Volume 14 | Issue 2

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Study of the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial Callyspongia fallax

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Study of the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial the Halophilic and Halotolerant Microbial Callyspongia fallax

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Chitosan, a biopolymer derived from chitin, has gained prominence due to its biodegradability, biocompatibility, and antimicrobial properties. Traditionally extracted from crustacean shells, chitosan production faces limitations such as allergenicity, seasonal availability, and environmental concerns. This study investigates alternative sources--Labeo rohita fish scales, white button mushroom stalks, and banana peels--for chitosan extraction using acid-alkali chemical treatment. The extracted biopolymers were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), solubility testing, and pH analysis. Among the sources, fish scales yielded the highest purity and quantity of chitosan, while mushrooms and banana peels produced chitosan-like compounds with moderate functionality. These materials were further utilized to develop herbal biodegradable bandages and hydrogels, demonstrating promising antimicrobial and wound-healing properties. The findings support the valorization of agro-waste and seafood by-products for sustainable biomedical innovations.

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Sustainable Extraction and Biomedical Applications of Chitosan from Fish Scales, Mushroom Stalks, and Banana Peels

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A common medicinal plant with antibacterial and antifungal qualities is Lantana camara L. (Verbenaceae). In this study, various solvent extracts (methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and aqueous) of L. camara leaves were subjected to phytochemical screening and antifungal assays. The presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, carbohydrates, and amino acids was determined by qualitative phytochemical testing. Fluconazole was employed as a positive control in antifungal tests against Aspergillus niger utilizing the agar well diffusion method. The extracts had detectable antifungal action, confirming L. camara's ethnomedical value. According to these results, the leaves of L. camara may contain bioactive substances that could be used to build antifungal medications.This research validates the traditional use of L. camara and highlights its potential as a source of natural antifungal agents, particularly from methanolic leaf extracts.

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Lantana camara, phytochemical screening, antifungal activity, Aspergillus niger, fluconazole

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This study conducted a molecular phylogenetic investigation of bacterial evolution using the gyrB gene, an orthologous marker encoding the B-subunit of DNA gyrase, which is functionally essential for prokaryotic DNA topology control. High-quality gyrB sequences, curated from the NCBI database, underwent Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) using Clustal Omega to characterize nucleotide substitution patterns. Phylogenetic trees were computationally derived via the NGPhylogeny.fr platform, revealing evolutionary relationships; concurrently, bioinformatic analysis identified conserved domains critical for gyrase activity. The phylogenetic informativeness of the gyrB methodology was rigorously validated through in silico translational analysis, sequence identity comparisons, and consistent species demarcation, affirming its utility as a reliable molecular chronometer for reconstructing bacterial evolutionary history.

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gyrB gene, molecular phylogeny, DNA gyrase, conserved ortholog, multiple sequence alignment, nucleotide substitution, evolutionary inference, taxonomic stratification.

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Staphylococcus aureus is a formidable opportunistic pathogen, with the emergence of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) posing a critical global health challenge. This study focuses on the Bengal Bay Clone, MRSA ST772, a virulent and multidrug-resistant Community-Acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strain increasingly linked to severe infections. Methicillin resistance in S. aureus is primarily mediated by the mecA gene, which encodes the penicillin-binding protein PBP2a. Despite the clinical significance of ST772, the genomic and evolutionary mechanisms underpinning its resistance phenotype remain poorly characterized.

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THE GENETIC AND EVOLUTIONARY BASIS OF METHICILLIN RESISTANCE IN STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS MRSA ST772: A COMPARATIVE AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOINFORMATICS STUDY

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This research paper explores the multifaceted impact of animation on society and culture. Through a comprehensive analysis of historical trends, technological advancements, and cultural influences, the paper examines how animation shapes societal perceptions, cultural values, and collective identity. By exploring diverse examples from film, television, and digital media, the paper aims to elucidate the profound ways in which animation influences social norms, cultural practices, and artistic expression, ultimately contributing to the rich tapestry of global culture.

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Animation, Society, Culture, Storytelling, Artistic expression, Social norms, Cultural identity

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The animation industry is undergoing rapid evolution driven by technological advancements, changing consumer preferences, and globalization. The evolution of animation and visual effects technologies has significantly influenced global production trends and contributed to the digitalization of cinema between 1990 and 2020 [1] This research paper examines the challenges facing the animation industry and explores potential future directions for innovation and growth. Key challenges include technological limitations, creative hurdles, industry dynamics, talent acquisition, and cultural diversity. Future directions encompass emerging technologies like virtual reality and artificial intelligence, as well as evolving trends in animation styles, distribution platforms, and ethical considerations. By addressing these challenges and embracing new opportunities, the animation industry can navigate towards a vibrant and sustainable future.

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Animation, challenges, future directions, technology, creativity, industry trends, innovation, globalization.

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This comprehensive research paper meticulously examines the trends shaping India's Animation & VFX industry, with a specific focus on the sub-concept of CGI. By dissecting elements crucial to the industry's development, the paper sheds light on the trajectory of Animation & VFX in India. It delves into the prevalence of VFX and 3D, predicting their dominance over AR & VR technologies in the future. The research outlines upcoming trends, projecting a notable growth in 2024. However, it doesn't shy away from addressing drawbacks, particularly in terms of realism within Indian Animation Industries, emphasizing the challenges associated with achieving photorealism in films. The paper provides insights into how VFX and 3D technologies are poised to lead the industry forward. Furthermore, the study highlights the role of specific software that has become integral to the Indian animation landscape, anticipating their sustained relevance. The research also introduces emerging software, instrumental in propelling the industry's growth. By synthesizing detailed information, this paper serves as a valuable resource for industry professionals, researchers, and policymakers invested in the trajectory of India's Animation & VFX sector.

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Animation, CGI, Animation Market, VFX.

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Urinary tract infection (UTI) implies multiplication of pathogen in the urinary tract and presence of more than 105 organisms/ml of midstream of urine sample. UTI occurs due to entry of bacteria in the urinary tract via urethra to bladder and then multiplication in the tract. The most common cause of urinary tract infection is Gram negative bacteria that belong to the family Enterobacteriacae. Members of this family include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter and Proteus. Other causative agents of UTI are Gram positive organisms such as Staphylococcus spp, Streptococcus spp and yeast like Candida. Urinary tract is among the most common sites of bacterial infection both in community based and hospitalized patients [5]. Despite rapid diagnosis and treatment there is reported 5% risk of long term damage owing to recurrence and consequent renal scarring with its complications. E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infection.

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STUDY OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE PATTERN AND VIRULENCE FACTORS OF ISOLATED UROPATHOGENS

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Urban festivals in India, particularly Ganeshotsav, are celebrated with immense enthusiasm and grandeur. While culturally significant, these events also produce unprecedented levels of noise pollution through the use of amplified music systems, drums, and firecrackers. Such short-term but intense sound exposure not only disrupts human health but also affects urban wildlife, especially birds. This paper examines the ecological impact of festival-related noise pollution on bird behaviour in Pune and Pimpri-Chinchwad. Using a combination of noise monitoring, bird surveys, and behavioural observations, this study explores how elevated sound levels influence avian vocalization, foraging activity, and vigilance. The findings highlight the acute disturbances caused by immersion-day celebrations and provide recommendations for balancing cultural practices with environmental sustainability.

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Noise pollution, Avian behaviour, Ganeshotsav, Acoustic Ecology.

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This study investigates the environmental and nutritional outcomes of organic farming based on an analysis of peer-reviewed research articles published between 2020 and 2024. Organic farming has been recognized globally as a sustainable agricultural practice that reduces environmental degradation and enhances food quality. Using secondary data and comparative analyses from published studies, the paper demonstrates that organic systems reduce pesticide residues, cadmium accumulation, and nutrient leaching while enhancing soil health, biodiversity, and crop nutrient content. Nutritionally, organically produced crops show higher levels of antioxidants, vitamin C, magnesium, and iron compared with conventional produce. While yields are often lower in organic systems, the long-term benefits for ecosystem health and human nutrition make organic farming a viable approach for sustainable development. The study concludes that policy support, farmer awareness, and consumer education are crucial to scale up organic practices and meet future food security challenges.

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Organic Farming, Nutrition, Environment, Sustainability, Agriculture

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Increasing air pollution demands effective and sustainable solutions. Plantation of indigenous and native small to medium-sized plants in highway medians offers a practical way to absorb particulate matter and gaseous pollutants, thereby improving roadside air quality. This review highlights suitable native species for highway medians across India's agro-climatic zones, emphasizing plant size and adaptability, along with limitations associated with median plantations. It also discusses the ecological impacts of planting non-indigenous species in such settings.

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Highway medians, Indigenous plants, Air purification, Pollution control, Small and medium trees, Limitations, Invasive species

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Environmental stressors such as climate change, pollution, and habitat degradation increasingly challenge Indian biodiversity. Epigenetic modifications - heritable changes in gene expression without DNA sequence alterations - offer a rapid mechanism by which organisms may respond to these pressures. This review synthesizes current knowledge on epigenetic responses to environmental stressors in Indian plants, animals, and microbes, focusing on DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs. Evidence for transgenerational inheritance and ecological consequences of epigenetic memory is evaluated. The review highlights the ecological relevance of epigenetics in facilitating adaptation, transgenerational plasticity, and ecosystem resilience. Challenges and future research directions are discussed to integrate epigenetics into conservation strategies in India's rapidly changing environments.

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Animals, DNA Methylation, Ecology, Environmental Stress, Epigenetics, Heritability, Histone Modification, Microbes and Plants

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Climate change, Agriculture, Water resources, Biodiversity, Adaptation strategies

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Surfactant-polymer interactions play a significant role in numerous industrial, pharmaceutical, and environmental applications due to their ability to modify solution properties such as viscosity, solubilization, surface tension, and stability. When surfactants and polymers coexist in an aqueous medium, their association leads to the formation of complexes driven by hydrophobic, electrostatic, and hydrogen-bonding interactions. These interactions strongly influence micellization behavior, critical micelle concentration (CMC), and aggregation number of surfactants, while also altering the conformational and rheological properties of polymers. Such systems are extensively employed in detergency, enhanced oil recovery, cosmetics, drug delivery, food processing, and wastewater treatment. Understanding these interactions is essential for tailoring formulations with desired physicochemical properties and functional performance. Experimental techniques such as surface tension measurement, viscometry, spectroscopy, light scattering, and calorimetry are often employed to study the nature and strength of these interactions. This paper highlights the fundamental aspects of surfactant-polymer interaction, their thermodynamic implications, and the practical significance of such systems in modern applications.

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Surfactant, cmc, surface tension, Polymer

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The demographic transition in India has reached a critical juncture, with the elderly population projected to comprise nearly 12.4% of the total population by 2026. This rapid graying, coupled with the erosion of traditional joint family structures, has rendered a significant portion of the "silver population" vulnerable to neglect, financial exploitation, and physical abuse. This study examines the socio-legal dimensions of elderly protection in India, analyzing the effectiveness of existing legislative frameworks, primarily the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens (MWPSC) Act, 2007, and its proposed amendments in 2025. By evaluating the regulatory response through a socio-legal lens, this research highlights the persistent gap between statutory intent and infrastructural reality, advocating for a shift from a reactive, litigation-based system to a proactive, "Shared Responsibility Model" that guarantees the Right to Age with Dignity.

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Demographic transition; Rapid graying; Joint family structures;Silver population; Vulnerable

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Background: Lodhra (Symplocos racemosa Roxb.) is a classical Ayurvedic drug used mainly for bleeding disorders, wound healing and gynecological conditions. Modern pharmacology has investigated its phytochemistry and diverse bioactivities. Objective: To critically review classical references, pharmaceutical preparations (Bhaishajya Kalpana), phytochemistry, pharmacology, clinical evidence and safety of Lodhra, and to identify research gaps and future directions. Methods: A structured literature search of PubMed, PMC, Google Scholar and Ayurvedic classical texts (Sushruta, Charaka, Bhaishajya Ratnavali) was performed (see Methods). Studies on phytochemistry, in vitro/in vivo pharmacology, clinical trials, formulations and toxicity were included. Results: Phytochemical investigations reveal tannins, flavonoids, triterpenoids and phenolic glycosides. Experimental studies report antimicrobial, antibiofilm, anti-inflammatory, hemostatic, wound-healing and uterine-modulatory effects. Clinical reports (small trials and classical formulations) indicate benefit in menorrhagia and wound management, with acceptable biosafety at therapeutic doses in animal studies. However, high-quality randomized clinical trials and systematic standardization of Bhaishajya Kalpana are limited. Conclusion: Lodhra shows promising therapeutic potential congruent with classical uses; rigorous clinical trials and standardized pharmaceutical processing (quality control, dose-finding, stability, safety) are needed to support broader clinical adoption.

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Lodhra, Symplocos racemosa, Bhaishajya Kalpana, hemostatic, wound healing, phytochemistry

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Background: Facial nerve palsy causes facial asymmetry, impaired voluntary movements which lead to significant facial motor dysfunction and psychosocial distress. Rehabilitation strategies have traditionally relied on mirror therapy using physical mirrors which provide visual feedback to facilitate motor relearning. Recent advancements like Mirror Book Therapy have emerged as neuroplasticity driven approach enhancing therapy effectiveness and accessibility promoting facial function recovery. Aims and Objectives: The review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Mirror Book Therapy on facial symmetry in patients with peripheral facial palsy including traditional mirror book and digital mirroring approaches. Materials and methods: The literature was searched for relevant randomised control trials in PubMed, Google Scholar, Research Gate databases using keywords 'mirror book therapy', 'mirror visual feedback', 'peripheral facial palsy' and 'facial symmetry'. The studies from inception to December 2025 were searched. Thirty-two studies were retrieved, out of which six were included in the final review.

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mirror book therapy, mirror visual feedback, peripheral facial palsy and facial symmetry

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Traffic congestion is a severe problem in many major cities across the world and it has become a major issue for the commuters in all the cities. The delay of respective light is hardcoded in the traffic light and it is not dependent on traffic. This creates unnecessary waiting for drivers, which could not be endurable in every case, as being in time, is important to everyone. Density, speed, and flow are the three critical parameters for road traffic analysis. As the number of road Users constantly increases, and resources provided by current infrastructures are limited, the control of traffic has become a very important issue in the present. Also, one of the major problems faced by heavy traffic is by Ambulances. The aim of this project is to solve traffic congestion which is a severe problem in many modern cities all over the world. The traffic density is controlled using a microcontroller. This the system contains IR transmitter and IR receiver which are mounted on either side of roads respectively. The IR system gets activated whenever any vehicle passes on the road between IR transmitter and IR receiver. The objective for usage of IR sensor is to detect obstacles. The microcontroller controls the IR system and counts a number of vehicles passing on the road. The microcontroller also stores vehicles count in its memory. Based on different vehicles count, the microcontroller takes a decision and updates the traffic light delays as a result. By measuring the traffic lined up on a particular road the signal timings are adjusted to let that particular way clear out and then the next populated one. It also consists of an emergency override that allows traffic authorities to remotely let go a particular signal in case an ambulance or important vehicle arrives on that way.

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Smart Traffic, IoT, Emergency Vehicle (Ambulance), Autonomous Management.

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