Volume 12 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Background: Wheelchair basketball, an adapted version of the sport, has been integral to the Paralympic Games (POG) since the 1960s, providing individuals with diverse physical disabilities a platform for competitive engagement. However, despite the recognition of sports injuries and their multifaceted effects on athletes' physiology, physical well-being, and psychology, there remains a gap in understanding specific aspects within the context of wheelchair basketball. This study addresses the existing limitations in defining and describing injuries, particularly concerning their location, mechanisms, and risk factors. Aim: This study investigates common injuries in wheelchair basketball athletes, primary injuries, and affected anatomical regions in wheelchair basketball athletes. Material and methods: The data was collected from various databases and search engines like Google Scholar, PubMed, Research Gate, and Science Direct using the following keywords: "sports injuries", "common injuries", "wheelchair athletes", and "para-athletes". Results: Ninety-seven studies were initially identified, with full reading conducted for 79 articles. Sixty articles were excluded for not meeting inclusion criteria, resulting in a final analysis of 19 studies. After reviewing 19 articles the study found that the shoulder was the most affected region and the upper body was the most affected body segment. The least affected were lower limbs. Discussion: The study indicates that wheelchair basketball athletes experience diverse injuries primarily linked to the biomechanics of anatomical structures. The upper limbs, particularly the shoulder region, exhibited the highest injuries. The prevalence of contact in the sport significantly influences the injury pattern, with the shoulder, hand, head, and spine identified as the most affected body regions in this research.

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Para-athletes, sports injuries, biomechanics, recurring injuries

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Abstract: The main objective of the study is to Study of Self-Concept of Students studying in secondary schools. The study applied survey method to explore the self-concept of secondary school students. A total of 300 students took part in the study. Vikram-Prahallada Self-Concept Inventory was used to collect the data. An independent sample t test was used to analyse the collected data. A graphic representation of the data was also displayed. The study found that, locality and class have no significant effect on the self-concept of secondary school students. In terms of self-concept dimensions, the study found a strong effect of locality on emotional characteristics, personality traits and social behaviour, as well as a significant effect of class on emotional characteristics.

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SELF-CONCEPT, STUDENTS AND SECONDARY SCHOOL.

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Prostate cancer stands out as one of the most intricate forms of cancer and is the foremost cause of death among men. Due to cellular heterogeneity and variation in Androgen receptor expression diagnosis and treatment of Prostate cancer is very challenging. Most of the chemotherapeutic agents have been developed to block binding and inhibit the synthesis of Androgen. However, long-term use of Androgen deprivation therapy leads to resistant prostate cancer. Metformin is a biguanide which is the most commonly prescribed drug for T2DM. It lowers glucose levels through AMPK activation, subsequently affecting the mTOR pathway and additionally inhibiting the PI3K/Akt by regulation of PIP3. Hence, Metformin may be an important molecule in the case of heterogeneity of AR signalling where it might influence AMPK and mTOR pathway. In this paper we have evaluated the efficacy of metformin in presence or absence of AR or its variant. The study involves three different cell lines:1) Lncap cells with an AR receptor,2) 22RV-1 cells with an AR and its variant, and 3) PC3 cells, an AR-negative cell line. We investigated the Inhibitory activity of metformin in these cell lines in the context of AR. and its variant ARV7. Moreover, the influence of Synthetic androgen R1881 was also explored.

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AMP, AMPK, AR, ARV7, ATP, DBD, ER, mTOR, LBD

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This research investigates the multifaceted impact of Goods and Services Tax (GST) on import and export trade dynamics. The study delves into the transformative effects of GST, examining streamlined documentation processes, harmonised taxation, and the pivotal role of Input Tax Credit. While the findings underscore numerous advantages such as enhanced efficiency and a competitive shift, challenges such as initial implementation hurdles and complexities for small businesses are also identified. The government's proactive adaptation of policies, emphasis on digital integration, and efforts towards global harmonisation emerge as critical factors in shaping the GST landscape. The research concludes with suggestions, including simplifying compliance, enhancing support for small businesses, and fostering digital literacy. As GST continues to evolve, a strategic and adaptive approach, coupled with stakeholder collaboration and education, is deemed essential for navigating the intricate dynamics of import and export trade within the GST regime.

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Goods and Services Tax, Impact of GST, Import-Export, Compliance

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India produces about 3000 million tons of MSW annually out of which 40 -50 % are compostable (Sharholy et al., 2007). The quality of the compost is crucial to the commercial viability of MSW compost as it is examined for hazardous microorganisms, heavy metals, and fertilizing characteristics. In the current study, an analysis (both statistical and from the State Organic Fertilizer Testing Laboratory) of the MSW obtained from the 150TPD Municipal Solid Waste Management Plant under Berhampur Municipal Corporation, Berhampur, Odisha, has been done in an attempt to understand the quality of compost so formed by the windrow composting process. The quality of composts was determined using Quality Control Indices such as Fertilizing Index and Clean Index. After analysis, it was discovered that all of the metrics, including moisture content, pH, EC, TOC, Total Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Total Potassium, and C/N ratio, as well as heavy metals including zinc, copper, cadmium, nickel, lead, and chromium, were within the FCO's acceptable limits. Further Fertility Index and Clean Index were determined for both the samples, and it was found that both the samples had a fertility index value of 4.2 and clean index value of 4.2 for sample I and 3.6 for Sample II was determined. It was found that Sample I belonged to Class A category whereas Sample II belonged to Class C category based on the values of the Indices, which are used to determine the class to which the compost belongs. Therefore, from the perspective of composting, it is recommended that thorough solid waste segregation be done because combined trash degrades compost quality.

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C/N ratio, Clean Index, City Compost, Heavy metals, MSW

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The main objective of this study was to construct a tool for assessing students' attitudes toward the "Sabooj Sathi scheme" and to establish its reliability and validity. In the study total of 840 school-going adolescents in West Bengal were involved. Item analysis revealed that, out of the initial thirty items in the scale draft, twenty were deemed valid for inclusion in the final scale. The final scale underwent item-total correlation analyses, confirming its high item validity. The final scale demonstrated strong reliability, with a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.856 and a Split-Half reliability coefficient of 0.857.

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Attitude Scale, Sabooj Sathi Scheme, Reliability, Validity, West Bengal

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In order to study and evaluate yoga postures, this final-year project covers the design, development, and implementation of a Yoga Pose Detection System that combines computer vision and machine learning approaches. By giving practitioners immediate feedback and direction, the method seeks to improve the quality of the yoga practice and help practitioners achieve better alignment, form, and general well-being. The research uses cutting-edge image processing algorithms to identify and extract important body landmarks and information from pictures or videos of people doing yoga positions. Utilizing a trained machine learning model, the system accurately identifies and classifies various positions, offering real-time feedback on alignment, balance, and good posture. Experts seeking guidance from beginners to seasoned practitioners refining their skills can all benefit from the offered solution.

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Self-learning, Machine Learning, Yoga Pose Detection

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This study examines the influence of green product awareness (GPA), perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR), and price sensitivity (PS) on consumer satisfaction (CS) with sustainable products among Indian consumers. Data collected from 200 respondents through a questionnaire survey, using a 5-point Likert scale, were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM), yielding nuanced insights. Contrary to expectations, while indirect effects suggested a positive relationship between GPA and CS mediated by perceived value (PV), direct effects were statistically insignificant. Similarly, perceived CSR did not exhibit a significant direct or indirect impact on CS. Surprisingly, the hypothesis positing that higher income and education levels correlate with lower price sensitivity was not supported. The study highlights the importance of prioritizing perceived value over mere GPA or CSR to enhance consumer satisfaction effectively. Furthermore, recognizing the intricate interplay between income/education levels and price sensitivity can assist businesses in crafting tailored marketing approaches for sustainable products. Major suggestions include focusing on enhancing perceived value, reevaluating CSR strategies to align with consumer expectations, and exploring other factors influencing price sensitivity. These insights offer valuable implications for understanding consumer behaviour in the Indian market and provide actionable recommendations for businesses seeking to promote sustainability and elevate consumer satisfaction.

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Sustainable consumption, Consumer preferences, green product awareness, Corporate social responsibility, Price Sensitivity

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Self-help groups are a growing group of emerging local businesses in the country which is run and employed by women. It is a difficult stage to bring the products manufactured by the group to the market and to promote and sell them through marketing strategies. Today, where the e-business online market is rapidly gaining ground, the goods coming from MSME and abroad are being attracted and are being available at low prices at home. In such a situation, these groups find it difficult to sell their goods in the market. The researcher has tried to research here that how self-help groups can attract their goods in the market by using the market strategy 5P's model and with the new era of e-business (online), you can expand your business by attracting items both offline and online.

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Self-help groups, marketing strategies, e-business, 5P's model

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PRYAVRANIYA PRADUSHAN AVM MANAV JIVAN

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PRYAVRANIYA PRADUSHAN AVM MANAV JIVAN

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ABSTRACT This article explores the compelling contributions of Bessie Head, a prominent African writer, to the feminist literary discourse. Bessie Head, known for her powerful narratives that delved into the complexities of gender relations and societal norms, left an indelible mark on the literary landscape. Through her works, she showcased the multifaceted experiences of women and challenged the oppressive patriarchal systems prevalent in postcolonial Africa. This article examines key themes and characters in her writings, highlighting her feminist ideology and the ways in which she brought feminist consciousness to the forefront. By analysing her novels and short stories, this study aims to present a comprehensive understanding of how Bessie Head's works have contributed to the enrichment of feminist literature.

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Keywords: Bessie Head, Feminism, Writings, Gender, Postcolonial, Empowerment, South African literature

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PROBLEM STATEMENT -A study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching program on knowledge regarding medication adherence among caretakers ofschizophrenic patient coming to outpatient department at tertiary care hospital of the city? BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY Medication adherence is the first and main determinant of treatment success. Non adherence is a multi-factorial phenomenon that can result from five major interacting factors. These are health team and health system-related factors; patient-related factors; therapy related factors; socio-economic factors; and condition-related factors. The prevalence of non adherence in mental illness was found to be 40% to 60% worldwide. The most important and highly encountered form of medication non adherence is where a patient does not follow the recommended dose and frequency. The ratio of non adherence has been reported as 40%- 60% for antipsychotics. Moreover, in studies evaluating medication adherence based on diagnosis, the ratio of non adherence to medication has been shown to be 11%-80% in patients with schizophrenia. MATERIALS AND METHODS The Research Method adopted for the present study is Quasi-experimental Approach, which is quantitative research design. Non probability convenient sampling technique is used. The study is aimed at assessing the effectiveness of structured teaching program knowledge regarding medication adherence among the caretakers of schizophrenic patient and determining its effectiveness statistically. Sample size is 60. Self- structured questionnaire was used as tool. RESULT In pretest, 16.7% of the caretakers of schizophrenic patient coming to psychiatric outpatient department of tertiary care hospital had poor knowledge (Score 0-8) and 71.7% of them had average knowledge (score 9-16) and 11.7% of them had good knowledge (score 17-25) regarding the medication adherence. In posttest, 1.7% of the caretakers of schizophrenic patient coming to psychiatric outpatient department of tertiary care hospital had average 10 knowledge (Score 9-16) and 98.3% of them had good knowledge (score 17-25) regarding the medication adherence. CONCLUSION The findings of the study suggest that the caretakers had inadequate knowledge about medication adherence during pre-test and there is significant increase knowledge regarding medication adherence after administration of structured teaching program. The present study also states that there is no significant association between knowledge regarding promotion of mental health and prevention of mental illness and demographic variables like age, gender, area of residence, type of family .This study could help in bringing about awareness on promotion of mental health and prevention of mental illness, leading to a healthy life ahead. The result shoes that the demographic variables like relationship with the patient, occupation and total monthly income were found to have significant association with the knowledge regarding medication adherence among caretakers of schizophrenic patient coming to psychiatric outpatient department of the tertiary care hospital. The study could help to improve the knowledge regarding medication adherence and prevent relapse of illness.

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Effectiveness, structured teaching program, knowledge, medication adherence, non adherence, caretakers

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High strength and high performance concretes are being widely used nowadays all over the world. In developed countries, use of high strength concrete in structures today has resulted in both technical and economical advantages. In high strength concrete, it is necessary to reduce the water-cement ratio and which in general increases the cement content. To overcome low workability problem, different kinds of pozzolanic mineral admixtures and super plasticizer are used to achieve the required workability. At the same time, scarcity of concrete constituents and their cost are increasing day by day demanding the promotion of utilization of suitable waste materials as alternatives. Particularly, substitute to conventional sand in concrete are given prime importance due to many social, environmental, economical and budget oriented problems. The present work deals with the development of quarry dust concrete with total replacement of conventional sand with quarry dust and the study is made with systematic approach with sequential steps. A conventional M30 grade concrete mix design was made using ACI, BS and IS methods and based on the 7 day strength an optimum mix was recommended for experimental studies. In the designed mix sand ii replacement by weight of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% with quarry dust was considered. Concrete with these six different mix ratios were prepared and for the sake of exclusive reality, no plasticizer was used. Workability tests were conducted; relevant specimens were cast, cured and tested for strength and water absorption characteristics. Irrespective of the percentage replacement of sand with quarry dust, as the variations in the strength results were found negligible, a total 100% sand replacement with quarry dust was considered for further research. However as the water consumption is slightly more compared to sand concrete, it was decided to use minimum dosage of plasticizer and same recommended for the next phase of study after conformation. To study the feasibility and adoptability of using quarry dust for concrete instead of conventional sand, quarry dust concrete was further considered for thorough investigation. M30 grade quarry dust concrete was designed with the properties of quarry dust as fine aggregate and workability and strength characteristics were determined. The results are compared with that of sand concrete also. Similar trials were made for higher grades that include M40, M50 and M60 grades exclusively with quarry dust as fine aggregate. M30 and M40 grades iii concrete were designed using IS method and M50 and M60 grades by ACI method. To modify, based on the observations on concrete, additives to concrete namely fly ash and silica fume were also considered. Cement replacement by 10%, 20% and 30% of flyash and silica fume by 5% and 10% replacement were considered. For comparison, sand concrete of the above four grades were also considered then and there. Including sand concrete and quarry dust concrete with additives like flyash and silica fume, totally twenty six different mix proportions were considered for experimentation. For these different grades of concrete the workability, strength in various nature and durability characteristics were obtained. Compressive strength at 90 days of curing was also obtained in addition to 7, 28 and 60 days of curing. Based on the observation from the test results, workability of fresh concrete was gradually improved with super plasticizer and for higher grades of concrete including silica fume, when compared to control concrete. The strength and durability characteristics of quarry dust concrete was increased up to 15% by adding silica fume with QDC when compared to control concrete. The overall test results revealed that quarry dust as fine iv aggregate with silica fume as a partial replacement of cement up to 10% is an excellent substitute to yield higher strength of concrete. ANN model has been proposed to predict the compressive strength of concrete for different grades. A reasonably close agreement has been obtained between the experimental and the predicted values. The qualitative and quantitative conclusions are presented. It is concluded finally that, development of quarry dust concrete by totally replacing conventional river sand is possible, viable and feasible with all positive and negative strategies similar to conventional river sand concrete promoting cost effective technologies at same time promoting the environmental protection against sand mining.

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Quarry dust

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ABSTRACT:- The raw materials used in cement are limited and also non- renewable. So it is been need to be conserved for future generations. With this goal of attaining sustainable construction in concrete is emerging throughout the world. Fly ash from coal based power plants is one such waste which is abundantly available in the different parts of India. Red mud is the composed of a mixture of solid and metallic oxide-bearing impurities, and disposal problems the red mud caused by the oxidized iron. Red mud cannot be disposed of easily. To find the optimum replacement of cement by red mud & fly ash. To find the compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of red mud & fly ash used concrete. To identify various industrial wastes suitable for utilization in cement manufacture. For concrete to be durable, careful selection of the mix and materials is necessary, so that deleterious constituents do not exceed the limits. So it is very essential to conduct tests regarding cement, fine and coarse aggregate to know their strength, consistency and stability and durability. Good quality materials will increase the strength of the concrete.The mix proportions shall be selected to ensure the workability of the fresh concrete and when concrete is hardened, it shall have the required strength, durability and surface finish. The grade of the concrete used in this project is M35 and we adopted design mix concrete. The mix shall be designed to produce the grade of concrete having the required workability and a characteristic strength. IS 10262-2009 is used for calculating the quantity of materials and its proportion. Quality assurance should be made to ensure the quality of the materials used for mix of concrete. The project is not only concerned about the characteristic strength of concrete but also concerned with workability, consistency, stability and durability of concrete.

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CC-conventional concrete, W/c-water content

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This internship report presents the practical experience gained during a one-month internship at M/S T. G. Toradmal & Co., Ahmednagar, as part of the Final Year B. Tech. (Civil Engineering) course. The report provides an overview of the firm, its mission, and vision, along with the objectives of the internship. It details the work progression, including surveying, vegetation clearing, excavation, embankment construction, and quality control checks. The report also discusses the project details, focusing on the strengthening and asphalting of the Rahata-Lohare-Mandave-Paner-Shrigonda-Kulcharan-Karjat-Karmala Road NH 67 under the Bharatmala Pariyojana. The construction methodology, EPC contract, and quality control measures are described, emphasizing the importance of adhering to standards set by the Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (MORTH) and NHAI. The report concludes with a reflection on the internship outcome, highlighting the practical skills and knowledge gained, and their application in real-world civil engineering projects.

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Civil Engineering, Internship, Construction, Quality Control, Bharatmala Pariyojana, EPC Contract, Surveying, Excavation, Embankment, Road Construction.

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Children are vital to the nation's present and its future. Parents, grandparents, aunts, and uncles are usually committed to providing every advantage possible to the children in their families, and to ensuring that they are healthy and have the opportunities that they need to ful fill their potential. Yet communities vary considerably in their commitment to the collective health of children and in the resources that they make available to meet children's needs. This is reflected in the ways in which communities address their collective commitment to children, specifically to their health. Park K,Texbook of Preventive and social medicine(2015), says that, the child is the future of citizen of the nation . World's greatest resource for a future lies in the children of today.Today's children are tomorrow's citizen and leaders. Investment in the children develops is thus an investment in the country's future and improving the nation's quality of life.Stated that Pneumonia is the single largest infectious cause of death in children worldwide. Pneumonia killed 920 136 children under the age of 5 in 2015, accounting for 16% of all deaths of children under five years old. Pneumonia affects children and families everywhere, but is most prevalent in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Children can be protected from pneumonia, it can be prevented with simple interventions, and treated with low-cost, low-tech medication and care, For many countries the post Millennium Development Goal agenda has explicitly included ending preventable diarrhoea and pneumonia deaths as a priority action.

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1.Assess: According to Oxford dictionary, Assess means to evaluate or estimate the nature. In this study, it refers to statistical measurement of knowledge and practices regarding prevention of bronchopneumonia among mothers of under five children. 2.Knowledge: According to Oxford dictionary,"Knowledge" means facts, information, and skills acquired through experience or education. In this study "Knowledge" refers to correct verbal responses obtained from the

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Meloxicam, Solid dispersions, NSAIDS, Fast disintegrating, Bioavailability.

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The main objective is development and characterization of ciprofloxacin microsphres as sustained release dosage form. Preformulation study was carried out initially and Drug (Ciprofloxacin) was identified by different methods. UV spectrophotometric study, FTIR spectra and was performed for the authentication of the drug. The ?max was found to be 276.0 nm and comparison with literature value authenticates the study. Calibration curve of the drug was prepared. The absorbance was measured at 276.0 nm against a blank solution using UV-Visible spectrophotometer. Linearity was observed with an R2 = 0.998 in 0.1N HCL at 276.0 nm.The drug-Exciepients compatibility studies using FT-IR and indicated no interaction between the drug and polymers. The microspheres prepared by two different technique for using synthetic polymer and natural polymer utilizing temperature change showed a good specificity, with smooth surface and the particles are distributed uniformly without any lumps. In synthetic polymer (Ethyl cellulose) prepared by solvent evaporation technique and natural polymer (guar gum) ionic cross linking technique. Scanning electron microscopy for the optimized formulation for natural and synthetic shown in fig. 7.8 and 7.7. The particle size is formulated batches of microspheres were shown in table No.7.9. The particle size distribution was uniform and narrow. The release profile of microspheres was studied for first two hours in stimulated gastric pH using 0.1N hydrochloric acid. The percent of drug release was calculated by adding the amount of drug released at the end of 2nd hour in stimulated gastric pH to the amount of drug released in stimulated intestinal pH. The whole release study data was given (Table: 7.10 and 7.11). As the compare of EC and Guar gum release the best sustained effect over a period of 24 hours and ethyl cellulose microsphere was 97.913 % of the drug was released at the end of 24 hours.

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Dosage form, Evaluation, Dissolution, Compression, Sustained release.

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ABSTRACT "A study to assess the level of stress among the primary care givers of mentally ill patients in a selected hospital in Meerut". The objectives are ; - To assess the level of stress among primary care givers of mentally ill patients . - To associate the between the level among primary care givers of mentally ill patients with their selected demographic variables. The present study was conducted at " CHATARPATI SHIVAJI SUBHARTI HOSPITAL" at Meerut. Descriptive Research Design was used for this study. Permission was obtained from the Superintendent of Subharti Hospital and data collection was done in hospital .The investigator have selected 50 samples primary care givers of mentally ill patients age above 20 - 60 years of age purposive sampling technique. Oral consent was obtained from the subjects. Perceived Stress Scale was used for assessing the level of stress with the help of primary care givers of mentally ill patients then the investigators the perceived scale (among primary care givers of mentally ill patients) for the purpose of assessing the level of stress.descriptive and inferential statics were used to analyze the finding of the study. There was a significant difference(p<0.05) found mean 20.34, and the standard deviation was 5.2 and the percentage of primary care givers of mentally ill patients stress level was 72% was a significant association (p<0.05) found the stress level in primary care givers of mentally ill patients. The present study was conducted with the view to assess the level of stress among primary care givers of mentally ill patients . This study shows that most of the primary care givers of mentally ill patients are having moderate level of stress. (average level of stress is 72%).

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ASSESS,stress primary care giver

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A study to evaluate the effectiveness of struced teaching programme on knowledge regarding the effects of Air pollution and prevention among school going children at selected school banglore

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Effectiveness, structured teaching programme, knowledge, Air pollution, school children

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