Volume 14 | Issue 2

 Abstract

The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence has enabled the creation of highly realistic synthetic media, including images, videos, and audio, bringing innovation across sectors like entertainment, education, and healthcare while also introducing serious risks such as misinformation, impersonation, and cyber fraud. Traditional centralized verification systems are vulnerable to tampering, lack transparency, and suffer from single-point failures. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes a Blockchain-Based AI Framework for verifying real and AI-generated media by combining AI-driven forensic analysis with decentralized ledger technology. The system analyzes media using multi-modal techniques such as spatial feature extraction, artifact inconsistency detection, and frequency pattern evaluation to classify content as authentic or synthetic, then securely records a cryptographic hash and verification result on the blockchain to ensure immutability, traceability, and transparency. Through a web-based interface, users can upload and verify media without relying on centralized authorities, creating a scalable, secure, and trustworthy solution to combat deepfakes and restore confidence in digital media.

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 Keywords

Artificial Intelligence, Deepfake Detection, Blockchain Technology, Media Forensics, Digital Media Authentication, Cryptographic Hashing, Decentralized Verification, Generative Adversarial Networks, Synthetic Media Detection, Trust Management

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Old methods like RFIDs, PIN codes, key security mechanisms are showing their weakness. These Old methods have the danger of manipulation like keys being stolen or copied. These methods can be easily tampered on a keypad PIN as a backup option. Additionally, the system also has a mobile application that allows authorised users to remotely lock or unlock the door with just a tap. By using multiple modes of authentication, the system focuses on convenience and removes single points of failure. In essence, this project can be considered as a step towards a safer and smarter access with security, which aligns with the technology driven world of today.

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 Keywords

Smart Door Lock, IoT, ESP32-CAM, Hybrid Authentication, Face Recognition, Security System, Mobile App Access

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 Abstract

The increasing use of social media among adolescents has prompted growing concern over its potential impact on their mental health during a critical developmental period marked by emotional, social, and cognitive changes. Adolescents aged 10 to 19 are particularly vulnerable due to ongoing brain maturation and heightened sensitivity to social feedback. A qualitative research design was used to investigate the impact of the social media on adolescent mental health. Literature referred includes application of Longitudinal Correlational, Causal, Cross-sectional descriptive, inferential design and GHQ-12 scores. This review study revealed that social media use shaped by the context, content and individual differences impacting the mental health of adolescents negatively. Excessive or unregulated use is closely linked with increased symptoms of depression, anxiety, emotional dysregulation, and social withdrawal.

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 Keywords

Adolescents, Social Media, Mental Health, Depression, Anxiety, Screen Time

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Imagine you're feeling off--feverish, tired, maybe a nagging cough--but it's late, and the clinic's closed. Digital tools have exploded in healthcare, yet folks in rural spots or busy cities still struggle for that first bit of reliable advice. Enter our AI-based virtual nursing assistant: a web app that grabs your symptoms, crunches them with a Naive Bayes model, and spits out likely conditions plus practical tips like "rest up and hydrate." We built the backend in Python/Flask, frontend with HTML/CSS/JS for a smooth feel, and used MultiLabelBinarizer to turn messy symptom lists into clean data. It's all about nursing-level guidance--no doctoring here, just helpful nudges. Tests clocked in at 1-2 seconds per query with solid accuracy on known inputs. Dataset limits hold it back now, but it's primed for deep learning upgrades. Bottom line: lightweight AI like this can spark better health habits, teach nursing students, and bridge care gaps everywhere.

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 Keywords

Background and Motivation,. Problem Statement, Objectives, Literature Review, Industry Players, System Architecture, Methodology (Step-by-Step Build),Implementation Walkthrough, Testing Like Pros, Results in Action, Challenges Overcome, Limitations (Keeping It Real),Ethical Guardrails, Cost & Scalability Breakdown, Real-World Deployments

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Domestic violence remains one of the most pervasive yet misunderstood human rights violations worldwide, deeply shaped by socially constructed gender roles and power dynamics. This article examines the role of gender in domestic violence, challenging traditional stereotypes that portray women solely as victims and men exclusively as perpetrators. While acknowledging that women disproportionately experience severe forms of domestic abuse due to systematic gender inequality and patriarchal norms, the study also explores underreported experiences of male victims and abuse within same sex relationships.

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Stereotypes, perpetrators, disproportionate, portray, embarrassment, resilience.

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Wetlands represent distinctive ecological systems that perform as intermediary zones between terrestrial and aquatic environments. The Ramsar Convention is recognized as a pivotal achievement in the realm of international environmental conservation. Over the past 50 years, the number of Ramsar-designated sites worldwide has expanded to 2,549. India has demonstrated notable advancements in recent years (2021-2025), underscoring a robust dedication to the conservation and proficient management of wetland resources. This review article examines the contemporary condition of Ramsar sites situated in Gujarat. Comprising nearly 23% of India's overall wetland expanse, Gujarat possesses substantial potential to emerge as a prominent area for a wetland biodiversity hotspot.

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Ramsar sites, Wetland, Biodiversity, Water, Migration

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The transition toward digital communication has become a critical concern for businesses due to changing consumer habits and the decline of traditional media effectiveness. Social media advertising offers a viable solution by enabling organizations to achieve direct engagement while minimizing marketing costs. This study analyzes the strategic role of social media platforms in enhancing brand awareness. Using primary data from a survey of 100 social media users, the research evaluates the impact of digital ads on consumer attention, perception, recall, and purchasing decisions. The findings indicate that social media advertising enhances brand visibility and recall through repeated exposure. Despite challenges such as ad fatigue and varying trust levels, strategic content planning accelerates brand recognition. The study concludes that social media advertising is not only a marketing necessity but a strategic business imperative for modern growth.

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Social Media Advertising, Brand Awareness, Consumer Behavior, Digital Marketing, Brand Recall.

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The rapid integration of artificial intelligence into modern defense systems has significantly enhanced threat detection, decision making, and operational efficiency. However, the effectiveness of such systems is determined not merely by algorithmic performance but also by the quality of user experience provided to human operators. Poor usability, lack of transparency, and explainability may reduce trust and hinder effective human-AI collaboration in high-risk defense environments. This research focuses on the design and evaluation of user experience in an AI-based defense system from a human centered approach.The proposed system incorporates AI driven threat analysis with a priority on usability, interpretability, and operator trust. A structured UX framework is developed by integrating principles of human-computer interaction, explainable AI, and usability engineering. The evaluation is quantitative usability performed through both and qualitative approaches: testing, task-based performance analysis, and user satisfaction surveys. Key UX parameters are investigated, including ease of use, system transparency, response time, and decision confidence.Experimental results reflect that the optimized UX design significantly improves operator efficiency, situational awareness, and trust in AI-assisted decision making. The findings demonstrate that incorporating UX-oriented design principles into AI-based defense systems enhances both system effectiveness and human performance. This study underlines the importance of human-centric design in defense technologies and provides valuable insights for the development of reliable, usable, and trustworthy AI-driven defense systems.

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Ai Defence System

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Rheumatoid Arthritis, Genetic Susceptibility, Environmental Risk Factors, HLA-DRB1 Alleles, Pharmacogenomics

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INTRODUCTION: A newborn receives essential nutrition and nourishment from the mother through Breastmilk. Breastfeeding is a natural and nurturing way of providing immunity to the baby. It helps in the strengthening of the bond between mother and baby while promoting adequate growth and development. Breastmilk contains macronutrients such as carbohydrates, fats and proteins and micronutrients such as Vitamins and minerals. Maternal dietary habits have been reported to influence human milk fatty acids composition. According to Ayurveda, the quantity and quality of Stanya (Breast milk) depends on the Ahara of the mother, as nourishing food leads to healthy Rasa Dhatu, of which Stanya is a Upadhatu. Shigru (Moringa oleifera) is katu-tikta rasa and laghu-ruksha guna which by its virtue does stanyashodhana karma, thus promoting Shuddha and Pravruddha stanya. Lashuna (Allium sativum) is katu-tikta rasa and snigdha-tikshna guna which is Vata-kaphahara and stanyajanana (Galactagogue) in action. Traditionally, a lot of recipes have been in vogue which help in better post-partum care of the mother and the child. Here, two recipes are described here with main ingredients as Shigru (Moringa oleifera) and Lashuna (Allium sativum). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The recipes are indigenous recipes which have been traditionally used in postpartum period, passed down orally by elderly women, and prepared using authentic methods. Details of Rasa, Guna, Virya, Vipaka and Karma of Stanyajanana drugs were procured from classical texts. RESULTS: The review highlights that the traditional practices of including Shigru (Moringa oleifera) and Lashuna (Allium sativum) in the diet is found to have benefits in enhancing lactation, digestion and maternal recovery in the postpartum phase. The classical texts also consider them as Stanyajanana. DISCUSSION: The integration of Classical Ayurveda concepts with traditional practices highlights the relevance of time-tested dietary formulations in postpartum care. Recipes like Modakas and Ksheerapaka illustrate how food can serve as both medicine and nourishment to enhance maternal health and lactation.

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Ksheerapaka, Lashuna, Modaka,, Shigru, Stanyajanana

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This study examines the impact of digitisation on procurement practices in Nigeria through a comprehensive case study analysis of government and private sector organisations. The research investigates how digital procurement platforms have transformed traditional procurement processes, focusing on transparency, efficiency, cost reduction, and compliance outcomes. Using a multiple case study methodology, this research analyses five Nigerian organisations that have implemented e-procurement systems between 2015 and 2024, including the Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP), Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC), Lagos State Government, Dangote Group, and selected federal ministries. Data were collected through document analysis, semi-structured interviews with 47 procurement professionals, and examination of procurement records before and after digitisation. Findings reveal that digitisation has significantly improved procurement transparency (average increase of 67%), reduced procurement cycle times (average reduction of 45%), and enhanced cost savings (average of 23% reduction in procurement costs). However, challenges including inadequate digital infrastructure, resistance to change, cybersecurity concerns, and limited digital literacy among stakeholders have impeded the full realisation of digitisation benefits. The study concludes that while digitisation presents substantial opportunities for improving procurement practices in Nigeria, successful implementation requires comprehensive change management strategies, robust infrastructure development, and continuous capacity building. This research contributes to technology adoption theory by extending the Technology Acceptance Model and institutional theory in developing country contexts, while providing practical guidance for policymakers and practitioners.

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digitisation, e-procurement, public procurement, Nigeria, transparency, efficiency.

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This paper examines the economic development trajectories of tribal communities in Chhattisgarh, India, with particular emphasis on self-employment and livelihood diversification strategies. Drawing on recent empirical studies and government policy frameworks (2020-2025), the research analyzes how Minor Forest Produce (MFP) collection, handicraft entrepreneurship, and institutional support mechanisms contribute to tribal economic empowerment. The study reveals that Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) contribute 15-50% of annual household income for tribal families in forest-dependent regions, while approximately 50,000-60,000 artisans engage in traditional crafts generating INR500-800 crore annually. Despite significant policy interventions including the Minimum Support Price (MSP) scheme and Van Dhan Vikas Kendras, challenges persist regarding market access, value addition, and climate vulnerability. The paper proposes an integrated sustainable livelihood framework that combines traditional ecological knowledge with modern enterprise development to enhance tribal economic resilience.

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Keywords: Tribal economic development, self-employment, Minor Forest Produce, sustainable livelihoods, Chhattisgarh, Van Dhan Vikas Kendra, Scheduled Tribes

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The Kudmali language, spoken by the Kudmi people of the Chotanagpur Plateau region, has experienced a significant revival from its previously declining status. Kudmali serves not only as a means of communication for the Kudmi community but also as a vital symbol of their cultural identity. Confined primarily to the states of West Bengal, Odisha, and Jharkhand, the language has suffered degeneration and historical marginalization. It faces the threat of extinction, with its status ranging from "vulnerable" to "definitely endangered" on the UNESCO language endangerment scale. The decline can be attributed to socio-economic pressures, state language policies, and the dominance of major regional languages such as Hindi, Bengali, and Odia. Historically classified as a tribe, animist, and aboriginal under British rule, the Kudmi community was excluded from the Scheduled Tribe list after independence, fueling the movement to reclaim their tribal status and cultural and linguistic heritage. The revival of the Kudmali language is intertwined with the demand for ST status and its inclusion in the Eighth Schedule of the Indian Constitution. Activists have sought to preserve and establish Kudmali as a mainstream language through various initiatives, including protests like Rail Roko, deputations, blockades, educational programs, cultural festivals, book publishing, and the release of music, videos, and documentaries. Although the Kudmis have not regained their ST status, Kudmali has been recognized as a second language in West Bengal by the state government and has been included in various universities in Jharkhand and West Bengal. This article explores how the Kudmali language is strategically employed as a tool to assert cultural identity, demand recognition of tribal status, and mobilize for socio-economic and political empowerment.

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 Keywords

Identity Politics; Kudmi Socio-Political Movement; Indigenous Languages Revival; Kudmi and Kudmali.

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The project "AI-Powered Tender Flow and Procurement Optimization System" will provide a new smart, fully-automated platform for the entire tender cycle from tender creation to tender evaluation and award. Artificial Intelligence (AI) models will be used to develop semantic tender search, intelligent bid comparison and anomaly detection to identify fraudulent or unrealistic bids. Real time updates and notifications are enabled by using Socket.IO to ensure instant communication between tender owner and bidder. Secure and separated access for all interested parties is ensured by role based access control. The frontend will be developed as an application based on Next.js and React. In addition, the backend will be developed with Node.js and Express.js as well as a MongoDB database to securely store all data and for analysis purposes. A completely manual free of errors, risk-reduced procurement process with enhanced confidence in all parties involved, will be realized by this system. Additionally, performance and scalability will be demonstrated through a successful cloud deployment and load test.

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AI-Powered Procurement, Tender Management System, Semantic Search, Bid Intelligence, Anomaly Detection, Real-Time Collaboration, Transparent Procurement

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Dermatological disorders impact roughly one-third of humanity, creating substantial healthcare burdens through physical symptoms and emotional distress. Diagnosis timing presents critical obstacles stemming from inadequate specialist availability, expensive medical consultations, and prolonged scheduling delays. Our work introduces an artificial intelligence driven analytical platform employing hierarchical convolutional architectures for automated pathological identification. This framework operates through dual-phase methodology: initial broad categorization followed by granular sub-classification refinement. Through exploiting pre-trained EfficientNetB3 architecture, our implementation demonstrates 81% primary-level precision across 3 broad categories (infectious, inflammatory, others) encompassing 23 disease classes and 62% secondary-level precision for fine-grained classification, achieving 71% overall accuracy after complete integration. The browser-based platform delivers instantaneous diagnostic assessments incorporating probability metrics and therapeutic guidance. Cloud-enabled model training through Google Colab facilitates efficient development eliminating specialized computing requirements, establishing an accessible screening mechanism particularly valuable for medically underserved communities

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Hierarchical CNN, Skin Disease Classification, Transfer Learning, Deep Learning, EfficientNetB3, Medical Image Analysis, Web-based Healthcare

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Rural marketing in India involves tailored strategies to reach diverse rural consumers by understanding their unique needs and purchasing behaviours, which are influenced by factors like community opinion, seasonal income, and a focus on value for money. The main objectives of this study are to study the rural marketing activities of companies and government initiatives to develop rural marketing activities and to analyse the green marketing practices of companies in the present days. The source of this study is limited to secondary sources, in this research extensive review of existing literature and websites information are considered analyse and interpret. Opportunities in Indian rural marketing include a vast untapped market, rising incomes, improved infrastructure, and increasing digital penetration. These factors have created demand for a wide range of products, from agricultural inputs to durable goods and FMCG, making rural areas a significant growth area for companies seeking to escape saturated urban markets. Rural marketing in India faces challenges like poor infrastructure, low literacy, income sensitivity, and cultural/language barriers, but also presents opportunities such as a large untapped population, rising literacy, increasing purchasing power, and the potential for innovative digital strategies.

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rural marketing, companies, Government initiatives, rural marketing activities

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The increasing adoption of Internet of Things (IoT), wearable sensors, and telemedicine platforms has transformed healthcare data generation from batch-oriented records to continuous real-time streams. While Big Data Analytics (BDA) frameworks have demonstrated value in retrospective healthcare analysis, their batch-centric design limits timely decision-making, particularly in developing healthcare systems such as India. In parallel, large-scale real-time data collection intensifies ethical, privacy, and governance challenges related to consent, secondary data use, and regulatory compliance. This paper investigates the convergence of real-time Big Data Analytics and ethical data governance within the Indian digital healthcare ecosystem. A layered real-time analytics architecture is proposed to support streaming healthcare data from IoT devices and remote monitoring systems while embedding governance mechanisms aligned with Indian regulatory initiatives. The study highlights gaps in existing batch-based analytics models, analyzes ethical risks across healthcare datafication layers, and proposes governance controls to ensure responsible data usage. The findings demonstrate that integrating real-time analytics with ethical-by-design governance is essential for scalable, trustworthy, and patient-centric digital healthcare in India.

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Real-Time Big Data Analytics, Digital Healthcare, Data Governance, IoT Healthcare, Ethics and Privacy, Indian Healthcare Systems.

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Global commercial services export comprises transport, travel, and goods-related services. Goods-related services include maintenance, repair, and manufacturing services. The paper analyzes goods-related services exports from 2005 to 2024, by utilizing secondary data from the WTO and demonstrating pictorial representations for comparison. The Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Index indicates a country's export specialization, with values greater than one demonstrating a competitive advantage. Between 2012 and 2023, world exports of goods-related services grew significantly, led by China, South Asia with India and ASEAN countries also experiencing noticiable increases. Factors driving growth include digital transformation, logistics advancements, and the rise of India's IT sector. The upward trend in services exports indicates a transition towards high-value services across the region, with continued resilience in spite of facing the challenges like the COVID-19 pandemic. Exporting goods-related services is vital for India and its neighbouring countries as they can make transition from developing to developed economies. China, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Myanmar, Singapore, and the Philippines display a competitive edge in these exports, leveraging their integration into global value chains (GVCs), cheap-cost labor, improved logistics, and foreign direct investment (FDI). India, Indonesia, Mauritius, and Pakistan face challenges, including high logistical costs, regulatory complexities, and underdeveloped infrastructure, and as a result have revealed comparative advantage (RCA) below 1. Obstacles such as non-tariff measures, technical standards, and lengthy customs processes affect exports, particularly from India and South Asia. Recommended remedial measures include reducing the non-tariff barriers, improving infrastructure, and digitizing customs in order to facilitate trade.

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 Keywords

Export , Services ,Goods -Related ,RCA

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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In traditional and modern techniques herbal drugs have been widely utilised due to their therapeutic potential and safety profile. However, their clinical application is often limited because their poor solubility, low bioavailability, chemical instability, rapid metabolism, and lack of site-specific delivery. And in order to overcome these limitations, nanotechnology enabled novel drug delivery systems (NDDS) has emerged as a promising strategy to enhance the therapeutic performance of herbal formulations. This review article provided a comprehensive overview of NDDS employed for herbal drugs, focusing on their design strategies, their mechanism of action and clinical relevance. Various carrier systems such as liposomes, phytosomes, nanoparticles, nano emulsions, microspheres, hydrogels, transdermal patches, plant-derived nanovesicles etc. are discussed with representative examples of clinically important phytoconstituents which includes curcumin, silymarin, resveratrol, and epigallocatechin gallate. Additionally, recent advances in marketed formulations, translational challenges, regulatory concerns, and safety considerations are critically examined. The review article also highlights future perspectives, emphasizing green nanotechnology, personalized medicine, and AI-assisted formulation designs too. Overall, nanotechnology-based NDDS offer significant potential to bridge the gap between traditional herbal medicine and modern clinical therapeutics.

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Herbal drugs; Novel drug delivery systems; Nanotechnology; Nanocarriers; Phytosomes; Liposomes; Nanoparticles; Bioavailability enhancement; Clinical translation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Abstract The cultural richness and strong social cohesion found in India's Northeastern states demonstrate that well-being is deeply rooted in community life, identity and collective resilience. These social and cultural strengths provide a vital blueprint for achieving the broader goals of Viksit Bharat 2047, where development is not measured by economic growth alone but by the holistic well-being, inclusiveness, and sustainability of society. Cultures play a foundational role in shaping social cohesion and collective well-being within increasingly diverse societies. As communities experience rapid social change driven by globalisation, migration, and modernisation, understanding the relationship between cultural practices and social connectedness has become essential. This study uses the concept of social cohesion, cultural and community well-being to understand how culture helps bring people together. This paper has three main objectives. First, it aims to study how cultural practices in the North-eastern states of India promote social cohesion and contribute to community well-being. Second, it seeks to identify the challenges and barriers that affect the relationship between cultural diversity and social cohesion in contemporary society. Third, the paper attempts to understand how strengthening cultural inclusion and social cohesion can support the goals of Viksit Bharat 2047, particularly in promoting inclusive development and social harmony. The study also highlights that while cultures can serve as a powerful unifying force, it can also become a source of divisions when cultural identities are ignored, misunderstood or marginalised. The impact of cultures on social cohesion largely depends on how cultural differences are perceived, the level of mutual respect within society and the nature of state policies toward cultural diversity. The findings highlight the need for inclusive cultural policies and a platform for intercultural dialogue to strengthen social cohesion and promote collective well-being.

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Social cohesion, Community, Well-being, challenges, Cultural diversity, legal Framework Viksit Bharat 2047

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