Volume 14 | Issue 2

 Abstract

The rapid increase in global energy demand, driven by industrialization, urbanization, and technological advancements, has resulted in excessive dependence on conventional fossil fuels. However, the extensive use of coal, oil, and natural gas has led to serious environmental concerns, such as greenhouse gas emissions, climate change, air pollution, and resource depletion. Sustainable energy sources provide cleaner and renewable alternatives that can meet energy requirements while minimizing environmental impact. This study examined major sustainable energy sources, including solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, tidal, and geothermal energy. It analyzes their working principles, advantages, limitations, technological developments, and economic implications. This paper also highlights the challenges of large-scale adoption and suggests strategies for promoting a global sustainable energy transition

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Sustainable energy, renewable energy, clean energy, climate change, smart grid, energy transition.

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With the rapid growth of urbanization, the number of vehicles on the road has significantly increased, leading to a growing demand for efficient parking solutions. One of the major challenges faced by by drivers in urban areas is the unavailability of parking spaces, especially during peak hours. This often results in excessive time spent searching for parking, fuel wastage, trafie congestion, and environmental pollution. This project proposes the design and implementation of a Smart Parking System using Arduino and Infrared (IR) sensors to detect the occupancy status of parking slots in real time. Each parking lane is equipped with IR sensors that monitor the availability of slots and relay this Information a microcontroller (Arduino). The data is then displayed on a user interface device, such as an LCD or mobile application, helping drivers to quickly identify and navigate to available parking spots. The system aims to minimize the time and effort required to find parking, reduce fuel consumption, and lower environmental pollution. It is a low- low-cost, scalable, and efficient solution suitable for for public and private parking facilities, The proposed smart parking system enhances urban mobility and contributes to the development of smarter and more sustainable

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Index Terms-Smart Parking System. Arduino, IR Sensors, Parking Slot Detection, Urban Transportation, Real-time Mon-itoring, Environmental Pollution, Fuel Wastage, Traffic Man agement, loT-based Parking, Cost-effective Solution, Sustainable Mobility L

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A 11year-old female patient with a history of Global Developmental Delay (GDD) presented with uncontrolled Generalized tonic-clonic seizures (GTCS) despite being on anti-epileptic therapy. Breakthrough seizures were noted in the setting of recent illness and poor medication adherence.

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GTCS, Global Developmental Delay, Breakthrough seizures, Epilepsy, Paediatric neurology.

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Asset management plays a crucial role in determining the developmental impact and long-term sustainability of Self Help Groups (SHGs). Proper identification, utilization and maintenance of assets enable SHGs to strengthen income-generating activities and improve the socio-economic conditions of their members. The present study examines the effectiveness of asset management practices of Self Help Groups in Bangalore Urban District and analyses their relationship with developmental outcomes. The study is based on primary data collected from 120 SHG members using a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation, correlation analysis and descriptive analysis were employed. The findings reveal a strong positive relationship between effective asset management and developmental activities of SHGs. The study concludes that systematic asset management significantly contributes to economic empowerment and sustainability of SHGs.

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Asset Management, Developmental Outcomes, Financial Management, Self Help Groups, Bangalore Urban

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Nanoboats represent a cutting edge class of nanoscale delivery vehicles inspired by biological propulsion mechanisms and engineered for enhanced targeting, controlled release, and precision therapy. These nanosystems integrate navigation strategies derived from motor proteins, synthetic swimmers, and nano propellers with advanced drug encapsulation techniques to traverse physiological barriers. This review synthesizes recent advances in nanoboat design, propulsion mechanisms, therapeutic payload integration, targeting strategies, and clinical translation challenges. We discuss key propulsion technologies -- from catalytic and magnetic fields to biohybrid designs -- and analyze their impact on delivery efficiency, tissue specificity, and biocompatibility. Finally, we assess current limitations, safety concerns, and future directions in harnessing nanoboat systems for targeted cancer therapy, neurological treatments, and personalized medicine applications.

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Nanoboats , Drug delivery , Molecular propulsion , Precision therapy , Targeted delivery , Biohybrid nanoswimmers

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The "PreCare" platform is an intelligent healthcare solution designed to mitigate the financial uncertainty associated with oncological care. By leveraging Random Forest Regression, the system analyses patient-specific variables--such as age, cancer type, and diagnostic stage--to provide precise, data-driven treatment cost estimates. Developed using React.js for the frontend and Flask for the backend, the platform seamlessly integrates hospital recommendations and educational resources. This research addresses the lack of transparency in traditional medical billing by replacing manual estimations with a reliable automated framework. Experimental results demonstrate that PreCare enhances financial preparedness and accessibility, with future iterations aimed at incorporating insurance analytics and NLP-driven patient support.

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Machine Learning, Healthcare Analytics, Random Forest Regression, Cost Estimation, AI in Healthcare, Medical Decision Support.

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Psoriasis vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder with a relapsing course and a significant psychosomatic component, in which psychogenic stress plays an important role in disease onset and aggravation. Homeopathy adopts an individualized approach that considers mental, emotional, and physical dimensions of disease expression. Cyclamen europaeum is a homeopathic remedy commonly indicated in individuals exhibiting emotional sensitivity and stress-related disturbances. This observational clinical evaluation aimed to assess the role of individualized Cyclamen europaeum in patients suffering from psoriasis vulgaris associated with psychogenic stress. Patients diagnosed with psoriasis vulgaris and identifiable stress factors were included, and detailed case taking was carried out according to homeopathic principles, emphasizing mental, emotional, and physical generals. Cyclamen europaeum was prescribed on an individualized basis in appropriate potencies, and patients were followed up periodically. Clinical changes in psoriatic lesions, stress-related symptoms, and overall well-being were assessed through systematic clinical observation. The study observations revealed improvement in cutaneous manifestations along with a reduction in stress-related symptoms and enhancement of general well-being in a majority of cases. The findings suggest that individualized Cyclamen europaeum may have a beneficial role in the management of psoriasis vulgaris associated with psychogenic stress, highlighting the importance of individualized homeopathic prescribing and the consideration of psychosomatic factors in chronic skin disorders.

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Cyclamen europaeum; Psoriasis vulgaris; Psychogenic stress; Individualized homeopathy; Psychosomatic disorders.

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Kabaddi is a fast-growing indigenous team sport India, but most school, college and club teams still depend on manual scoring sheets and subjective judgment to evaluate performance. This limits objective player assessment, tactical learning and data-driven talent identification, despite the sport's increasing professionalization through the pro kabaddi league. This paper presents an ai-driven performance analytics and decision support system for kabaddi that integrates structured raid-wise data capture, player and team profiling, machine learning models, and natural language reporting into a unified web and mobile platform. The proposed methodology defines a kabaddi-specific data schema, a layered system architecture, and a set of models for match win-probability estimation, expected raid points (raid) and unsupervised player role clustering, together with template-based natural language generation for automatic match summaries and profile insights.

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Kabaddi, Sports Analytics, Machine Learning, Player Performance, Win Prediction, Decision Support

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Cable manufacturing, particularly in the context of Ethylene Propylene Rubber (EPR) extrusion processes, faces challenges related to eccentricity, which can compromise the quality and performance of cables. In this study, we investigate the efficacy of mechanical interventions to mitigate eccentricity during the EPR extrusion process. Eccentricity, characterized by non-uniform thickness distribution around the circumference of the cable, is a critical parameter affecting electrical performance and mechanical integrity. By addressing eccentricity, manufacturers can significantly enhance the quality and reliability of cables, meeting stringent industry standards and customer requirements. Through a systematic approach, this research explores various mechanical interventions aimed at reducing eccentricity in EPR extrusion processes. These interventions include modifications to extrusion die designs, adjustments in material feeding mechanisms, and advancements in cooling systems. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of these interventions in minimizing eccentricity and improving cable uniformity. Moreover, the study evaluates the impact of these interventions on production efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and overall process stability. The findings provide valuable insights for cable manufacturers seeking to optimize their manufacturing processes and deliver high-quality products to the market.

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Cable Extrusion, Eccentricity

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Budgetary control is a vital component of financial management, particularly in grassroots institutions such as Self Help Groups (SHGs). Proper budgeting ensures effective allocation, utilization and monitoring of limited financial resources. The present study examines the budgetary control practices of Self Help Groups in Bangalore Urban District and evaluates their influence on fund allocation efficiency. The study is based on primary data collected from 120 SHG members through a structured questionnaire. Statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and chi-square test were employed for analysis. The findings reveal that SHGs with systematic budget preparation and monitoring mechanisms exhibit better fund utilization and financial discipline. The study concludes that effective budgetary control significantly contributes to improved financial performance and sustainability of SHGs.

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 Keywords

Budgetary Control, Fund Allocation, Financial Discipline, Self Help Groups, Bangalore Urban

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Organ remedy is the use of a localized, specific, targeted similimum we use the totality of the symptoms of the organ, tissue or function with its modalities to choose remedy. Hydrangea (Hydrangea Arborescens) has been traditionally used as a natural remedy for managing urological disorders, particularly ureteric stones. Its active components, including hydrangin, saponins, and flavonoids, exhibit diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and antispasmodic properties, making it effective in promoting the dissolution and passage of stones.

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Hydrangea, ureteric stone, organopathic remedy, organon

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Background: Diagnostic radiography in dentistry not only aids in the detection of local dental pathologies but may also reveal subtle osseous changes associated with systemic diseases. Nutrient canals (NCs), seen as linear radiolucencies in the mandibular anterior region on intraoral periapical radiographs (IOPARs), have been suggested as possible indicators of systemic vascular alterations, particularly hypertension. Aim: To compare the incidence of nutrient canals in hypertensive and non-hypertensive individuals and to assess their association with age, gender, severity, and duration of hypertension. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational comparative study was conducted on 300 subjects aged 30-70 years. The study group comprised 150 diagnosed hypertensive patients, and the control group included 150 healthy non-hypertensive individuals. Blood pressure was recorded using the auscultatory method, and IOPARs of the mandibular anterior region were obtained. Presence of nutrient canals was evaluated and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 21. Chi-square test was applied, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Nutrient canals were observed in 81.3% of hypertensive patients compared to 12% of non-hypertensive subjects, showing a highly significant difference (p < 0.001). A significant association was noted with age and duration of hypertension, while gender showed no significant influence. Conclusion: Increased visibility of nutrient canals on IOPARs is significantly associated with hypertension and may serve as an adjunctive radiographic marker for early detection of this systemic condition.

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**Keywords:** Nutrient canals; Hypertension; Intraoral periapical radiograph (IOPAR); Mandibular anterior region; Systemic diseases; Dental radiography; Vascular changes; Screening tool

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 Abstract

SARVAHARAK CHETA 'YATRI' O HUNAK KAVYA VAISHISHTYA

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SARVAHARAK CHETA 'YATRI' O HUNAK KAVYA VAISHISHTYA

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Jai Bhim (2021), directed by T. J. Gnanavel, transcends the boundaries of conventional courtroom dramas to emerge as a compelling socio-political commentary deeply embedded in the cultural fabric of Tamil Nadu. Based on a real-life incident involving the custodial death of a tribal man and the legal battle that followed, the film deftly interweaves themes of caste-based discrimination, tribal marginalisation, and structural injustice, all of which remain pressing issues within Indian society. Set against the backdrop of the Irular tribe's lived realities, Jai Bhim offers a rare cinematic portrayal of a community that exists on the peripheries of both state recognition and cultural representation. Through its powerful storytelling, character development, and visual composition, the film not only humanises the experiences of the oppressed but also exposes the deep-rooted social hierarchies and institutional violence that perpetuate their suffering. This paper aims to analyse Jai Bhim through a cultural studies framework, drawing on narrative analysis, visual semiotics, and socio-historical referencing. It explores how the film acts as both a cultural document that preserves and presents the voices of the marginalised, and a political artefact that challenges hegemonic structures. In doing so, the study also highlights the film's role in furthering Dalit-Bahujan discourse, critiquing the dominant narratives in Tamil cinema, and reclaiming space for indigenous and lower-caste representation. Ultimately, Jai Bhim is not merely a cinematic experience--it is a call to consciousness, urging audiences to confront the uncomfortable truths of caste, state violence, and systemic exclusion. It reaffirms the potential of cinema as a tool for social transformation, cultural assertion, and political resistance.

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 Keywords

Tamil cinema, Jai Bhim, caste oppression, Irular tribe, tribal identity, social justice, cultural resistance, legal activism, visual semiotics, systemic injustice, Tamil Nadu culture, Ambedkarite ideology, representation in film, marginalised communities

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Corporate governance has emerged as a critical framework for ensuring transparency, accountability, and ethical management of corporations in an increasingly globalized economy. Sound governance practices are essential for protecting stakeholder interests, enhancing investor confidence, and ensuring sustainable corporate performance. In recent decades, corporate governance systems across the world have undergone significant transformation due to financial crises, corporate scandals, regulatory reforms, and growing emphasis on sustainability and social responsibility. The rationale for this review lies in understanding how global governance trends are evolving and how India, as a major emerging economy, is aligning its governance practices with international standards. The primary objective of this study is to examine key global trends in corporate governance and analyze their relevance and application within the Indian context. The study adopts a descriptive and analytical approach based on a systematic review of academic literature, international policy reports, and regulatory frameworks from both global and Indian sources. The review covers the period from 2000 to 2025 to capture long-term structural changes in governance practices. The study identifies major global trends such as the shift from shareholder-centric to stakeholder-oriented governance, integration of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) considerations, increasing emphasis on board diversity and independence, alignment of executive compensation with performance, and the growing role of digital technologies in governance processes. In India, corporate governance has evolved significantly through regulatory reforms such as the Companies Act, 2013 and SEBI's Listing Obligations and Disclosure Requirements (LODR). The findings highlight both convergence with global standards and persistent challenges in implementation. The study offers important implications for policymakers, corporate leaders, and researchers in strengthening governance frameworks and promoting sustainable business practices.

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Corporate Governance, Global Governance Practices, Indian Corporate Governance, ESG, Board Structure, Regulatory Frameworks, Stakeholder Capitalism.

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English poet and playwright Ben Jonson wrote that William Shakespeare was "not of an age, but for all time." This statement remains true over four centuries after Shakespeare's death in 1616. Shakespeare's influence continues to shape how people speak, tell stories, and understand the human mind. William Shakespeare remains one of the most influential literary figures in world history. His dramatic works, poetry, and linguistic innovations have shaped English literature for over four centuries. This journal examines Shakespeare's biography, major works, thematic patterns, stylistic features, and global legacy. Through reference to scholarly research and historical documentation, the study highlights Shakespeare's continuing relevance in modern literary and cultural discourse. His legacy is evident in global culture, from the Royal Shakespeare Company to Hollywood blockbusters. Shakespeare is just near the God. He is the creator of his own universe and destiny of his own Tragic Hero, Own funny world comedy to evoke the comic sense in his audience.

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William Shakespeare, King's Men, Tragedy, Tragic Hero, Fatal Flaw, Hamartia, Comedy, Natural Setting, Disguise Identity, Sonnet

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agriculturally dominated districts like Basti in eastern Uttar Pradesh. Agriculture is the main source of livelihood for the majority of the population in this district, making the study of land utilization and agricultural factors extremely important. The present study examines the existing land use pattern in District Basti and analyses the major physical, socio-economic, and institutional factors influencing agricultural activities and growth. The study highlights the distribution of land under various categories such as net sown area, fallow land, forest land, barren land, and land put to non-agricultural uses. It has been observed that a large proportion of land is devoted to agriculture however, increasing population pressure, fragmentation of landholdings, and expansion of non-agricultural activities have reduced the efficiency of land use. Fertile alluvial soil and favourable climatic conditions provide strong natural support for agriculture, yet agricultural productivity remains moderate due to limited irrigation facilities, dependence on monsoon rainfall, and traditional farming practices.

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Land Use Pattern, Agricultural Growth, Cropping Pattern, Irrigation

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Environmental awareness is a critical prerequisite for sustainable behaviour among adolescents. This paper examines the effectiveness of various school-based activities--such as Eco-Clubs, nature camps, and waste management audits--in enhancing secondary school students' environmental consciousness in Gujarat. Research indicates that while theoretical knowledge is prevalent, participatory activities significantly bridge the gap between awareness and action. The study suggests that institutionalised initiatives such as the Green Schools Programme and GEER Foundation camps are vital for fostering long-term pro-environmental habits. Environmental awareness is a critical prerequisite for sustainable behaviour among adolescents. This paper examines the effectiveness of various school-based activities--such as Eco-Clubs, nature camps, and waste management audits--in enhancing secondary school students' environmental consciousness in Gujarat. Research indicates that while theoretical knowledge is prevalent, participatory activities significantly bridge the gap between awareness and action. The study suggests that institutionalised initiatives like the Green Schools Programme and GEER Foundation camps are vital for fostering long-term pro-environmental habits.

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Environmental awareness, GEER foundation, Eco club, Guj cost

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Shalakyatantra is a branch of Ayurveda that deals with diseases of the organs located above the collarbone, such as the eyes, ears, nose, and throat. Since it focuses on the sense organs, it is considered a very important and specialized branch. Among the five sense organs, the eye is the most important. Therefore, special care should be taken to protect the eyes and treat eye diseases properly. Acharya Sushruta has described 76 types of eye diseases. These diseases are treated using both internal medicines and local therapies. One of the important local treatment methods is called Kriyakalpa. Acharyas have explained different therapeutic procedures using various medicines and methods of application, depending on the type of disease. As Kriyakalpa is a local treatment, the medicines act quickly and penetrate the eye tissues effectively, making it very useful in eye disorders. Bidalaka is one of the important Kriyakalpa procedures described in Ayurvedic texts. It is widely used in many eye diseases and gives very good results, especially in the early or acute stage of the disease. According to Charaka, Bidalaka is highly effective in treating acute eye conditions

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Bidalaka; Lepa; Eye Diseases; Ayurvedic Treatment.

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Urbanisation refers to the increasing concentration of population, economic activities, and infrastructure in urban areas. This study examines the major factors contributing to urbanisation in Ziro Valley, Arunachal Pradesh. Both primary and secondary data sources were used to analyse the dynamics of urban growth in the region. Primary data were collected through structured questionnaires and interviews with local residents, while secondary data were sourced from government reports, census publications, books, and peer-reviewed journals. Due to the limited availability of prior research specific to Ziro Valley, greater reliance was placed on primary data. The study identifies population growth, infrastructure development, rural-urban migration, economic opportunities, and government policies as key drivers of urbanisation. The findings highlight the need for sustainable urban planning to ensure balanced development, efficient resource utilisation, environmental conservation, and an improved quality of life in ecologically sensitive regions such as Ziro Valley.

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Urbanisation, Factors, Hapoli, Migration, Population Growth, Globalisation, Sustainable Development

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