through 50-meter sprint tests before and after the intervention. The pre-test means for speed were 7.04 sec (own body exercises), 7.06 sec (plyometric training), and 7.09 sec (control), with no significant difference (F=0.40, p>0.05). The post-test means were 6.90 sec, 6.93 sec, and 7.07 sec respectively, revealing a significant difference (F=5.33, p<0.05). ANCOVA results on adjusted post-test means (6.92, 6.94, 7.05) further confirmed significant group differences (F=24.79, p<0.05). Post-hoc analysis indicated that both own body exercises and plyometric training significantly improved speed compared to the control (MD=0.13 and MD=0.11, respectively), but no significant difference was observed between the two experimental groups (MD=0.01, p>0.05). The findings suggest that both own body exercises and plyometric training are effective in improving sprint speed among kabaddi players, highlighting their applicability in enhancing game-related performance.

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Kabaddi players, speed, own body exercises, plyometric training and kabaddi players

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The increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and the parallel growth of renewable energy sources have positioned Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) technology as a critical enabler of sustainable energy transitions. V2G allows bidirectional power flow between EVs and the grid, offering services such as peak load management, frequency and voltage regulation, and improved integration of intermittent renewables. A comprehensive review of recent literature reveals significant opportunities, including reduced system costs, enhanced grid resilience, and new revenue streams for EV owners. However, widespread deployment faces multiple challenges. Technically, battery degradation, interoperability of charging standards, communication protocols, and grid stability under large-scale EV integration remain critical issues. From an institutional and policy perspective, barriers include non-harmonized standards, inadequate business models, regulatory uncertainty, and limited consumer awareness. While pilot projects demonstrate the feasibility of V2G, global implementation requires coordinated advances in battery technologies, charging infrastructure, smart grid systems, and supportive policy frameworks. This study synthesizes insights from state-of-the-art research to highlight both the potential and the bottlenecks of V2G adoption. It further identifies research gaps in socio-technical and institutional domains, underscoring the need for harmonized standards, stakeholder cooperation, and innovative market mechanisms. By bridging technical and policy perspectives, this review contributes to advancing V2G as a cornerstone of future low-carbon power and transport systems.

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Electric vehicles (EVs), Vehicle-to-grid (V2G), Grid-to-vehicle (G2V), Bidirectional charging, Battery performance and degradation, Interoperability and standards (OCPP, ISO 15118, CHAdeMO), Renewable energy integration, Demand response and peak load management, Policy and regulation, Sustainable energy transition.

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This paper examines the state of cultural preservation among indigenous ethnic communities in Assam, a region known for its rich mosaic of tribal and non-tribal cultures. Indigenous groups such as the Bodo, Mising, Karbi, Dimasa, and Rabha possess distinct languages, customs, religious practices, and oral traditions that contribute to the region's cultural diversity. However, rapid modernization, urbanization, migration, and socio-political dynamics have placed immense pressure on these communities, threatening the continuity of their cultural heritage. The paper adopts a qualitative approach, utilizing ethnographic methods including semi-structured interviews, participant observation, and analysis of cultural documents. It investigates both the challenges to and the strategies for preserving cultural identity. Findings reveal that many communities are experiencing a gradual erosion of language fluency among youth, declining traditional practices, and a shift in cultural values due to the influence of mainstream media and education. Simultaneously, there are strong efforts from within these communities to counter these trends. Local organizations, elders, and youth-led initiatives are actively involved in cultural revival through festivals, community schools, language documentation, and digital archiving. Government policies and non-governmental interventions also play a role, though their impact varies in effectiveness and reach. This study highlights the importance of culturally sensitive policy-making that empowers indigenous voices and supports sustainable cultural transmission. It concludes that while the threat of cultural loss is significant, the resilience and adaptability of Assam's indigenous communities offer hope for the preservation of their unique identities. A multi-stakeholder approach that includes education reform, legal recognition of cultural rights, and funding for community initiatives is essential for meaningful cultural sustainability.

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Indigenous communities, cultural preservation, Assam, language decline, identity

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Fractional ownership is redefining investment access in India by enabling retail investors to participate in global equity markets that were previously accessible only to high-net-worth individuals. This study, structured across eight comprehensive sections starting with an introduction that highlights how high capital thresholds once restricted Indian participation in global markets, while fractional investing now democratizes access, allowing for diversification, currency hedging, and exposure to cutting-edge sectors such as AI, biotechnology, and semiconductors. The theoretical framework is grounded in Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), which supports the inclusion of fractional assets for optimal risk-adjusted returns, while also addressing behavioural finance concepts such as herd mentality and loss aversion, along with the challenges of currency risk. A review of traditional Indian investment habits reveals a reliance on fixed deposits, gold, and domestic equities, assets that offer safety but lack international diversification, further limited by resistance to change and gaps in financial literacy. In the context of global macro-financial trends, fractional investing aligns with a broader movement toward inclusive and tech-enabled access to high-growth global industries. The significance of this study lies in its multifaceted impact: it provides empirical guidance for investors, usability insights for fintech platforms, policy inputs for regulators, and theoretical contributions to academia. Empirical findings demonstrate that fractional global equities reduce portfolio volatility by 16.9%, enhance risk-adjusted returns, and improve sectoral diversification. The discussion reveals that young, digitally savvy professionals are early adopters, while middle-class investors remain cautious, requiring clearer regulatory frameworks and educational support. The concluding section recommends policy reforms including transparent taxation, refined LRS limits, and investor education initiatives, while suggesting future research into long-term performance metrics, behavioural patterns, and international regulatory comparisons. Overall, this study offers a timely and evidence-based exploration of fractional ownership's growing role in reshaping India's investment landscape.

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Fractional Investing, Portfolio Diversification, Risk-Adjusted Returns, Modern Portfolio Theory (MPT), Behavioural Biases, Currency Hedging, Retail Investors, Financial Inclusion, Liberalized Remittance Scheme (LRS), Global Equity Markets, FinTech Platforms, Micro-Investing, Investor Protection, Regulatory Frameworks, Cross-Border Investing, Digital Payments, High-Growth Sectors, Artificial Intelligence (AI), Biotechnology Investments, Exchange-Traded Funds (ETFs), Taxation Compliance, Empirical

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The rise of Self-Help Groups (SHGs) has transformed the landscape of rural development and women's empowerment in India. Among the most successful examples is the Kudumbasree Mission in Kerala, which integrates poverty alleviation, microfinance, and community participation. This paper explores the socio-economic impact of Kudumbasree SHGs in Varandarappilly Panchayath of Thrissur district. This study uses both primary and secondary data. Primary data collected from 100 Kudumbashree members , this study employs descriptive analysis and simple statistical tools to examine changes in savings behaviour, credit access, income generation, and social decision-making. The findings reveal a positive correlation between SHG participation and improvements in financial independence, confidence, and standard of living, although challenges remain in employment generation and market linkage. The paper concludes with policy suggestions to enhance the sustainability and inclusiveness of SHG-based development.

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Grassroots Empowerment and Economic Transformation: A Study of Kudumbasree and Self-Help Groups in Thrissur, Kerala

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This paper investigates the relationship between interim financial reporting and earnings management (EM) in Indian firms, analysing the regulatory framework, accounting standards, and the implications of such practices on financial transparency. Using data from listed companies, it examines how interim reporting influences earnings management, particularly focusing on periods of quarterly disclosures mandated by SEBI and ICAI. The study highlights that despite regulatory efforts, Indian firms exhibit significant earnings management practices during interim periods, with a higher incidence compared to annual reports. This research identifies key factors contributing to EM, such as firm size, industry type, market expectations, and governance structures, which influence the extent of earnings manipulation. Additionally, the paper discusses the effectiveness of the regulatory and accounting frameworks, particularly the transition from Accounting Standard (AS) 25 to Ind AS 34, which aligns with international standards. The findings indicate that the limited review process and less stringent scrutiny of interim reports contribute to the persistence of earnings management. The paper concludes by offering recommendations for improving the regulatory framework, enhancing audit quality, and strengthening governance mechanisms to curb earnings manipulation and ensure the reliability of interim financial reporting in India.

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Interim financial reporting, earnings management, Indian firms, SEBI regulations, Ind AS 34, accounting standards, financial transparency, corporate governance, audit quality, quarterly disclosures.

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The integration of artificial intelligence with Internet of Things (IoT) devices has opened new frontiers in real-time human-computer interaction, especially in emotion-aware systems. However, traditional facial emotion recognition (FER) models demand high computational power, making them unsuitable for resource-constrained edge devices. This paper presents a lightweight facial emotion recognition model optimized for deployment on a Raspberry Pi, enabling real-time emotion detection at the edge without relying on cloud servers. The proposed system utilizes a compact convolutional neural network (CNN) trained on the FER-2013 dataset, which is converted to TensorFlow Lite format for efficient inference. Facial regions are detected using OpenCV's Haar Cascade classifier, followed by on-device emotion classification into key categories such as happy, sad, angry, surprised, and neutral. The system also integrates with Adafruit IO to transmit emotion data over Wi-Fi for remote monitoring and IoT-based applications. Performance evaluation demonstrates low latency, reduced power consumption, and high accuracy in real-time conditions, confirming the suitability of Raspberry Pi for edge-deployed AI tasks. The proposed model has potential applications in smart homes, emotion-aware healthcare monitoring, and intelligent human-machine interfaces.

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- Facial Emotion Recognition, Raspberry Pi, Edge Computing, IoT Applications, Lightweight CNN, Real-Time Processing, TensorFlow Lite, OpenCV, Smart Devices, Human-Computer Interaction, Emotion Detection, Adafruit IO, Embedded AI, Deep Learning, Low-Power AI.

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The paper The Economics of Buddha: Right to Livelihood and Human Dignity, A Conceptual Exploration, is an attempt to explore the relationship between the Buddhist philosophy of right livelihood, mindfulness and the contemporary nuances of the concepts of right to livelihood and labour particularly the role of spiritual labour in economic framework. By revisiting the Buddha's teachings on right livelihood, it examines how Buddhist ethics can inform economic practices, focusing on the ethical dimensions of work, the role of spiritual labour, and the balance between material and spiritual well-being. The paper aims to shed light on how an integration of these principles into modern economic frameworks can lead to a more just, compassionate, and sustainable world promoting societal well-being. In doing so, it seeks to offer a vision of economic practices that nurture human dignity, foster societal well-being, and achieve a balanced coexistence between material and spiritual fulfilment. The challenges of jobless growth, economic inequality, and ethical labour practices are not just material concerns but also moral and spiritual issues. By revisiting the teachings of the Buddha, this paper aims to highlight the ways in which these age-old principles can contribute to the creation of a more harmonious and sustainable global economy.

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Right Livelihood, Mindfulness, Spiritual Labour, Right to Livelihood, Human Dignity

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This paper examines Karukku by Bama, a pivotal work in Dalit literature, as an atrocity narrative that not only highlights the social, religious, and educational oppression faced by Dalits, but also traces the author's journey from victimhood to self-empowerment. Through a personal yet collective lens, Bama narrates her life as a Dalit Christian, exploring the complex layers of caste discrimination within both society and the Catholic Church. The autobiography challenges conventional narratives by focusing on Bama's realization of the deep-seated casteism within the religious institution she joined, ultimately leading her to renounce Christianity and embrace her Dalit identity with pride. By rejecting victimhood, Bama reclaims her dignity and calls for a transformative Dalit consciousness, emphasizing the power of education and self-respect as tools of liberation. This paper highlights how Bama's narrative not only exposes the traumas of caste oppression but also serves as a clarion call for social change, presenting Karukku as a profound critique of caste, religion, and institutionalized injustice, while celebrating the strength and resilience of Dalit identity.

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From Oppression to Assertion: The Dalit Awakening

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Power transistors are fundamental components in modern electronic systems, playing a critical role in enabling efficient power conversion and control across a wide range of applications. These semiconductor devices are designed to handle high voltages and currents while maintaining reliability and performance, making them indispensable in industries such as automotive, renewable energy, industrial automation, and consumer electronics. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of the design principles, diverse applications, and recent advancements in power transistor technology, offering insights into their evolving role in shaping the future of electronics. The discussion begins with an overview of the fundamental working principles of power transistors, focusing on the three primary types: bipolar junction transistors (BJTs), metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs), and insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). Each type is analyzed in terms of its unique operating mechanisms, key performance parameters, and suitability for specific applications. BJTs, known for their high current-carrying capabilities, are often used in low-frequency and high-power applications. MOSFETs, with their high-speed switching characteristics, are ideal for power supplies and motor control systems. IGBTs, which combine the advantages of MOSFETs and BJTs, are widely used in high-voltage and high-current applications such as industrial drives and renewable energy systems. The paper also highlights the emergence of wide bandgap materials, such as silicon carbide (SiC) and gallium nitride (GaN), which are revolutionizing the field of power transistors. These materials offer superior thermal conductivity, faster switching speeds, and higher efficiency compared to traditional silicon-based transistors, enabling significant improvements in power conversion systems. The comparative advantages of SiC and GaN are discussed, along with their potential to address the growing demand for energy-efficient and high-performance electronic systems. In addition to exploring the technical aspects of power transistors, the paper delves into their diverse applications. Power transistors are essential components in power conversion systems, including switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) and inverters, where they enable efficient energy conversion and management. In the automotive industry, they play a critical role in electric and hybrid vehicles, facilitating efficient motor drives and battery management systems. In renewable energy systems, power transistors are used in solar inverters and wind turbine converters, contributing to the efficient harnessing and distribution of clean energy.

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Power Transistors Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJTs) Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs) Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs) Silicon Carbide (SiC) Gallium Nitride (GaN)

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Environment plays a vital role in the survival of human beings as it consists of all those things and set of conditions which directly or indirectly influence the development or growth and quality of life of individual organisms. Despite of the fact, human are in very hurry to exploit the environment in the quest of making their life more comfortable and easy. Excess human intervention has adversely affected environment. Rapid population growth, globalization, industrialization and infrastructural developments are the causes of exploitation of natural resources which put strain on natural resources resulting in the degradation of our environment which compelled the legislature to frame the laws to protect the environment as it is the effective instrument to bring the change in the society. Thus, the aim of paper is know the concept of environment, its degradation, the factors responsible for the degradation of environment, what is the role of law and policies in safeguarding environment.

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Environment, degradation, human intervention, law and policies

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