Volume 12 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Nurses are responsible for identification of patients who are at risk for fall, and development of a plan of care to minimize risk in the hospital setting. Therefore, fall rate indicators can be positively influenced by nursing driven safety interventions using an interdisciplinary approach, An fall risk assessment and intervention strategies has been developed and implemented in our nursing practice through which our fall incidence has drastically come down, During the study period, the following parameters were followed effectively to prevent the patient fall such as, Identification of fall risk (98.31), Vulnerability sticker on (96.91), Patient education on fall prevention measures (98.31), Safety first Signboard is placed (94.1), Usage of side rails (89.88), Call bell awareness and availability within reach (100), Awareness on Grab bars (100), (interview the patient assigned), Safety belt usage during transports (92.69).Most importantly nurses were able to implement the protocol effectively and there was an improvement in prevention of patient fall as per centralized reporting system.

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Risk for fall, Reporting system.

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Abstract: The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) stands as a paramount force in shaping global standardisation, fostering consistency and interoperability across diverse industries. Established in 1947, ISO has evolved into a non-governmental entity comprising representatives from over 160 member countries ISO's significance lies not only in its role as a unifying force but also in its capacity to drive innovation, efficiency, and quality on a worldwide Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has emerged as a defining paradigm within contemporary business practices, reflecting an ethical and socially conscious approach to commerce. CSR extends beyond traditional profit motives, encompassing an organisation's commitment to positive social, environmental, and ethical impacts. As globalisation continues to intertwine economies and societies, the intersection of ISO and CSR becomes a pivotal juncture where standardised best practices meet socially responsible business conduct. ISO's role in standardisation is key, as it actively develops and publishes standards that have achieved widespread recognition and adoption on a global scale. One of the key standards in this realm is ISO 26000, which specifically addresses social responsibility. ISO 26000 is a guidance standard that outlines core principles and practices related to CSR, providing organisations with a road map for responsible business conduct.

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The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) ISO standards - particularly ISO 26000, Organizational governance, Human rights, Labor practices, the environment, Fair operating practices, Consumer issues, Community involvement

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In this paper an attempt has been made to highlight the literary position of A?mad Shawqi and to explore various poetic themes depicted in his poetry. He was a neo-classical poet in modern Arabic literature. His poetry is characterized by a remarkable elegance and aesthetic beauty. Drawing on classical Arabic literary traditions, he skilfully wove intricate verses, employing sophisticated language and intricate rhyme schemes. His ability to craft poetry with unparalleled grace contributed to the enduring appeal of his work. He composed poetry in different themes, such as, love and romance, nationalism, patriotism, humanism, post-colonialism and diverse social issues as well. Apart from these, he composed panegyric poetry on Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In fact, his poetry serves as a bridge between the past and the present, reflecting a profound reverence for history and culture. He often drew inspiration from the rich heritage of Arab civilization, incorporating historical references and cultural symbols into his verses. In doing so, he contributed to a broader cultural revival, encouraging a renewed appreciation for the Arab world's intellectual and artistic legacy.

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A?mad S?awqi, Neo-classicism, Arabic poetry, Egypt, Thematic aspect.

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The juveniles are the future human resources of our society. The purpose of this study is to focus on the affects of juvenile delinquency on management of human capital which leads us to a loss of mental health of young. The research made use of the delinquent juveniles from Juvenile Detention Centre near Kolkata. Primary data were collected by close-ended questionnaire and analyzed by t-test & one way ANOVA and secondary data were collected from reliable sources to identify socio-demographic background of the juveniles. Based on collected data and its analyses the relevant conclusion have been drawn and this is most awful finding that the rate of educated delinquency is much higher than the uneducated and maximum rate of offences occurs just after the age of sixteen. The results can be generalized to increase the awareness level of the society to prevent the loss of future human capital and gain a productive resource for social development. The current study also reveals that spoilage of young brains is requires urgent attention from the authorities by implementing the proper educational management Policy to sustain human resource and to reduce the juvenile crime.

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Juvenile Delinquency, Human Capital, Mental Health, Educational Management.

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This paper aims to investigate the 'Ni'matnama, Book of Delights of the Sultans of Mandu' as a primary source which encapsulates the unique epicurean culture of medieval Malwa under the rule of Ghiyath Shah who commissioned the text under his very unpolitical reign. The text depicts recipes, aphrodisiacs as well as perfumes adored by the Sultan during that time, which also subsequently came to dominate the elite circles. It was sponsored under the royal aegis of the Sultan indulged in extreme pleasures of life leaving behind the matters of polity and bureaucracy; the latter being matters of extreme interests of his various contemporary rulers, as opposed to his. It is, therefore, my aim to asses this distinct and invaluable source in reshaping our understanding of the kingdom of Malwa during the tumultuous 16th century, an era which has been understood more politically than culturally.

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Mandu, Ni'matnama, Ghiyath Shahi, Recipes, Food History, Pleasure, Samosa, Essences, Aphrodisiacs, medicinal, sexual remedies, Hunting, Muslim.

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ABSTRACT: The research review is conducted to assess the clinical pharmacist interventions/patient counseling impact on cancer patients quality of life (QoL). Most of the anticancer drugs have low therapeutic index and significant levels of toxicity which may lead to drug related issues, in such situations the effectiveness of the treatment may be significantly impacted by a clinical pharmacist intervention. A clinical pharmacist intervention includes patient counseling, medication adherence, drug interactions and management of adverse events. The pharmacist intervention has a positive role in increasing chemotherapy related knowledge, improving patient positive emotions dealing with adverse reactions caused by chemotherapy and improving the patients QoL. Hence, the impact of clinical pharmacist interventions especially, patient counselling role and outcome in cancer patients QoL were assessed.

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Key Words: Clinical Pharmacist Intervention, Patient counselling, Anticancer drugs adverse events and Quality of life (QoL).

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Gandhiji had paid four visits to Assam. In 1921 he was invited by Congress leaders of Assam to propagate the message of non-cooperation movement in Assam. His second visit to Assam in the year 1926 was mainly concerned with the 41st Congress session held at Pandu, Gauhati. But this visit was described as a khadi tour as he focused all his attention on explaining to people the significance of and the need for khadi work. The third visit of Gandhiji to Assam was in the year- 1934, which is described as the Harijan tour during which he spoke about removal of untouchability, which he used to describe often as a curse on Hindu society. His fourth and last visit in 1946 was a visit of historical significance as during this visit Gandhiji inaugurated the Assam branch of Kasturba Gandhi National Memorial Trust. Till Gandhiji's visits, Assam was in its regional cocoon. Gandhiji's visit helped it to pull itself out of the cocoon and its bonding with the national movement got strengthened. His visits provided a new link to cement the emotional bonds between Assam and the people of rest of India. This paper is on the significance of Assam connections of Mahatma Gandhi in strengthening national movement for freedom and in spreading his messages in Assam.

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Gandhiji, Assam, Connection, Freedom, Significance

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The main purpose of the study is to compare the colour fastness properties of Denim fabric dyed with three natural dyes namely Natural Indigo, Manjistha and Pomegranate Peel. The dye uptake was assessed in terms of general appearance, brilliance of colour, evenness of colour and texture by means of visual inspection. The colour fastness properties of the dye when subjected to laundering, pressing (dry and wet), crocking (dry and wet), and perspiration (acid and alkaline) were assessed and analysed using ANOVA method. From the analysis of the results, it was concluded that Pomegranate Peel dyed samples exhibited remarkable colour fastness properties followed by Natural Indigo dye and Manjistha dyed samples.

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Laboratory tests, colour fastness tests Natural dyes

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With the government's new mission of achieving a $5 trillion economy by 2025, the sector's importance for the economy's socioeconomic growth has grown. COVID-19, which is said to have emerged in Wuhan in December 2019, has caused widespread havoc across the world. It has resulted in a large number of human casualties around the world, especially in Europe, the United States, China, and many other developed economies. The objective of this study is to enumerate and rank the factors influencing the performance of Micro, Small, and Medium-Sized Enterprises (MSME). The results showed that the main drivers are government support, entrepreneurial spirit, and organizational reform. MSMEs can improve their performance by focusing on these components. Additionally, this strategy will improve the resilience and profitability of MSMEs by restructuring their operations.

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; MSMEs performance ; Entrepreneur, ; Organizational change.

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Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME) are considered to be the main driver behind the creation of work opportunities for both the educated unemployed and the unskilled rural populace in India, a developing country. They work to increase employment opportunities, reduce the rate of poverty, and promote balanced regional growth, all of which are essential components of sustainable development. They use different technological capabilities, offer a variety of goods and services, and vary in size. These industries stand out for their low capital costs, robust job growth, decentralized industrial operations, and utilization of locally available resources, which increases the number of prospective business owners.

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MSME's, Employment generation, MSME performance, Education

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A lot of time is wasted queuing to enter the classroom and collect materials. It is very difficult for teachers to deal with many students without technology as they are always there to answer questions. The American student spends 1025 hours a year following the instructions given to him. In daily teaching activities, teachers and professors try to find out if the students (or the audience) were satisfied with the lecture, which parts of the lecture were interesting to them, which presentation techniques and methods were more effective and motivating. something more Previous research has shown that students' attention spans begin to wane after about 10 minutes. As a result, at the end of the lecture, students remember about 65% of the information given in the first 10 minutes, and only 25% in the last 10 minutes. The main contribution of this paper is its innovative approach to the smart classroom environment and the multidisciplinary research project. Our work focuses on using observational and cognitive techniques to explore audiences and their behavior in cognitive environments. The information collected can provide insight into classroom performance levels by correlating sound and movement, presence and intensity. These smart environments can keep students engaged. It provides responses to lessons, useful for instructors to use Python skills to improve the quality of lessons and deliver reminders. A comprehensive review of the Smart Classroom project will highlight new ideas and research.

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Python, Classroom, pyaudio, Pyttesx3, Voice Recognition

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This research investigates the relationship between perceived stress and sleep quality among medical students, employing a correlational approach. A targeted sample of 100 medical students, aged 18 to 27, will be meticulously selected through stratified random sampling and snowball sampling method. The primary instruments for gauging perceived stress levels will be the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10), a widely recognized tool in stress assessment. Simultaneously, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) will be employed to measure the participants' sleep quality. These standardized instruments enhance the reliability and validity of the study's findings. By utilizing a correlational design, the study uncovered the complex relationship between perceived stress and sleep quality, offering insights that can contribute to the broader understanding of mental well-being among medical students. The chosen age range of 18 to 27 ensures a focused examination within a critical developmental period, where stress and sleep patterns may significantly impact overall health. The use of stratified random sampling and snowball sampling method further enhances the study's representativeness, considering potential variations in stress and sleep quality across different demographic factors. The analysis, employing Pearson product-moment correlations, demonstrated a statistically significant negative correlation (p<0.01) between perceived stress levels and sleep quality, clarifying on the intricate relationship between these variables among college students. This methodological choice strengthens the external validity of the findings, allowing for broader generalization. This study also delves into the intricate interplay between sleep quality (SQ) and perceived stress (PS), presenting a comprehensive model encapsulating their reciprocal relationship. Sleep quality is formulated as a function (f) of sleep duration, sleep efficiency, and sleep disturbances, while perceived stress is represented by a function (g) involving life events, daily hassles, and coping mechanisms. The study introduces a temporal aspect, acknowledging that SQ and PS change over time, influenced by external factors. In conclusion, this research adopts a robust methodology, incorporating ethical considerations, standardized assessment tools, and a carefully selected sample. By investigating the correlation between perceived stress and sleep quality among medical students, the study aspires to contribute valuable insights to both academic discourse and practical approaches to supporting the mental health of this specific demographic.

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Sleep Quality, Perceived Stress, Mental Well - Being, Gender Difference, sleep Disturbance, Mathematical Model.

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In today's world a lot of people are a bit confused about the field which they need to choose as their career, and even if some people are clear about their goals they don't have an actual path which they need to follow to become a professional in their field. There are several articles available on the internet which will provide you information regarding your career but it is very vast and the user interface is not much attractive and precise for the users. Along with that several new fields are emerging in the world around us about which people are not much aware and even the search engines don't have much information about it. Hence we are developing a "Career Roadmap Provider" which is a website that will provide our users a detailed roadmap regarding the particular field which they have searched for. The roadmap will include the field description, different available opportunities within that field, the companies that the user can apply for, required skills and other necessary information. This will clear the confusion that several users are having regarding their particular field by providing them a complete and precise Career Roadmap.

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Roadmap, career, guidance, fields, discover

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In order to present a thorough examination of the correlated effects of professional development programs and employee retention in corporate contexts, this research article explores the complex link between these two factors. This study looks into how much investing in professional development helps to increase retention rates because it is well acknowledged that motivated and talented workers are essential to an organization's success. The paper synthesizes insights from various sources to illustrate the effectiveness of professional development programs in developing employee loyalty and commitment through an in-depth analysis of existing research and empirical investigations. Using theoretical frameworks from organizational behavior and human resource management, the study investigates how professional development programs affect retention rates. The study examines secondary data using both quantitative and qualitative approaches in order to identify trends, patterns, and variables influencing the relationship between employee retention and professional growth. The article provides useful insights for HR practitioners and organizational executives who want to maximize their people management strategies by looking at real-world examples and real-life scenarios. The research's conclusions deepen our understanding of how professional development affects employee retention and offer insightful advice for creating and executing successful development initiatives that not only build participants' skills and abilities but also create a positive, stimulating work environment that encourages long-term engagement and employee retention.

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Professional Development, Employee Retention, Comprehensive Analysis, Programs, HR Practitioner, Participants skills and abilities, Work Environment etc.

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Abstract In recent years, the demand to decriminalise same-sex relations has met with some significant success across the world. In the past 20 years, over 30 countries have decriminalised homosexuality. While the Indian and Botswanan courts declared that same-sex relations are no longer criminal, the High Court of Kenya repelled a similar challenge. In this comment, I will focus on decriminalisation and its interaction with anti-discrimination law. I will examine two obstacles faced by the petitioners in all three cases towards an anti-discrimination argument. The first is that sexual orientation is not a protected ground. The second is that the criminal law provisions are facially neutral and not discriminatory (even if sexual orientation was a protected ground). I discuss how these arguments were responded to by the courts and argue that the Kenyan court's approach was incorrect. 1. Introduction In recent years, the demand to decriminalise same-sex relations has met with some significant success across the world. It is reported that in the past 20 years, over 30 countries have decriminalised homosexuality. Courts have stepped in to strike down laws criminalising homosexuality as unconstitutional. In this note, I will look at the judicial developments in three comparable jurisdictions of Botswana, India and Kenya. In 2016, Letsweletse Motshidiemang, a gay person approached the High Court of Botswana challenging the provisions criminalising same-sex relations. In this case, the LEGABIBO (Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals of Botswana) was admitted as an amicus curiae at the court. The Court in 2003 in Kanane v. the State had upheld the constitutionality of these provisions, by holding that "... the time has not yet arrived to decriminalise homosexual practices even between consenting adult males in private." The Indian Supreme Court in 2013 had repelled the challenge against the penal provision criminalising 'unnatural offences.'4 However, in 2016, another writ petition was filed by a different set of petitioners challenging the constitutionality of the law. In Kenya, the challenge was made by the National Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. The penal provisions of all three countries are similarly worded and share their colonial origin and history. As noted by the Botswana court, "S377 of the Indian Penal Code was copied in a large number of British territories, including Botswana." Even though the United Kingdom decriminalised same-sex relations in 1967, several colonial countries retained their Penal Codes enacted decades ago. Studies have shown that "former British colonies are much more likely to have laws that criminalize homosexual conduct than other former colonies or other states in general." 1 'Are LGBT rights human rights? Recent developments at the United Nations' Juneau Gary and Neal S. Rubin, American Psychological Association, June 2012. 2 Throughout the analysis, I use the term 'gay' to mean male or female persons attracted to the same sex. 3 Suresh Kumar Koushal & Anr. v. Naz Foundation & Others, (2014) 1 SCC 1. In June 2019, the High Court of Botswana held sections 164 and 165 of its Penal Code to be unconstitutional and violative of fundamental rights. In September 2018, the Indian Supreme Court declared that same-sex relations are no longer criminal. In Navtej Singh Johar, the court held Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code to be unconstitutional to the extent to which it criminalises consensual sexual intercourse between same-sex persons. The High Court of Kenya however, dismissed a similar challenge, holding that sections 162(a), 162(c) and 165 of its Penal Code do not suffer from unconstitutionality. All three judgments are worth studying, in the context of the rights to equality, privacy and personal autonomy. In this comment, I will focus on the decriminalisation of homosexuality and its interaction with anti-discrimination law. The petitioners had two obstacles an equality argument. The first is that sexual orientation is not a constitutionally protected ground. The second is that the criminal law provisions under challenge (collectively 'the penal provisions') are in some sense, facially neutral and hence not discriminatory even if sexual orientation was a protected ground. By discussing how these arguments were responded to by the courts, I argue that the Kenyan court's approach was incorrect. The relevant parts of s. 162 read as follows: "Unnatural offences Any person who: a) Has carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature; or ...c) Permits a male person to have carnal knowledge of him or her against the order of nature, is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for fourteen years. Provided that, in the case of an offence under paragraph (a), the offender shall be liable to imprisonment for twenty-one years if-- i. the offence was committed without the consent of the person who was carnally known; or ii. the offence was committed with that person's consent but the consent was obtained by force or by means of threats or intimidation of some kind, or by fear of bodily harm, or by means of false representations as to the nature of the act." S. 165 reads: "Any male person who, whether in public or private, commits any act of gross indecency with another male person, or procures another male person to commit any act of gross indecency with him, or attempts to procure the commission of any such act by any male person with himself or with another male person, whether in public or private, is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for five years." 10 Eric Gitari v. Attorney General, 24 May 2019. Available at: http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/173946/. Last Accessed: 12 October 2020. (hereinafter 'Gitari') 2. Sex and sexual orientation The first problem which the petitioners faced in all three cases is one based on the text of the constitution. It is centred around how the constitutional provision on anti-discrimination is formulated. As familiar to us, our Constitution has a list of grounds under Article 15 on which discrimination is prohibited. The Constitution of Botswana guarantees the right of non- discrimination through Section 15. It was argued that the discrimination provisions of both constitutions have a 'closed' list of grounds. Now, if the constitutions had explicit reference to sexual orientation, this problem would be moot. But none of the three constitutions had 'sexual orientation' written into them. The Kenyan constitution notably did not have a 'closed' list and provided for an inclusive definition holding that the state shall not discriminate on grounds including race, sex, marital status etc, revealing a broader approach to anti-discrimination. Even then, in the court, the argument that the court should rely on a South African precedent was resisted saying that the South African Constitution mentions sexual orientation, while the Kenyan one does not. There are two ways of making the argument that discrimination based on sexual orientation is constitutionally prohibited. I will call them reductionist and non-reductionist. A reductionist argument is one where one argues that sex includes sexual orientation. Non- reductionism would mean asserting that sexual orientation is analogous to sex, and therefore deserves protection. (a) Sex Includes orientation: This argument says that sex includes sexual orientation, either by arguing that sexual orientation discrimination is a type of sex discrimination or by resorting to an interpretation of the word based on the contemporary meaning and social context. "15. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them." 15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc. The US Supreme Court in Bostock resorted to the former method. The court held that: "it is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex. Consider, for example, an employer with two employees, both of whom are attracted to men. The two individuals are, to the employer's mind, materially identical in all respects, except that one is a man and the other a woman. If the employer fires the male employee for no reason other than the fact he is attracted to men, the employer discriminates against him for traits or actions it tolerates in his female colleague." To put it simply, when one discriminates based on sexual orientation, she is discriminating based on sex. The Botswana Court takes the latter view. The court was open to generously interpreting the word 'sex'. To strengthen this argument, the court referred to employment legislation that mentioned sexual orientation and gender. The court seemed to have appealed to the sentiment that 'sex' in the contemporary social context, takes in sexual orientation. The Indian court, although engaged a somewhat similar view, went farther and expressly adopted an argument based on analogous grounds. (b) Orientation analogous to sex: The second approach is one of analogous grounds. Grounds that are analogous or comparable to the existing ones of grounds under the anti- discrimination law can be said to be covered. As we can imagine, this can have radical ramifications by bringing new grounds under the ambit of the law which was never mentioned. Are constitutions containing exhaustive protected grounds to be read as limiting protection on only those grounds? (Loosely the 'narrow reading'). It could follow from a narrow reading that since political belief is not mentioned in Article 15(1) of our constitution, the provision cannot be interpreted to protect discrimination based on political belief. Or can constitutions, containing an enumerated list of grounds be read to include something more than the plain linguistic text? (Loosely the 'broad reading). The objection against a broad reading is this: the constitution is meant to be read as its original text. The argument is that certain protected grounds are specified in the text precisely because the protection is limited to those groups and grounds such as sex, race or religion. If we extend it to other groups, the provision will eventually be redundant, having no salience attached to it. Only constitutional amendments can add anything to these provisions if one has to even slightly deviate from the linguistic text. But this raises the question of why certain groups are protected in the first place. Why does the constitution extend protection to few groups and not to others? If a particular trait is sufficient to allow constitutional protection, why aren't left-handers a protected group? Or people with green eyes or red hair? What distinguishes them from those belonging to a particular religion or race? Perhaps, we must look at the nature and scope of the grounds which already stand protected. This is the principle behind analogous grounds. As soon as we identify whether there are unifying features for the provisions which tie them together, we can find analogous grounds of protection. The Indian court was impressed with this argument. It went on to determine what these unifying features are. One of such principles is historic and social discrimination. Certain grounds are afforded recognition because they are the most visible and prevalent forms of discrimination. Sex discrimination, for instance, is a universally acknowledged ground of discrimination as evidenced by most constitutions. The historical exclusion of 'lower' castes in India led to Article 15 prohibiting caste-based discrimination, while it is absent in other constitutions where caste does not pervade society. This account helps the case of the petitioners since historic (often through non-recognition) and social discrimination of gay persons could be demonstrated. The historical, social and political discrimination suffered by gay persons was acknowledged by the court. In this context, it also becomes clearer why red-haired people are not afforded protection analogous to gay persons and what makes the distinction morally relevant. Another answer is based on immutable status and fundamental choice. A trait that is a matter of personal autonomy deserves to be protected because liberal constitutions must not allow discrimination based on personal choice. Immutability is understood as status over which you have no control over, which is impossible or very burdensome to alter. The Indian court had no hesitation to hold these two features unify the constitutional provision of anti-discrimination and that sexual orientation is both a matter of choice and status. The so-called 'closed list' of grounds in the constitution, the court said nevertheless had an underlying commonality. The court accepted that "homosexuality and bisexuality are natural variants of human sexuality. LGBT persons have little or no choice over their sexual orientation. "Race, caste, sex, and place of birth are aspects over which a person has no control, ergo they are immutable. Since sexual orientation is immutable, it deserves to be protected. Therefore, despite an arguably 'closed' list of groups, the Indian and Botswanan courts acknowledged the interpretive potential of their constitutions. In the Kenyan court, the arguments of the petitioners extended across these aspects of historic and social discrimination, fundamental choice and immutability. Sexual orientation must be treated as a protected ground. The special nature of the Kenyan anti-discrimination provision which is explicitly 'inclusive' easily facilitated this argument. However, the court did not accept the claims persuading it to read 'sexual orientation' as a protected ground under the Constitution. Instead, it relied on the Constitution itself to reject them. Para 131. Gitari (Supra Note 14). "Counsel argued that the Respondent having acknowledged that the Constitution protects everyone from discrimination based on among others sexual orientation, they cannot turn around and argue that Article 27 of the Constitution is exhaustive on prohibited grounds of discrimination. Further, that Article 27(4) uses the word "including" which is defined in Article 259(4) to mean, "Includes, but is not limited to Article 27- Indian Constitution protects everyone from discrimination based on among others sexual orientation, they cannot turn around and argue that Article 27 of the Constitution is exhaustive on prohibited grounds of discrimination. Further, that Article 27(4) uses the word "including" which is defined in Article 259(4) to mean, "Includes, but is not limited to." Peculiarly, Article 45(2) of the Kenyan Constitution recognises the right of adults to marry persons of the opposite sex. The court said: "decriminalizing same-sex on grounds that it is consensual and is done in private between adults, would contradict the express provisions of Article 45 (2)." The reliance on comparative judgments was rejected by sole reference to this provision, noting other constitutions did not have an equivalent provision. But this reasoning is flawed. Even if the court's argument that the constitution only recognises marriage between the members of the opposite sex was correct, the court was concerned not with recognition of same-sex marriages, but decriminalisation of homosexuality. These issues are distinct. Further, the court said that "if allowed, it will lead to same-sex persons living together as couples. Such relationships, whether in private or not, formal or not would violate the tenor and spirit of the Constitution." According to the court, in a case where the validity of the same-sex marriage was not in question, same-sex relationships in themselves would violate the spirit of the constitution. But this is a non- sequitur. Merely because the constitution recognises 'X, it does not follow that it prohibits 'Y.' In this context, non-recognition of the right of marriage of homosexual persons has no impact on their right to engage in consensual sex. Non-recognition also does not imply prohibition. By conflating decriminalisation and recognition, the court erred in rejecting the arguments of the petitioners. 3. Form or Effect? The second problem faced by the petitioners was grounded in the distinction between discrimination based on the form of the effect of the law. The former is generally referred to as direct discrimination. An employer who advertises a job and adds 'women need not apply' discriminates against women by disallowing them to apply. Under indirect discrimination, on the other hand, we look at the discriminatory impact of a facially neutral law. A law that refuses to hire persons wearing a headscarf might be indirectly discriminating against Muslim women. The penal provisions presented this issue: they did not specifically refer to gay persons. It did not address them in plain text. This is to say that by their nature, they were facially neutral provisions criminalising, broadly, 'carnal intercourse against the order of nature. irrespective of the sexual orientation of the persons engaging in it. Both Kenyan and Indian laws used words like 'any person' and 'whoever' and avoid referring to gay persons. On this strength of this, the state argued that there is no direct discrimination while supporting the constitutional validity of the penal provisions. In the Kenyan case, the respondent argued that they "only apply to homosexuals but also heterosexuals hence they are not discriminatory." 4. Conclusion The Gitari case presented a momentous opportunity for the Kenyan court to correctly determine the scope of the constitutional prohibition on discrimination. The court had the benefits of a constitution which both recognised 'inclusive' grounds of protection and indirect discrimination. An earlier judgment by the Court of Appeal which expressly held that sexual orientation stands covered under the constitutional guarantee of non-discrimination were also invoked by the petitioners. I have argued that by holding that sexual orientation discrimination is not constitutionally prohibited, the Kenyan court made a mistake. One can only hope that the court will correct itself like our Supreme Court remedied the error of Koushal. Gitari v. Non-Governmental Organisations Co-ordination Board, Petition No. 440 of 2013. Available at: https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/gitari-v-non-governmental-organisations-co-ordination- board/. Last Accessed: 12 October 2020.

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homosexuality , decriminalise same-sex relations

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Occupational Stress, Burnout and psychological wellbeing are the factors found among working individuals in the educational sector. In this paper, the authors tried to found out the possible reasons for the same and suggest ways and means to overcome burnout, occupational stress and psychological well being.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Occupational Stress, Burnout ,psychological wellbeing

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

izLrkouk&[kq'kh thou dk ,d rjhdk gS vkSj ;g ,slh pht ugh ftls gkfly djds vius ikl j[kk tk,A yksx viuk iwjk thou [kq'kh ds ihNs yxk nsrs gSA ysfdu mudks vlarq"Vrk Hkjk feyrk gS mUgksus ;g eku fy;k gS fd ;fn mUgsa vPNs dkWyst esa izos'k feyk ;k vxj os ,d vPNh ukSdjh gkfly djus esa dke;kc gq,A ;fn mUgs le>nkj thou lkFkh feyk rks gh os [kq'k gksxsA tcfd ;g lc vPNh ftanxh cukus esa enn djrs gS tks [kq'kh ikus ds fy, t:jh gSaA ysfdu ;s vdsys lq[k ugha yk ldrs A [kq'kh ,slh pht gS ftls Hkhrj ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS ckgj ls ughaA

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The supreme danger to the life of humans is the microorganisms that are resistant to conventional drugs and cause several life-threatening diseases. Out of them, some are more terrifying as they are resistant to modern antibiotics and cause more complications than normal bacteria and other microorganisms. The resistance among various microbial species (infectious agents) to different antimicrobial drugs has emerged as a cause of public health threats all over the world at a terrifying rate. Due to the pacing advent of new resistance mechanisms and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it fails in microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Almost all the capable infecting agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) have employed high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) with enhanced morbidity and mortality; thus, they are referred to as superbugs. although the development of MDR is a natural phenomenon, the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food handling, and poor infection prevention, and control practices contribute to the emergence of and encourage the further spread of MDR. Considering the significance of MDR, so to counter the problem we decided to find a solution for this threat and a study should be made to find a proper drug for combating the multidrug-resistant Bacteria.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Multidrug-resistant, Antibiotics, Herbal drugs, Essential oil

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The way that digital education is advancing education has become more and more important in forming the modern learning environment. Digital technologies present transformative opportunities to improve teaching and learning approaches as traditional educational paradigms change. Geographical barriers are broken down by digital education, giving students access to a wide variety of educational opportunities and materials wherever they may be. Because of the flexibility that online platforms provide, students can develop at their own speed and accommodate a variety of learning styles. Digital tools also make it possible to create interesting and interactive information, which promotes a dynamic learning environment that is tailored to each student's needs. By customizing curriculum to each student's unique strengths and limitations, adaptive learning systems are made possible by the integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics into digital education. This individualized method encourages self-directed learning while also improving understanding. In addition, cooperative virtual learning environments promote worldwide interconnectedness, cultivating a feeling of community between students and teachers. This abstract examines the various ways that digital education is influencing the development of education, with a focus on how it might improve accessibility, flexibility, and individualized learning.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Digital Education, Technology, Artificial intelligence, Learning Systems

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

According to World Health Organization, protein energy malnutrition(PEM) refers to "an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function". It is a major public health problem in India. It affects particularly the pre-school children (<6 years) with its dire consequences ranging from physical to cognitive growth and susceptibility to infection. This affects the child at the most crucial period of time of development which can lead to permanent impairment in later life.The objectives of the study is to assess Pre-Test level of awareness of Protein Energy Malnutrition in mothers of under-five children as calculated by a standardized interview plan. To assess the Effectiveness of the Planned Teaching Programme on Protein-Energy Malnutrition awareness among mothers of children under the age of five in terms of benefit in mean Post-Test knowledge ranking. To find out the association between the Pre-Test knowledge score of Mothers with Selected Demographic Variables. Methodology:- Pri experimental one group pre test and post test design was used in this study the study was conducted rural areas of Bikaner Rajasthan. Total 60 Sample were chosen by convienient sample technique. A planned knowledge questionnaire used to evaluate the knowledge regarding among mother under five years children. Data was analysed by descriptive and inferential stastistics. Result the over all pre test and post test means are 10.46 and 24.15 with SD of 4.12 & 3.81 respectively and t value 27.093 which was highly significant at P<0.05 level. Conclusion the study was conducted that there was a significant a knowledge after the intervention the planned teaching programme.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Knowledge, Effectiveness, Planned Teaching Programme,PEM.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition