Volume 11 | Issue 2

 Abstract

The Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, situated within the hyper-fragmented landscape of Jorhat, Assam, serves as a vital ecological micro-refugium harboring extraordinary primate diversity, including India's sole ape species, the western hoolock gibbon (Hoolock hoolock). Spanning a mere 20.98 square kilometers, this island ecosystem is entirely encircled by tea plantations, infrastructural networks, and human settlements. This seminar paper examines the structural contradictions between state-led developmental imperatives and long-term conservation biology within the sanctuary. Through a critical historical and contemporary lens, the study analyzes the cascading ecological effects of the century-old Lumding-Dibrugarh railway line, its recent highly contested 25 KV electrification in 2024, and the subsequent documented arboreal electrocution events of early 2026. Furthermore, it deconstructs the socio-ecological risks associated with oil and gas explorations authorized within the sanctuary's eco-sensitive zone (ESZ). Utilizing a cross-disciplinary methodology combining qualitative policy analysis and conservation literature, this paper argues that canopy bridges serve as insufficient mitigations for habitat fragmentation. Ultimately, it emphasizes that preventing localized extinctions necessitates an absolute shift from reactive administrative interventions to binding long-term structural changes, primarily the physical rerouting of intersecting linear infrastructure.

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Hollongapar Gibbon Sanctuary, Hoolock hoolock, Linear Infrastructure Fragmentation, Eco-Sensitive Zone, Habitat Isolation, Environmental Policy.

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The Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO) algorithm is a population-based, nature-inspired metaheuristic introduced by Seyedali Mirjalili in 2015 in Knowledge-Based Systems. It models the transverse-orientation navigation of moths, in which an insect maintains a fixed angle relative to a distant light source (the moon) to fly in a straight line but spirals around nearby artificial lights. This spiral convergence toward a set of "flames" (the best solutions found so far) is the mechanism MFO exploits to balance exploration and exploitation. Owing to its conceptual simplicity, small number of control parameters, gradient-free operation, and competitive performance, MFO and its many variants have been applied widely across engineering. This paper reviews representative engineering applications of MFO across power systems, structural design, image processing, biomedical computing, and communication and control systems. The review draws on the original algorithm paper, primary application studies, and peer-reviewed survey articles. It concludes with a synthesis of recurring strengths, documented weaknesses such as premature convergence, and directions reported in the literature.

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Moth-Flame Optimization (MFO); Metaheuristics; Swarm Intelligence; Engineering Applications; Power System Optimization; Structural Design; Image Segmentation; Wireless Sensor Networks

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Ecotourism focus on environment-based activities that increase tourist satisfaction and understanding of different values. It helps in preserving natural environment and engage in conservation efforts. Ecotourism helps in creating awareness about the people, their culture and aims economic development. It may lead to environment degradation and displacement of local communities. This paper throws light on tourist satisfaction of thenmala eco-tourism project.

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Natural environment, Environment degradation,displacement of local communities

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Understanding Santhal Cosmology Through Their Creation Narrative

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Understanding Santhal Cosmology Through Their Creation Narrative

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Banking has moved from a relationship-driven service to a technology-intensive public utility. With this shift, the potential for customer harm--through service lapses, unfair practices, mis-selling, unauthorized electronic transactions, and opaque contract terms--has increased. India's consumer protection framework treats banking as a "service" and empowers customers to seek redress before consumer commissions, in addition to sectoral grievance mechanisms such as the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Ombudsman. This article examines (i) the legal basis for bank customers' rights under consumer law; (ii) what constitutes "consumer" status in banking disputes; (iii) major heads of liability--deficiency, unfair trade practice, and unfair contracts; (iv) remedies and procedure under the Consumer Protection Act, 2019; and (v) the relationship between consumer forums and RBI's Integrated Ombudsman Scheme. It also highlights recent trends in digital fraud litigation, evidentiary burdens, limitation, and the exclusion of purely commercial borrowers from the consumer definition. The article concludes with reform-oriented recommendations for strengthening customer-centric banking governance.

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Rights of Bank Customers under Consumer Protection Laws in India: Scope, Remedies, and Emerging Challenges

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Air pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of the 21st century, with significant implications for public health, climate change, and ecosystem integrity. Traditional air quality monitoring systems, while effective, are often limited by high costs, sparse deployment, and lack of real-time data accessibility. The integration of Internet of Things (IoT) technology with air quality monitoring presents a transformative approach to environmental surveillance, enabling continuous, cost-effective, and geographically distributed monitoring of atmospheric pollutants. This paper presents a comprehensive review and analysis of IoT-based air quality monitoring systems, examining their architecture, sensor technologies, communication protocols, data analytics approaches, and real-world applications. Through systematic analysis of existing implementations and research findings, this study demonstrates that IoT-enabled monitoring systems can achieve measurement accuracies comparable to conventional equipment while offering superior spatial coverage and public accessibility. The paper discusses various sensor types for detecting particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and other pollutants, along with wireless communication technologies including Wi-Fi, LoRaWAN, and cellular networks. Furthermore, this research explores cloud computing platforms for data storage and analysis, machine learning algorithms for predictive modeling, and visualization techniques for public awareness. The findings indicate that IoT-based air quality monitoring systems represent a viable solution for smart cities, enabling informed decision-making for pollution control and public health protection

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Air Quality Monitoring, Internet of Things, Environmental Sensors, Wireless Sensor Networks, Smart Cities, Pollution Detection

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Beginning as a dialect spoken by Germanic immigrants, English has seen significant growth and change over the last 1,500 years. Of the six thousand to seven thousand languages that still exist in the world, English is the most widely spoken. In addition to having a sizable population of native speakers, it also has, according to Broghton et al. in their book Teaching English as a Foreign Language, "an equally widely distributed body of second language speakers, who use English for their day-to-day needs, (which) totals over 250 million." Lastly, if we include places where decisions pertaining to life and welfare are made and announced in English, we reach one-sixth of the global population. Both the need for qualified English teachers and the number of English language learners are continuously increasing. With a focus on teaching and learning English to non-native speakers, the current research will examine all of these difficulties, their causes, and possible solutions.

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Foreign language, Teaching English, Effectiveness, Virtual Teaching

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The ancestors of the Santals are one of the largest ethnic community in India. According to many Anthopologists, they belong to the Proto-Australoid race.They are found mostly in Jharkhand,West Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, Assam, Chattisgarh, Meghalaya,Assam and Tripura. They are skilled in various arts including music, handicrafts and have a rich cultural heritage. They posses their own language and script which belongs to the Austro- Asiatic language group. Literature on their customs, traditions and culture are however scanty. Individuals belonging to this community are mostly deprived of education and hence pass on traditions and customs orally from one generation to the other. The dances they perform, the clothes they wear, the festivals they celebrate, the Gods they worship, the crafts they specialize in, the tasks they perform have been compiled in the study. In addition, other customary practices are included in the study. Ethnic knowledge requires documentation to avoid becoming extinct. This study is an effort to document the rich culture of the Santals society.

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Santal tribe, customs, ethic khowledge, culture.

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E-learning has emerged as a transformative method in education, allowing learners from varied backgrounds to access information anytime, anywhere. Despite its advantages, e-learning faces substantial challenges that impact its effectiveness, including issues of access, engagement, and quality assurance. This paper identifies major challenges in e-learning, including technological, psychological, and logistical factors, and offers strategies for mitigating these challenges to enhance learning outcomes.

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Challenges in E-Learning and Strategies for Mitigation

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The melodic and structural basis of Hindustani classical music is the Bandish. It possesses a conceptual and structural lineage rooted in ancient Indian musical traditions, while being widely acknowledged in its contemporary form as a defined melodic composition inside a raga.The paper traces the historical evolution of Bandish, from the early S?ma-g?na and Prabandha-g?na traditions to the medieval Dhrupad and Khayal genres. It examines the evolution of the concept of metrically bound music over time, incorporating linguistic, artistic, and cultural influences from ancient texts such as the N??ya??stra, B?hadde??, and Sa?g?ta Ratn?kara. The study shows that the Bandish is not just a way to write music, but also a living example of how Indian music has changed and stayed the same over time.

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 Keywords

Hindustani Classical Music, Bandish, Prabandha, S?ma-g?na, Dhrupad, Khayal, Indian Musicology, Music Evolution

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This paper explores the intersection of marginalization, educational quality, and social mobility, with a special focus on Arunachal Pradesh, a frontier state in Northeast India characterized by ethnic diversity, linguistic plurality, and geographical remoteness. Despite significant progress in enrollment, the quality of education remains alarmingly low, leading to persistent learning poverty, high dropout rates, and limited intergenerational mobility. Through the lenses of sociological theory--including Bourdieu's cultural capital, Durkheim's functionalism, Marxist perspectives on reproduction, Weber's credentialism, and Sen's capability approach--the study critically examines how structural inequalities are embedded in the education system. Employing a mixed-method research design, it integrates national datasets (UDISE+ 2021-22, ASER 2022, Census 2011, NFHS-5) with secondary literature and field-level insights. Findings show that infrastructural deficits, teacher shortages, language mismatches, and cultural alienation reinforce deprivation. Comparisons with national averages highlight that Arunachal Pradesh lags behind India in secondary completion, female literacy, and access to quality learning environments. The paper contributes to the wider sociological debate on the reproduction of inequality by presenting a region-specific case study of a frontier state where education simultaneously promises and denies mobility. The study concludes that quality education is a decisive lever for breaking cycles of marginalization, but policies must address socio-cultural realities, linguistic diversity, and geographic constraints with a holistic and equity-driven approach.

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MARGINALIZATION THROUGH LACK OF QUALITY EDUCATION: DEPRIVATION'S GRIP ON SOCIAL MOBILITY WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON ARUNACHAL PRADESH

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In this paper, the realization of last-mile delivery systems using cloud-enabled multi-objective optimization is discussed. It concentrates more on the cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability and customer satisfaction through serverless analytics and cloud computing technology. The paper looks at how real time information processing, developing better optimization models and codifying more scalable solutions can better deliver operations. With the use of cloud platforms, businesses have the opportunities to reduce emissions, enhance the quality of service, optimize routes of services, thus contributing to the sustainable and efficient logistics. This study gives a guideline on which further progress can be made in the optimization of last-mile delivery.

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Last-Mile Delivery, Cloud Computing, Multi-Objective Optimization, Serverless Analytics, Cost Optimization, Environmental Sustainability, Customer Satisfaction, Real-Time Data

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Abstract Indian society has long been a crucible of change where art and activism intersect. Literature--the written word--has served as a repository of ideas, critical reflections, and reformist ideologies. Parallel to this, Indian cinema--the silver screen--has not only mirrored these narratives but also amplified them by reaching millions. This research paper investigates the historical and contemporary roles of literature and cinema in instigating social reform in India. By reviewing influential literary works and landmark films, the paper explores how these dual forces have challenged caste hierarchies, gender stereotypes, and political oppression while inspiring public debate and policy change.

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Social Reform, Indian Literature, Indian Cinema, Cultural Change, Adaptation, Nationalism, Feminism, Dalit Narratives

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Mulberry leaves are crucial for sericulture, but diseases can significantly reduce yield and quality. Traditional methods for disease detection are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Current approaches lack efficiency in detecting mulberry leaf diseases, hindering timely intervention to prevent crop loss. This study proposes a novel approach using deep learning attention with deep neural networks for mulberry leaf disease detection. The model leverages attention mechanisms to focus on relevant features, enhancing the accuracy of disease identification. The proposed method achieved impressive results in mulberry leaf disease detection, with an average accuracy of 95%. Specific disease detection rates include: Mulberry leaf spot (97%), Powdery mildew (94%), Anthracnose (96%), and Leaf blight (93%).

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Attention Mechanisms, Deep Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Mulberry Leaf, Diseases

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Mineral admixtures play a crucial role in enhancing concrete performance and promoting sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the properties, performance, and applications of key mineral admixtures, including fly ash, rice husk ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, and metakaolin. The study examines how these materials improve concrete's strength, durability, and workability, while also addressing environmental impacts. The pozzolanic reactions and microstructural benefits associated with these admixtures are discussed, alongside their diverse applications in high-strength, durable, self-compacting, and sustainable concrete. The review emphasizes the need for ongoing research to optimize admixture use, focusing on advanced characterization, novel combinations, and the integration of fibers and AI-driven optimization. Future research should prioritize sustainable practices, including circular economy principles and carbon sequestration, to ensure the long-term viability of mineral admixture concrete in creating resilient and environmentally responsible infrastructure.

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Mineral admixtures, concrete, fly ash, silica fume, GGBS, metakaolin, durability, strength, sustainability, pozzolanic reaction.

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This paper explores AI in health, wellness, socialization, and spirituality. AI has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment, streamlined healthcare management, and personalized wellness plans. In socialization, it enables communication and community building in processes very similar to existing ones, while in spirituality, all these (non-AI) abilities, coupled with speed, storage, and efficiency, introduce new ways of doing things. The paper also looks at the ethical problems this would create, like privacy, bias, and the effect on interactions between people. We look at these domains to see how AI can change individual and collective experiences and how to maintain an equilibrium between technological development and traditional values.

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Artificial Intelligence, Health, Wellness, Socialization, Spirituality, Ethics, Technology

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This paper explores the intricate relationship between humanity, nature, and societal expectations in rural China, focusing on how these elements interact to shape the lives of individuals and communities. By examining historical contexts, cultural beliefs, and contemporary challenges, this study highlights the profound impact of agriculture, tradition, and social structures on human identity and community dynamics. Utilizing literature, historical accounts, and sociological perspectives, This paper aims comprehensive understanding of how the interconnections of family, nature, and societal expectations influence rural life in China as depicted in the novel, The Good Earth

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Cultural Identity, Tradition, Nature, Social Hierarchy, Rural Life, Family.

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Counterparty credit risk (CCR) represents the possibility that a counterparty to a financial contract will default before fulfilling its contractual obligations. With the increasing complexity of financial markets, more than the traditional methods for assessing CCR are required to capture non-linear dependencies and complex risk dynamics. In this study, we explore applying deep learning techniques to enhance CCR modeling, focusing on implementing recurrent neural networks (RNNs) using real-world datasets. We detail the dataset characteristics, model architecture, training process, and evaluation metrics. The results indicate that deep learning models can outperform traditional approaches regarding accuracy, flexibility, and adaptability.

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Deep Learning for Counterparty Credit Risk Modeling: A Case Study with Real Data

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?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? "?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?"

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?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? "?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?"

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William Makepeace Thackeray's is one of the well-known novelists of English literature wherein the reader can sense the novelist likes and preference towards the rogue elements in society. Besides criticizing the corrupt social systems he also takes arms against the wide spread snobbishness that is pervaded more or less in every society. He also despises of the violence that is caused by the armed conquests and territorial trespassing. William Makepeace Thackeray while presenting his disgust against the moral corruption of his times also follows the Victorian ideals regarding womanhood. He is a vocal critic of the opportunistic world which gives more weightage to materialism and affluence. He believes that over and extreme greed for monetary and pecuniary objects degenerate the human race. The wealth and materialistic culture are the progeny of human misbehavior. The negative traits like pride, arrogance and disrespect creep when the human being has innumerable financial resources. The limitless wealth blinds human being and he starts to behave like Almighty. Wealth creates mentality that underestimates those who are poor and fragile. The feelings like arrogance and pride are the direct result of the limitless hoarding of money. When a person is blinded by the innumerable wealth, he or she never bothers about others and misbehaves and maltreat those who are poor and needy. Besides sternly criticizing the ill effects of materialism the novelist does not spare the women of his times.

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Affluence, aristocracy, morality, patriarchy, rogue, society, values & woman etc.

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