Volume 9 | Issue 2

 Abstract

This research paper presents a comprehensive analysis of Public Interest Litigation (PIL) as a transformative legal innovation in Indian jurisprudence that revolutionized access to justice and constitutional governance. Originating in the late 1970s through judicial activism, PIL emerged as a radical departure from traditional locus standi principles, enabling any public-spirited citizen or organization to seek judicial intervention for the protection of collective rights and enforcement of constitutional obligations. This study traces the historical evolution of PIL from its foundational judgments in the cases of Hussainara Khatoon, Sunil Batra, and S.P. Gupta to its contemporary applications in environmental protection, human rights, governance reforms, and socio-economic justice. The research employs doctrinal analysis of landmark Supreme Court and High Court judgments, combined with qualitative assessment of PIL's impact on Indian democracy and governance. It critically examines the philosophical underpinnings of PIL as both a judicial tool for social engineering and a mechanism for democratic accountability, while evaluating its operational dynamics, institutional challenges, and unintended consequences. The study analyzes key thematic milestones including environmental jurisprudence, gender justice, prison reforms, right to education, and anti-corruption interventions, assessing PIL's role in shaping India's constitutional culture. Findings reveal that while PIL has significantly expanded the frontiers of fundamental rights, promoted participatory democracy, and addressed systemic governance failures, it has also faced criticism for judicial overreach, case overload, selective activism, and procedural misuse. The paper concludes that PIL remains a vital instrument of constitutional democracy in India, though requiring calibrated reforms to balance judicial innovation with institutional constraints, ensuring its continued relevance as a guardian of public conscience while respecting democratic separation of powers.

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 Keywords

Public Interest Litigation (PIL), Judicial Activism, Locus Standi, Constitutional Remedies, Social Justice, Environmental Jurisprudence, Human Rights, Judicial Review, Access to Justice, Supreme Court of India, Epistolary Jurisdiction, Fundamental Rights, Governance Reforms, Indian Constitution.

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The performance of solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays is significantly influenced by climatic conditions including solar irradiance levels, ambient temperature, humidity, wind patterns, and seasonal variations that directly impact energy yield, system efficiency, and long-term degradation rates. This comprehensive study analyzes PV array performance across diverse climate zones including tropical, arid, temperate, and polar regions, examining the complex interactions between environmental parameters and electrical output characteristics. Performance data from over 50 installations worldwide demonstrates that climate-specific factors can cause energy yield variations exceeding 40% between optimal and challenging environments, even for identical system configurations. The analysis reveals that while arid climates provide highest annual irradiance levels, elevated operating temperatures reduce system efficiency by 15-25% compared to cooler environments. Conversely, temperate climates with moderate temperatures often achieve superior performance ratios despite lower irradiance availability. Humidity effects contribute to soiling accumulation and potential-induced degradation, while wind patterns influence thermal management and dust deposition rates. The study identifies optimal design strategies for each climate zone, including temperature coefficient considerations, ventilation requirements, cleaning protocols, and component selection criteria that maximize energy production while ensuring long-term reliability. These findings provide essential guidance for PV system optimization in diverse geographic regions and support accurate energy yield predictions for project development and financing.

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Photovoltaic Arrays, Climate Analysis, Energy Yield, Temperature Effects, Irradiance, Performance Ratio, System

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Education is a vital process for the holistic development of an individual's inherent abilities and potential. In post-independence India, the expansion and democratization of education aimed to ensure equal opportunities for all sections of society. However, disparities between urban and rural education systems, along with socioeconomic inequalities, created imbalances in access to quality education. To address this challenge and provide equal educational opportunities to meritorious students from diverse social and economic backgrounds, the Government of India established Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas under the National Policy on Education (1986).

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"A Study of Stress Levels among Students of Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalayas."

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The increasing demand for sustainable and energy-efficient technologies has driven the development of solar-powered embedded systems for real-time environmental monitoring. This paper presents a cost-effective and portable embedded device powered by a solar energy system integrated with a 12V rechargeable battery for continuous operation. The proposed setup employs an Arduino Uno microcontroller as the processing unit, interfaced with a temperature sensor, voltage sensor, and light intensity sensor to collect environmental data. A 16x2 LCD display is utilized to present real-time sensor readings, ensuring user-friendly interaction. The solar panel harvests energy and stores it in the battery, enabling uninterrupted functionality even in off-grid or remote locations. Experimental results demonstrate efficient solar energy utilization, stable power supply to the sensors, and reliable monitoring of environmental parameters. The proposed system contributes to the advancement of eco-friendly embedded devices and provides a foundation for future smart sensing applications in agriculture, weather stations, and sustainable IoT networks.

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Solar energy, Embedded systems, Arduino Uno, Environmental sensing, Renewable energy, IoT, Low-power devices.

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The National Education Policy (NEP) 2020 underscores the importance of Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS) in revitalising India's educational and research landscape. Libraries play a pivotal role in this process by preserving, disseminating, and integrating IKS into mainstream curricula. This paper examines how libraries can function as custodians of IKS, particularly in the digital age, by leveraging emerging technologies to safeguard ancient knowledge and make it accessible to diverse learners. It explores the significance of IKS, outlines key library initiatives, and discusses collaborative approaches that support the NEP 2020 vision. Additionally, the paper highlights major challenges, technological opportunities, and the potential of libraries to bridge traditional knowledge systems with contemporary educational practices.

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NEP 2020, Indian Knowledge Systems (IKS), Libraries, Educational Policy, Digital Preservation, Knowledge Integration

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Groundwater contamination by natural and anthropogenic sources is a serious threat to human health, agriculture, and environmental sustainability globally. Conventional remediation technologies frequently fail because of the drawbacks of high expense, poor selectivity, and production of secondary wastes. Over the past few years, nanotechnology has acted as a revolutionary tool for groundwater treatment offering superior performance due to its high surface area, tunable reactivity, and multifunctional capabilities. This review presents a comprehensive overview of various groundwater contaminants and their sources, along with the classification and analysis of nanomaterials used for remediation, including metal nanoparticles, metal oxides, carbon nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and nano-zeolites. The major contaminant removal mechanisms like adsorption, photocatalysis, redox conversion, ion exchange, and antimicrobial action are also discussed thoroughly. Moreover, the review also covers the environmental and health hazard related to nanomaterial deployment and the technical, economic, and regulatory issues limiting the large-scale deployment. Finally, it suggests future directions that include green synthesis, material functionalization, and integration with conventional treatment systems, a path toward sustainable, safe, and efficient groundwater treatment technologies.

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Nanotechnology, Groundwater remediation, Contaminant Removal, Sustainable water treatment

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In today's rapidly evolving digital era, the need for intelligent and contactless security solutions has become increasingly significant. This project presents a Raspberry Pi-based deep learning face recognition security system designed to enhance door access control through biometric authentication. The system utilizes a Raspberry Pi board as the core processing unit, paired with a Raspberry Pi Camera Module to capture real-time facial images. These images are analyzed using a pre-trained Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model built with TensorFlow and Keras, ensuring accurate and efficient facial recognition. Upon successful identification of an authorized individual, the Raspberry Pi activates a relay module connected to a solenoid door lock, allowing secure and automatic door unlocking. The hardware setup is powered by a stable regulated power supply, ensuring continuous and reliable operation. The system eliminates the need for physical keys or access cards, thereby reducing the risk of unauthorized access or loss of credentials. By integrating low-cost hardware components with advanced deep learning algorithms, this project delivers a smart, scalable, and real-time face recognition access control solution suitable for homes, offices, and institutional security. The system showcases the potential of edge computing in IoT-enabled environments, combining security, automation, and ease of use in a compact framework.

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 Keywords

Raspberry Pi, Face Recognition, Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Solenoid Lock, Relay Module, Raspberry Pi Camera, Biometric Authentication, Smart Door Lock, Real-Time Processing, IoT Security System, OpenCV, TensorFlow, Keras, Home Automation.

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When designing vehicles capable of great speeds, wave drag must be carefully considered. Modifying the flow field ahead of the body may decrease drag. A retractable nose spike seems to be the simplest and most efficient way to lower drag on the vehicle by causing flow separation and altering the shock structure surrounding the body. There are various approaches to modify the flow field ahead of a supersonic or hypersonic body. The blunt nose of an aeroplane is the primary focus of the present investigation into flow at high speeds. In order to lessen the impact of drag, researchers looked at three different kinds of spikes. These computational models indicate that the optimal aero will reduce lift and drag. To back up the numerical findings, we utilized data from the literature. If you want better aerodynamics, less drag, or to accomplish any other design goal, you should change the blunt nose and spikes based on the results of the simulation. The data presented suggests that thermal protection may be achieved by blunting the front surface of an aircraft. Even with this reduction, the nose is still subject to a great deal of heat activity and needs far more thermal protection than the remainder of the vehicle. Modifying the frontal flow field is necessary to lessen wave drag, which is often generated by a blunt nose shape. A retractable nose spike is one method to implement this modification. One way to improve aerodynamic efficiency and decrease wave drag is to deploy a retractable spike, which may change the flow field.

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 Keywords

Mach number, Spike angle, CFD, Drag Force, Lift Force.

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 Abstract

Gramjivan Padyatra

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Gramjivan Padyatra

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Given the increasing speed of changes in the contemporary business environment, the problem of effective decision-making emerges in the context of the abundance of dynamic data originating from diverse sources. As a framework, this paper investigates the possibilities of AI-driven data mining for improving the decision-making method. Using sophisticated machine learning approaches and data mining strategies, firms and companies can gain predictive knowledge factors that potentially enhance company performance and competitive advantage. The first stage of the methodology section of the paper provides a brief literature review. It presents AI-based data mining with a context understanding of the dynamic data environment and the corresponding literature review focusing on examining the prospects and associated difficulties. A conceptual model on how to apply AI to data mining is suggested in the framework, consisting of data acquisition, data cleaning, and model choice. Exemplification of the implementation of data mining with the help of AI across different business fields shows its advantages, accuracy, flexibility, and cost savings. However, the paper focuses on the benefits of implementing the approach and discusses the main ethical issues and considerations that organizations can face, such as data privacy, bias, and transparency. Last but not least, rising trends like explainable AI and federated learning are also introduced, raising the scope for the future of AI-based data mining for improving the reliability and positive influence of resultant decisions. This study thus simulates the need for organizations to incorporate predictions from data mining extended from artificial intelligence to compete effectively in complex data-intensive organizations.

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AI-Driven Data Mining, Predictive Analytics, Dynamic Data Environments, Decision-Making, Machine Learning

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Abstract This research explores the profound influence of Sufi mysticism on contemporary Iranian and Turkish theatre through the lens of theatrical semiotics. Sufism, the mystical dimension of Islam, emphasizes personal spiritual experience and the quest for divine union, which finds expression in the themes, symbols, and performance styles of modern theatre in Iran and Turkey. The paper delves into the symbolic language of theatre, exploring how traditional forms like Ta'zieh in Iran and the Whirling Dervish rituals in Turkey embody mystical principles. A comparative analysis highlights shared elements such as allegory, minimalism, and the interdisciplinary integration of Sufi arts like poetry, calligraphy, and music

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Sufi mysticism, theatrical semiotics, contemporary theatre, Iranian theatre, Turkish theatre, Whirling Dervishes, ritualistic elements.

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In the rapidly evolving fintech sector, mobile applications have become a primary conduit for transactions and financial management, necessitating stringent user trust. The study begins by outlining the critical vulnerabilities typically encountered in mobile applications, such as data leakage, insecure storage, broken cryptography, and inadequate session handling, with a particular focus on those prevalent in fintech apps like transaction fraud, identity theft, and unauthorized access. The discussion progresses by evaluating various security frameworks and guidelines from authoritative bodies such as the tailored specifically for mobile platforms. We also explore the application of these standards in the development lifecycle of fintech applications, emphasizing. Further, the paper presents a comparative analysis of traditional security approaches versus modern, innovative practices in the context of fintech applications. This includes an examination of encryption techniques, biometric authentication, and behavior analysis technologies that leverage machine learning to detect and prevent fraudulent activities. Additionally, we discuss the importance of maintaining a secure post-launch environment through continuous monitoring, regular updates, and user education on security best practices. To provide a holistic view, case studies from leading fintech companies are analyzed to illustrate successful implementation of security strategies and the impact of these practices on mitigating risks and enhancing user confidence. The findings suggest that a multi-layered security approach, combining robust technology solutions with proactive risk management and compliance with global security standards, is essential for safeguarding fintech mobile applications. In conclusion, this paper highlights the necessity of adopting an integrated security strategy that not only addresses immediate threats but also anticipates emerging vulnerabilities. By adhering to established security best practices and embracing innovative solutions.

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 Keywords

Fintech, Mobile Application Security, OWASP, PCI DSS, Data Protection, Encryption, Biometric Authentication, Machine Learning, User Education, Risk Management

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Life Insurance Company (LIC) is one of India's leading life insurance companies in India offering a range of individual and group insurance solutions that meet various needs such as protection, pension, savings & investment, health and more. Since this paper aims to study the impact of liberalization on insurance companies of India, certain efforts have been invested, starting from problem formulation to overall impact measurement. After assessing the conceptual foundations and conducting an empirical testing of the present state of the insurance sector in India, conclusions point towards eighth dimensions of impact measurement. These eight dimensions are: service quality, perceived values, purchase intentions, repurchase intentions, market dynamics, exception handling, satisfaction and dissatisfaction on which the impact of liberalization can be measured. Finally, these eight dimensions taken for impact measurement are summed up into four measurements. The four measurements are sources of competence, behavioural intentions, contemporary dynamics and overall satisfaction. All the dimensions are statistically proved and having values on or above the acceptable limit. In other words it can be said that, the impact of liberalization has come in terms of these four variables.

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Liberalisation, impact, insurance companies, privatization

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Introduction-The study was conducted in order to the kinematical analysis of Front Foot On-Drive at execution phase in cricket .Twenty randomly selected male students aged 19 to 28 years and who have participated in the C.K.Naidu Trophy from U.P Team, Players of Combined University Camp and the players of Under 22 national Cricket Championship were selected as subjects for this study. Method/methodology-For the biomechanical analysis of selected batting skills in cricket High speed videography technique was employed. The two Casio Exilim EX-F1 high speed camera used for this purpose. Performance of subjects was recorded in control and favourable conditions. The data were recorded from both planes i.e. Sagittal plane and frontal plane. Siliconcoach Pro 7 Softwere was used in order to obtain the values of selected angular kinematics variables ankle, knee, elbow, hip, shoulder and wrist joint and height of centre of gravity from develop stick figures feature. The data was analyzed by use of descriptive statistics.Results & Discussion- The results have shown the values of descriptive statistics of selected angular kinematics variables at execution phase in Front Foot On-Drive the mean, median and mode for selected angular kinematic variables were nearly equal.

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Kinematical analysis, High speed videography, Siliconcoach pro 7 , Front Foot On-Drive.

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The present study is an attempt to check the impact of demographic factors like type of school, income and family type on family environment of female school teachers. The population for this research was the female school teachers working in public and private sector schools. The research work presents the status of female school teacher's working in public and private sector in Udaipur, Jaipur and Jodhpur. The well documented model was used as conceptual framework for understanding the theoretical background of the study. The measuring instrument in this research was Family Environment Scale modified by Professor Mohan Chandra Joshi and Dr. Om Prakash R Vyas (1987). The tool used to gage the situation was structured and well tested in academics. To achieve the objectives primary research was conducted constituting 378 respondents from the desired area and snowball technique was used to collect the data.

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Family Environment, School Teachers, Teachers, Educators, Female.

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The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the Indian dairy industry. A study conducted on the impact of COVID-19 on the industry found that the lockdown imposed to contain the spread of the virus had a severe impact on the dairy sector. The industry faced several challenges, including a decrease in demand, supply chain disruptions, and a shortage of labour. The study found that the decrease in demand was due to the closure of hotels, restaurants, and other food service outlets. This resulted in a surplus of milk, which led to a drop in prices. Furthermore, the lockdowns led to supply chain disruptions, which made it challenging to transport milk and dairy products from one place to another. The shortage of labour was another significant challenge faced by the industry. With the migration of laborers to their native places, many dairy farms and processing units were left without adequate staff. The study also found that the pandemic led to changes in consumer behaviour, with consumers preferring packaged milk over loose milk due to hygiene concerns. This has led to an increase in the demand for packaged milk, but it has also resulted in higher packaging costs for the industry. Despite the challenges faced by the industry, the study found that the Indian dairy industry has shown resilience and adaptability. Many dairy farmers have adopted new technologies and methods to increase efficiency and reduce costs. The study highlights the need for the industry to continue to innovate and adapt to the changing circumstances to ensure its long-term sustainability.

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 Keywords

Indian dairy industry, COVID-19, pandemic, lockdown, supply chain disruptions, milk production, milk processing, milk prices, demand for dairy products, export market, government policies, rural economy, small-scale farmers, cooperative societies, digital platforms, e-commerce, innovation, resilience, distribution channels, export market, farmer distress, animal feed, Government support, online sales, consumer behaviour.

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India is a country of villages and small town as 68.9 per cent of the population lives in 6.40 lakhs villages. At the same time, 450 million i.e. 37% of the population are internal migrants as per 2011 census. In developing country like India, migration mostly take place not due to pull forces as usually seen in case of developed countries, but because of factors like poverty, unemployment and natural calamities. Migration is not choice but it is necessary, so it becomes essential for the destined state to accommodate migrant workers when these persons need it. Uttar Pradesh and Bihar account for the highest outflow of migration. These migrant workers have played a key role in the development of the nation by sheer sweat of their labour but these very nation builders sought a little assistance from the country in their quest to reach their humble abodes. In India internal migration has never been taken seriously by the central and state government. Migrant workers have no residential security and are compelled to live and work in crowded slums and unauthorized public lands with unsatisfactory civic amenities and access to basic services, and they undergo repeated displacement. For the first time, COVID -19 crises unfolded the real face of centre-state relationship and brought migration to the centre stage. Though government has taken cognisance of the issue and announced financial measures to contain the impact on the migrant workers but there is an urgent need to review of national legal, regulatory and institutional concerns in resettlement and rehabilitation of migrant labourers. Time has come when both centre and state government need to prioritize the internal migrant issues. In order to deal with internal migrant issue, centre is required to decentralise political and economic power to state with greater decision making capacity.

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Migration, poverty, unemployment, workers

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covid 19, Child Rights, Gender based inequalities, Gender based violence, etc.

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Consumer is considered as king of the market. And in present scenario focus is on studying consumer behaviour. Consumer plays a distinct and vital role, he is considered as payer, user and buyer. In order to study the buying behaviour of the consumer, some important factors are taken in to consideration. In this research paper focus is done on development of strategies related to consumer buying behaviour. The objective of the research is to analyse the Patterns that influence the purchasing behaviour of the consumers regarding herbal and non-herbal cosmetic products. The research is descriptive in nature. The researcher has chosen quantitative data collection method and secondary method in order to conduct the research. Herbal products have a great influence over non-herbal products because people nowadays prefer herbal products as compared to non-herbal products. It is because in the recent times it has been observed that there has been an exponential growth of herbal skin care products in the market replacing the non-herbal products. The prime limitation of the study was timescale and budget. This study is conducted via secondary analysis, it is compulsory for the researcher to develop proper questionnaires and select appropriate options for questions.

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purchasing behaviour, consumers, herbal and non-herbal cosmetic products, consumer behaviour, cosmetic industry.

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GLOBAL IMPACT OF E-LEARNING DURING COVID-19

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GLOBAL IMPACT OF E-LEARNING DURING COVID-19

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