Volume 11 | Issue 2

 Abstract

E-learning has emerged as a transformative method in education, allowing learners from varied backgrounds to access information anytime, anywhere. Despite its advantages, e-learning faces substantial challenges that impact its effectiveness, including issues of access, engagement, and quality assurance. This paper identifies major challenges in e-learning, including technological, psychological, and logistical factors, and offers strategies for mitigating these challenges to enhance learning outcomes.

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Challenges in E-Learning and Strategies for Mitigation

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The melodic and structural basis of Hindustani classical music is the Bandish. It possesses a conceptual and structural lineage rooted in ancient Indian musical traditions, while being widely acknowledged in its contemporary form as a defined melodic composition inside a raga.The paper traces the historical evolution of Bandish, from the early S?ma-g?na and Prabandha-g?na traditions to the medieval Dhrupad and Khayal genres. It examines the evolution of the concept of metrically bound music over time, incorporating linguistic, artistic, and cultural influences from ancient texts such as the N??ya??stra, B?hadde??, and Sa?g?ta Ratn?kara. The study shows that the Bandish is not just a way to write music, but also a living example of how Indian music has changed and stayed the same over time.

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Hindustani Classical Music, Bandish, Prabandha, S?ma-g?na, Dhrupad, Khayal, Indian Musicology, Music Evolution

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This paper explores the intersection of marginalization, educational quality, and social mobility, with a special focus on Arunachal Pradesh, a frontier state in Northeast India characterized by ethnic diversity, linguistic plurality, and geographical remoteness. Despite significant progress in enrollment, the quality of education remains alarmingly low, leading to persistent learning poverty, high dropout rates, and limited intergenerational mobility. Through the lenses of sociological theory--including Bourdieu's cultural capital, Durkheim's functionalism, Marxist perspectives on reproduction, Weber's credentialism, and Sen's capability approach--the study critically examines how structural inequalities are embedded in the education system. Employing a mixed-method research design, it integrates national datasets (UDISE+ 2021-22, ASER 2022, Census 2011, NFHS-5) with secondary literature and field-level insights. Findings show that infrastructural deficits, teacher shortages, language mismatches, and cultural alienation reinforce deprivation. Comparisons with national averages highlight that Arunachal Pradesh lags behind India in secondary completion, female literacy, and access to quality learning environments. The paper contributes to the wider sociological debate on the reproduction of inequality by presenting a region-specific case study of a frontier state where education simultaneously promises and denies mobility. The study concludes that quality education is a decisive lever for breaking cycles of marginalization, but policies must address socio-cultural realities, linguistic diversity, and geographic constraints with a holistic and equity-driven approach.

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MARGINALIZATION THROUGH LACK OF QUALITY EDUCATION: DEPRIVATION'S GRIP ON SOCIAL MOBILITY WITH SPECIAL FOCUS ON ARUNACHAL PRADESH

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In this paper, the realization of last-mile delivery systems using cloud-enabled multi-objective optimization is discussed. It concentrates more on the cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability and customer satisfaction through serverless analytics and cloud computing technology. The paper looks at how real time information processing, developing better optimization models and codifying more scalable solutions can better deliver operations. With the use of cloud platforms, businesses have the opportunities to reduce emissions, enhance the quality of service, optimize routes of services, thus contributing to the sustainable and efficient logistics. This study gives a guideline on which further progress can be made in the optimization of last-mile delivery.

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Last-Mile Delivery, Cloud Computing, Multi-Objective Optimization, Serverless Analytics, Cost Optimization, Environmental Sustainability, Customer Satisfaction, Real-Time Data

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Abstract Indian society has long been a crucible of change where art and activism intersect. Literature--the written word--has served as a repository of ideas, critical reflections, and reformist ideologies. Parallel to this, Indian cinema--the silver screen--has not only mirrored these narratives but also amplified them by reaching millions. This research paper investigates the historical and contemporary roles of literature and cinema in instigating social reform in India. By reviewing influential literary works and landmark films, the paper explores how these dual forces have challenged caste hierarchies, gender stereotypes, and political oppression while inspiring public debate and policy change.

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Social Reform, Indian Literature, Indian Cinema, Cultural Change, Adaptation, Nationalism, Feminism, Dalit Narratives

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Mulberry leaves are crucial for sericulture, but diseases can significantly reduce yield and quality. Traditional methods for disease detection are labor-intensive and time-consuming. Current approaches lack efficiency in detecting mulberry leaf diseases, hindering timely intervention to prevent crop loss. This study proposes a novel approach using deep learning attention with deep neural networks for mulberry leaf disease detection. The model leverages attention mechanisms to focus on relevant features, enhancing the accuracy of disease identification. The proposed method achieved impressive results in mulberry leaf disease detection, with an average accuracy of 95%. Specific disease detection rates include: Mulberry leaf spot (97%), Powdery mildew (94%), Anthracnose (96%), and Leaf blight (93%).

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Attention Mechanisms, Deep Neural Networks, Deep Learning, Mulberry Leaf, Diseases

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Mineral admixtures play a crucial role in enhancing concrete performance and promoting sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the properties, performance, and applications of key mineral admixtures, including fly ash, rice husk ash, ground granulated blast-furnace slag, silica fume, and metakaolin. The study examines how these materials improve concrete's strength, durability, and workability, while also addressing environmental impacts. The pozzolanic reactions and microstructural benefits associated with these admixtures are discussed, alongside their diverse applications in high-strength, durable, self-compacting, and sustainable concrete. The review emphasizes the need for ongoing research to optimize admixture use, focusing on advanced characterization, novel combinations, and the integration of fibers and AI-driven optimization. Future research should prioritize sustainable practices, including circular economy principles and carbon sequestration, to ensure the long-term viability of mineral admixture concrete in creating resilient and environmentally responsible infrastructure.

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Mineral admixtures, concrete, fly ash, silica fume, GGBS, metakaolin, durability, strength, sustainability, pozzolanic reaction.

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This paper explores AI in health, wellness, socialization, and spirituality. AI has revolutionized medical diagnosis and treatment, streamlined healthcare management, and personalized wellness plans. In socialization, it enables communication and community building in processes very similar to existing ones, while in spirituality, all these (non-AI) abilities, coupled with speed, storage, and efficiency, introduce new ways of doing things. The paper also looks at the ethical problems this would create, like privacy, bias, and the effect on interactions between people. We look at these domains to see how AI can change individual and collective experiences and how to maintain an equilibrium between technological development and traditional values.

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Artificial Intelligence, Health, Wellness, Socialization, Spirituality, Ethics, Technology

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This paper explores the intricate relationship between humanity, nature, and societal expectations in rural China, focusing on how these elements interact to shape the lives of individuals and communities. By examining historical contexts, cultural beliefs, and contemporary challenges, this study highlights the profound impact of agriculture, tradition, and social structures on human identity and community dynamics. Utilizing literature, historical accounts, and sociological perspectives, This paper aims comprehensive understanding of how the interconnections of family, nature, and societal expectations influence rural life in China as depicted in the novel, The Good Earth

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Cultural Identity, Tradition, Nature, Social Hierarchy, Rural Life, Family.

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Counterparty credit risk (CCR) represents the possibility that a counterparty to a financial contract will default before fulfilling its contractual obligations. With the increasing complexity of financial markets, more than the traditional methods for assessing CCR are required to capture non-linear dependencies and complex risk dynamics. In this study, we explore applying deep learning techniques to enhance CCR modeling, focusing on implementing recurrent neural networks (RNNs) using real-world datasets. We detail the dataset characteristics, model architecture, training process, and evaluation metrics. The results indicate that deep learning models can outperform traditional approaches regarding accuracy, flexibility, and adaptability.

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Deep Learning for Counterparty Credit Risk Modeling: A Case Study with Real Data

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?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? "?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?"

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?????? ???? ?? ?????? ?? ?????????? ?????????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ?? ???? ?? ??????, ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ?????? "?????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?? ??????? ?? ?"

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William Makepeace Thackeray's is one of the well-known novelists of English literature wherein the reader can sense the novelist likes and preference towards the rogue elements in society. Besides criticizing the corrupt social systems he also takes arms against the wide spread snobbishness that is pervaded more or less in every society. He also despises of the violence that is caused by the armed conquests and territorial trespassing. William Makepeace Thackeray while presenting his disgust against the moral corruption of his times also follows the Victorian ideals regarding womanhood. He is a vocal critic of the opportunistic world which gives more weightage to materialism and affluence. He believes that over and extreme greed for monetary and pecuniary objects degenerate the human race. The wealth and materialistic culture are the progeny of human misbehavior. The negative traits like pride, arrogance and disrespect creep when the human being has innumerable financial resources. The limitless wealth blinds human being and he starts to behave like Almighty. Wealth creates mentality that underestimates those who are poor and fragile. The feelings like arrogance and pride are the direct result of the limitless hoarding of money. When a person is blinded by the innumerable wealth, he or she never bothers about others and misbehaves and maltreat those who are poor and needy. Besides sternly criticizing the ill effects of materialism the novelist does not spare the women of his times.

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Affluence, aristocracy, morality, patriarchy, rogue, society, values & woman etc.

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This study aimed to develop a deeper understanding on the Uniform Civil Code. Existence of a variety of cultures, so many religions etc. are the basic characteristics of India as a nation and they carry their own exclusive and unique identity. India has her heart and soul in the religio-cultural diversity and the same has been a feature of India's identity in past, present and will continue to be in future. A 'Uniform Civil Code' (UCC) refers to a common set of rules of governance for all citizens of the country and it advocates for a system of law as per which all the sections of society without any discrimination on the basis of religion shall be treated with equality according to a national civil code, which shall be applicable to all in a uniform manner. This study utilized a qualitative research through websites, Newspapers, societal thoughts etc. The present study raises some questions and concerns related to conflict between personal laws and UCC. The UCC is a sign of modern progressive nation as the nation is reaching heights worldwide in other areas also. A progressive and broadminded outlook is needed among the people to understand the spirit of such code. Moreover, the matter being sensitive in nature and on basis of the sensitivity a committee of eminent jurists should be constituted to maintain uniformity and must keep an eye on not to hurt the sentiments of any particular community. It is found that One nation should have one Civil Code.

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UCC, equality, uniformly, community, laws.

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The article highlights the main concepts of calculus, decade long development, and numerous applications. Calculus, which was derived from the revolution work by Newton and Leibniz in the late 17th century, has greatly affected mathematical problem solving and the analytical thinking. Calculus concepts of Euler, Lagrange, and Cauchy were developed during the 19th century which moved closer to a more rigorous comprehension. A major idea of calculus--limits, derivatives, and integrals--is explained, stressing the role of these ideas for dealing with motion, rates of change, and value accumulation. In unlike circumstances with motion and velocity in the physical world, derivatives rates of change symbols are applicable, while indefinite and definite integrals find their use for calculating cumulative values and finding net change over intervals. The article explores the many uses of calculus in computer science, biology, engineering, economics, and physics. Calculus is used in physics to understand dynamic systems and forecast object motion, in engineering for optimization, in economics to model economic variables, in biology to explain biological systems, and in computer science for machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms, such as gradient descent optimization. All things considered, the essay offers a thorough review of the background information, essential ideas, and real-world uses of calculus in a range of scientific and technical domains.

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Applications of calculus, Calculus concepts, Development, Fundamental

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The new women seek a new identity in a male dominated world no doubt women have so many bitter experiences, the miserable humiliations, the helpless cries of women go unnoticed. New women brings new ideas new thinking and new attitude, when the social pattern changed the women came forward emerged as the new women to see a new identity

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new women, new identity.

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NO

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NO

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This research paper delves into the intricate structure and dynamics of Indian federalism, examining both its theoretical underpinnings and its practical manifestation. The paper outlines the constitutional framework, delineation of powers between the central and state governments, and the evolving nature of federalism in India. It explores the challenges, successes, and the ongoing discourse surrounding this complex system of governance

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INDIAN FEDERALISM : IN THEORY AND PRACTICE

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This research investigates the dynamic relationship between tradition and modernity within the realm of Indian Miniature Painting, focusing on the emergence of contemporary themes. The study navigates through the historical context of Indian Miniature Painting, highlighting its traditional significance and thematic conventions. Acknowledging the shifting socio-cultural landscape, the research aims to understand how artists negotiate the tension between preserving age-old traditions and embracing modern influences. The theoretical framework draws upon concepts of cultural hybridity and postmodernism, providing a lens through which the evolving nature of Indian Miniature Painting is explored. Through a comprehensive literature review, the paper positions itself within the broader discourse on traditional art forms adapting to contemporary contexts. Methodologically, the research employs a qualitative approach, analyzing a selection of contemporary Indian Miniature Paintings. Case studies of individual artists and art movements serve as focal points, delving into specific instances where traditional themes undergo reinterpretation or innovative transformation. The study also engages with primary sources, such as interviews with artists, to gain insights into their creative processes and decision-making. Findings reveal a rich tapestry of contemporary themes that coexist with traditional motifs, challenging the notion of a strict dichotomy between tradition and modernity. Artists navigate this intersection by experimenting with styles, materials, and subject matter, resulting in a diverse spectrum of expressions that reflect the complexities of India's cultural landscape. The paper concludes by discussing the implications of these findings for the broader field of Indian art, emphasizing the potential for a nuanced understanding of tradition and modernity as complementary forces. The research contributes to the ongoing dialogue on the evolution of traditional art forms, urging a reconsideration of the dynamic interplay between heritage and innovation within the context of Indian Miniature Painting.

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qualitative approach, complementary forces and Indian Miniature Paintings.

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In this paper, we proposed new ranking function for solving fuzzy transportation problem by using Pascal's triangular graded mean approach. The transportation cost, demand and supply of the problem are addressed as nanogonal fuzzy numbers to represent all transportation parameters. By using this approach we find out a crisp problem. Illustrated examples of fuzzy transportation problem are given to clarify our proposed technique.

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Pascal's Triangular Graded Mean, Membership Function, Nanogonal Fuzzy Number, Fuzzy Transportation Problem

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KANPUR NAGAR AVM KANPUR DEHAT JANPAD शिक्षा में समाजशास्त्री आधार पर, धर्म और शिक्षा , धर्म की आड़ में अत्याचार

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