Volume 12 | Issue 2

 Abstract

Abstract In recent years, the demand to decriminalise same-sex relations has met with some significant success across the world. In the past 20 years, over 30 countries have decriminalised homosexuality. While the Indian and Botswanan courts declared that same-sex relations are no longer criminal, the High Court of Kenya repelled a similar challenge. In this comment, I will focus on decriminalisation and its interaction with anti-discrimination law. I will examine two obstacles faced by the petitioners in all three cases towards an anti-discrimination argument. The first is that sexual orientation is not a protected ground. The second is that the criminal law provisions are facially neutral and not discriminatory (even if sexual orientation was a protected ground). I discuss how these arguments were responded to by the courts and argue that the Kenyan court's approach was incorrect. 1. Introduction In recent years, the demand to decriminalise same-sex relations has met with some significant success across the world. It is reported that in the past 20 years, over 30 countries have decriminalised homosexuality. Courts have stepped in to strike down laws criminalising homosexuality as unconstitutional. In this note, I will look at the judicial developments in three comparable jurisdictions of Botswana, India and Kenya. In 2016, Letsweletse Motshidiemang, a gay person approached the High Court of Botswana challenging the provisions criminalising same-sex relations. In this case, the LEGABIBO (Lesbians, Gays and Bisexuals of Botswana) was admitted as an amicus curiae at the court. The Court in 2003 in Kanane v. the State had upheld the constitutionality of these provisions, by holding that "... the time has not yet arrived to decriminalise homosexual practices even between consenting adult males in private." The Indian Supreme Court in 2013 had repelled the challenge against the penal provision criminalising 'unnatural offences.'4 However, in 2016, another writ petition was filed by a different set of petitioners challenging the constitutionality of the law. In Kenya, the challenge was made by the National Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. The penal provisions of all three countries are similarly worded and share their colonial origin and history. As noted by the Botswana court, "S377 of the Indian Penal Code was copied in a large number of British territories, including Botswana." Even though the United Kingdom decriminalised same-sex relations in 1967, several colonial countries retained their Penal Codes enacted decades ago. Studies have shown that "former British colonies are much more likely to have laws that criminalize homosexual conduct than other former colonies or other states in general." 1 'Are LGBT rights human rights? Recent developments at the United Nations' Juneau Gary and Neal S. Rubin, American Psychological Association, June 2012. 2 Throughout the analysis, I use the term 'gay' to mean male or female persons attracted to the same sex. 3 Suresh Kumar Koushal & Anr. v. Naz Foundation & Others, (2014) 1 SCC 1. In June 2019, the High Court of Botswana held sections 164 and 165 of its Penal Code to be unconstitutional and violative of fundamental rights. In September 2018, the Indian Supreme Court declared that same-sex relations are no longer criminal. In Navtej Singh Johar, the court held Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code to be unconstitutional to the extent to which it criminalises consensual sexual intercourse between same-sex persons. The High Court of Kenya however, dismissed a similar challenge, holding that sections 162(a), 162(c) and 165 of its Penal Code do not suffer from unconstitutionality. All three judgments are worth studying, in the context of the rights to equality, privacy and personal autonomy. In this comment, I will focus on the decriminalisation of homosexuality and its interaction with anti-discrimination law. The petitioners had two obstacles an equality argument. The first is that sexual orientation is not a constitutionally protected ground. The second is that the criminal law provisions under challenge (collectively 'the penal provisions') are in some sense, facially neutral and hence not discriminatory even if sexual orientation was a protected ground. By discussing how these arguments were responded to by the courts, I argue that the Kenyan court's approach was incorrect. The relevant parts of s. 162 read as follows: "Unnatural offences Any person who: a) Has carnal knowledge of any person against the order of nature; or ...c) Permits a male person to have carnal knowledge of him or her against the order of nature, is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for fourteen years. Provided that, in the case of an offence under paragraph (a), the offender shall be liable to imprisonment for twenty-one years if-- i. the offence was committed without the consent of the person who was carnally known; or ii. the offence was committed with that person's consent but the consent was obtained by force or by means of threats or intimidation of some kind, or by fear of bodily harm, or by means of false representations as to the nature of the act." S. 165 reads: "Any male person who, whether in public or private, commits any act of gross indecency with another male person, or procures another male person to commit any act of gross indecency with him, or attempts to procure the commission of any such act by any male person with himself or with another male person, whether in public or private, is guilty of a felony and is liable to imprisonment for five years." 10 Eric Gitari v. Attorney General, 24 May 2019. Available at: http://kenyalaw.org/caselaw/cases/view/173946/. Last Accessed: 12 October 2020. (hereinafter 'Gitari') 2. Sex and sexual orientation The first problem which the petitioners faced in all three cases is one based on the text of the constitution. It is centred around how the constitutional provision on anti-discrimination is formulated. As familiar to us, our Constitution has a list of grounds under Article 15 on which discrimination is prohibited. The Constitution of Botswana guarantees the right of non- discrimination through Section 15. It was argued that the discrimination provisions of both constitutions have a 'closed' list of grounds. Now, if the constitutions had explicit reference to sexual orientation, this problem would be moot. But none of the three constitutions had 'sexual orientation' written into them. The Kenyan constitution notably did not have a 'closed' list and provided for an inclusive definition holding that the state shall not discriminate on grounds including race, sex, marital status etc, revealing a broader approach to anti-discrimination. Even then, in the court, the argument that the court should rely on a South African precedent was resisted saying that the South African Constitution mentions sexual orientation, while the Kenyan one does not. There are two ways of making the argument that discrimination based on sexual orientation is constitutionally prohibited. I will call them reductionist and non-reductionist. A reductionist argument is one where one argues that sex includes sexual orientation. Non- reductionism would mean asserting that sexual orientation is analogous to sex, and therefore deserves protection. (a) Sex Includes orientation: This argument says that sex includes sexual orientation, either by arguing that sexual orientation discrimination is a type of sex discrimination or by resorting to an interpretation of the word based on the contemporary meaning and social context. "15. (1) The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex, place of birth or any of them." 15. Protection from discrimination on the grounds of race, etc. The US Supreme Court in Bostock resorted to the former method. The court held that: "it is impossible to discriminate against a person for being homosexual or transgender without discriminating against that individual based on sex. Consider, for example, an employer with two employees, both of whom are attracted to men. The two individuals are, to the employer's mind, materially identical in all respects, except that one is a man and the other a woman. If the employer fires the male employee for no reason other than the fact he is attracted to men, the employer discriminates against him for traits or actions it tolerates in his female colleague." To put it simply, when one discriminates based on sexual orientation, she is discriminating based on sex. The Botswana Court takes the latter view. The court was open to generously interpreting the word 'sex'. To strengthen this argument, the court referred to employment legislation that mentioned sexual orientation and gender. The court seemed to have appealed to the sentiment that 'sex' in the contemporary social context, takes in sexual orientation. The Indian court, although engaged a somewhat similar view, went farther and expressly adopted an argument based on analogous grounds. (b) Orientation analogous to sex: The second approach is one of analogous grounds. Grounds that are analogous or comparable to the existing ones of grounds under the anti- discrimination law can be said to be covered. As we can imagine, this can have radical ramifications by bringing new grounds under the ambit of the law which was never mentioned. Are constitutions containing exhaustive protected grounds to be read as limiting protection on only those grounds? (Loosely the 'narrow reading'). It could follow from a narrow reading that since political belief is not mentioned in Article 15(1) of our constitution, the provision cannot be interpreted to protect discrimination based on political belief. Or can constitutions, containing an enumerated list of grounds be read to include something more than the plain linguistic text? (Loosely the 'broad reading). The objection against a broad reading is this: the constitution is meant to be read as its original text. The argument is that certain protected grounds are specified in the text precisely because the protection is limited to those groups and grounds such as sex, race or religion. If we extend it to other groups, the provision will eventually be redundant, having no salience attached to it. Only constitutional amendments can add anything to these provisions if one has to even slightly deviate from the linguistic text. But this raises the question of why certain groups are protected in the first place. Why does the constitution extend protection to few groups and not to others? If a particular trait is sufficient to allow constitutional protection, why aren't left-handers a protected group? Or people with green eyes or red hair? What distinguishes them from those belonging to a particular religion or race? Perhaps, we must look at the nature and scope of the grounds which already stand protected. This is the principle behind analogous grounds. As soon as we identify whether there are unifying features for the provisions which tie them together, we can find analogous grounds of protection. The Indian court was impressed with this argument. It went on to determine what these unifying features are. One of such principles is historic and social discrimination. Certain grounds are afforded recognition because they are the most visible and prevalent forms of discrimination. Sex discrimination, for instance, is a universally acknowledged ground of discrimination as evidenced by most constitutions. The historical exclusion of 'lower' castes in India led to Article 15 prohibiting caste-based discrimination, while it is absent in other constitutions where caste does not pervade society. This account helps the case of the petitioners since historic (often through non-recognition) and social discrimination of gay persons could be demonstrated. The historical, social and political discrimination suffered by gay persons was acknowledged by the court. In this context, it also becomes clearer why red-haired people are not afforded protection analogous to gay persons and what makes the distinction morally relevant. Another answer is based on immutable status and fundamental choice. A trait that is a matter of personal autonomy deserves to be protected because liberal constitutions must not allow discrimination based on personal choice. Immutability is understood as status over which you have no control over, which is impossible or very burdensome to alter. The Indian court had no hesitation to hold these two features unify the constitutional provision of anti-discrimination and that sexual orientation is both a matter of choice and status. The so-called 'closed list' of grounds in the constitution, the court said nevertheless had an underlying commonality. The court accepted that "homosexuality and bisexuality are natural variants of human sexuality. LGBT persons have little or no choice over their sexual orientation. "Race, caste, sex, and place of birth are aspects over which a person has no control, ergo they are immutable. Since sexual orientation is immutable, it deserves to be protected. Therefore, despite an arguably 'closed' list of groups, the Indian and Botswanan courts acknowledged the interpretive potential of their constitutions. In the Kenyan court, the arguments of the petitioners extended across these aspects of historic and social discrimination, fundamental choice and immutability. Sexual orientation must be treated as a protected ground. The special nature of the Kenyan anti-discrimination provision which is explicitly 'inclusive' easily facilitated this argument. However, the court did not accept the claims persuading it to read 'sexual orientation' as a protected ground under the Constitution. Instead, it relied on the Constitution itself to reject them. Para 131. Gitari (Supra Note 14). "Counsel argued that the Respondent having acknowledged that the Constitution protects everyone from discrimination based on among others sexual orientation, they cannot turn around and argue that Article 27 of the Constitution is exhaustive on prohibited grounds of discrimination. Further, that Article 27(4) uses the word "including" which is defined in Article 259(4) to mean, "Includes, but is not limited to Article 27- Indian Constitution protects everyone from discrimination based on among others sexual orientation, they cannot turn around and argue that Article 27 of the Constitution is exhaustive on prohibited grounds of discrimination. Further, that Article 27(4) uses the word "including" which is defined in Article 259(4) to mean, "Includes, but is not limited to." Peculiarly, Article 45(2) of the Kenyan Constitution recognises the right of adults to marry persons of the opposite sex. The court said: "decriminalizing same-sex on grounds that it is consensual and is done in private between adults, would contradict the express provisions of Article 45 (2)." The reliance on comparative judgments was rejected by sole reference to this provision, noting other constitutions did not have an equivalent provision. But this reasoning is flawed. Even if the court's argument that the constitution only recognises marriage between the members of the opposite sex was correct, the court was concerned not with recognition of same-sex marriages, but decriminalisation of homosexuality. These issues are distinct. Further, the court said that "if allowed, it will lead to same-sex persons living together as couples. Such relationships, whether in private or not, formal or not would violate the tenor and spirit of the Constitution." According to the court, in a case where the validity of the same-sex marriage was not in question, same-sex relationships in themselves would violate the spirit of the constitution. But this is a non- sequitur. Merely because the constitution recognises 'X, it does not follow that it prohibits 'Y.' In this context, non-recognition of the right of marriage of homosexual persons has no impact on their right to engage in consensual sex. Non-recognition also does not imply prohibition. By conflating decriminalisation and recognition, the court erred in rejecting the arguments of the petitioners. 3. Form or Effect? The second problem faced by the petitioners was grounded in the distinction between discrimination based on the form of the effect of the law. The former is generally referred to as direct discrimination. An employer who advertises a job and adds 'women need not apply' discriminates against women by disallowing them to apply. Under indirect discrimination, on the other hand, we look at the discriminatory impact of a facially neutral law. A law that refuses to hire persons wearing a headscarf might be indirectly discriminating against Muslim women. The penal provisions presented this issue: they did not specifically refer to gay persons. It did not address them in plain text. This is to say that by their nature, they were facially neutral provisions criminalising, broadly, 'carnal intercourse against the order of nature. irrespective of the sexual orientation of the persons engaging in it. Both Kenyan and Indian laws used words like 'any person' and 'whoever' and avoid referring to gay persons. On this strength of this, the state argued that there is no direct discrimination while supporting the constitutional validity of the penal provisions. In the Kenyan case, the respondent argued that they "only apply to homosexuals but also heterosexuals hence they are not discriminatory." 4. Conclusion The Gitari case presented a momentous opportunity for the Kenyan court to correctly determine the scope of the constitutional prohibition on discrimination. The court had the benefits of a constitution which both recognised 'inclusive' grounds of protection and indirect discrimination. An earlier judgment by the Court of Appeal which expressly held that sexual orientation stands covered under the constitutional guarantee of non-discrimination were also invoked by the petitioners. I have argued that by holding that sexual orientation discrimination is not constitutionally prohibited, the Kenyan court made a mistake. One can only hope that the court will correct itself like our Supreme Court remedied the error of Koushal. Gitari v. Non-Governmental Organisations Co-ordination Board, Petition No. 440 of 2013. Available at: https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/gitari-v-non-governmental-organisations-co-ordination- board/. Last Accessed: 12 October 2020.

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homosexuality , decriminalise same-sex relations

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Occupational Stress, Burnout and psychological wellbeing are the factors found among working individuals in the educational sector. In this paper, the authors tried to found out the possible reasons for the same and suggest ways and means to overcome burnout, occupational stress and psychological well being.

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Occupational Stress, Burnout ,psychological wellbeing

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izLrkouk&[kq'kh thou dk ,d rjhdk gS vkSj ;g ,slh pht ugh ftls gkfly djds vius ikl j[kk tk,A yksx viuk iwjk thou [kq'kh ds ihNs yxk nsrs gSA ysfdu mudks vlarq"Vrk Hkjk feyrk gS mUgksus ;g eku fy;k gS fd ;fn mUgsa vPNs dkWyst esa izos'k feyk ;k vxj os ,d vPNh ukSdjh gkfly djus esa dke;kc gq,A ;fn mUgs le>nkj thou lkFkh feyk rks gh os [kq'k gksxsA tcfd ;g lc vPNh ftanxh cukus esa enn djrs gS tks [kq'kh ikus ds fy, t:jh gSaA ysfdu ;s vdsys lq[k ugha yk ldrs A [kq'kh ,slh pht gS ftls Hkhrj ls eglwl fd;k tk ldrk gS ckgj ls ughaA

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The supreme danger to the life of humans is the microorganisms that are resistant to conventional drugs and cause several life-threatening diseases. Out of them, some are more terrifying as they are resistant to modern antibiotics and cause more complications than normal bacteria and other microorganisms. The resistance among various microbial species (infectious agents) to different antimicrobial drugs has emerged as a cause of public health threats all over the world at a terrifying rate. Due to the pacing advent of new resistance mechanisms and decrease in efficiency of treating common infectious diseases, it fails in microbial response to standard treatment, leading to prolonged illness, higher expenditures for health care, and an immense risk of death. Almost all the capable infecting agents (e.g., bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites) have employed high levels of multidrug resistance (MDR) with enhanced morbidity and mortality; thus, they are referred to as superbugs. although the development of MDR is a natural phenomenon, the inappropriate use of antimicrobial drugs, inadequate sanitary conditions, inappropriate food handling, and poor infection prevention, and control practices contribute to the emergence of and encourage the further spread of MDR. Considering the significance of MDR, so to counter the problem we decided to find a solution for this threat and a study should be made to find a proper drug for combating the multidrug-resistant Bacteria.

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Multidrug-resistant, Antibiotics, Herbal drugs, Essential oil

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The way that digital education is advancing education has become more and more important in forming the modern learning environment. Digital technologies present transformative opportunities to improve teaching and learning approaches as traditional educational paradigms change. Geographical barriers are broken down by digital education, giving students access to a wide variety of educational opportunities and materials wherever they may be. Because of the flexibility that online platforms provide, students can develop at their own speed and accommodate a variety of learning styles. Digital tools also make it possible to create interesting and interactive information, which promotes a dynamic learning environment that is tailored to each student's needs. By customizing curriculum to each student's unique strengths and limitations, adaptive learning systems are made possible by the integration of artificial intelligence and data analytics into digital education. This individualized method encourages self-directed learning while also improving understanding. In addition, cooperative virtual learning environments promote worldwide interconnectedness, cultivating a feeling of community between students and teachers. This abstract examines the various ways that digital education is influencing the development of education, with a focus on how it might improve accessibility, flexibility, and individualized learning.

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Digital Education, Technology, Artificial intelligence, Learning Systems

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According to World Health Organization, protein energy malnutrition(PEM) refers to "an imbalance between the supply of protein and energy and the body's demand for them to ensure optimal growth and function". It is a major public health problem in India. It affects particularly the pre-school children (<6 years) with its dire consequences ranging from physical to cognitive growth and susceptibility to infection. This affects the child at the most crucial period of time of development which can lead to permanent impairment in later life.The objectives of the study is to assess Pre-Test level of awareness of Protein Energy Malnutrition in mothers of under-five children as calculated by a standardized interview plan. To assess the Effectiveness of the Planned Teaching Programme on Protein-Energy Malnutrition awareness among mothers of children under the age of five in terms of benefit in mean Post-Test knowledge ranking. To find out the association between the Pre-Test knowledge score of Mothers with Selected Demographic Variables. Methodology:- Pri experimental one group pre test and post test design was used in this study the study was conducted rural areas of Bikaner Rajasthan. Total 60 Sample were chosen by convienient sample technique. A planned knowledge questionnaire used to evaluate the knowledge regarding among mother under five years children. Data was analysed by descriptive and inferential stastistics. Result the over all pre test and post test means are 10.46 and 24.15 with SD of 4.12 & 3.81 respectively and t value 27.093 which was highly significant at P<0.05 level. Conclusion the study was conducted that there was a significant a knowledge after the intervention the planned teaching programme.

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Knowledge, Effectiveness, Planned Teaching Programme,PEM.

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This article discusses the evolving narratives and shifting perspectives in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice with the dawn of transmedia storytelling. Its principal focus is to outline in all its contours the novel's Romantic Classicism and first, second, and third-wave and postcolonial Feminist readings, which made their way to digital popular culture in cinematic adaptations and modern retellings. An elaboration of the question of evolving narratives forces us unavoidably to confront issues of intersectionality arising from these digital adaptations. The amalgamation of media with marketing and entertainment strategies has developed recently, enabling the predigital barriers to break into young audience captivation. However, postmodern transmedia storytelling has been cluttered with 'semantic chaos' (Scolari 2009). Popular adaptations like "Bridget Jones's Diary" (2001), "Bride and Prejudice" (2004), "Lost in Austen" (2008 TV Series), "Death Comes to Pemberley" (2013 Drama), and "Pride and Prejudice and Zombies" (2016) are thoroughly analysed in the paper. This constellation of issues will be explored through reader-response theory, adaptation studies, queer theory, and intersectionality. The influence of digital media on evolving narratives is essential to assist in uncovering and understanding the changing landscape of popular culture. Shifting perspectives contribute to the ongoing vitality of this classic work, ensuring its relevance or continuity in future generations. However, more importantly, it pays close attention to inclusivity, discussing aspects the classical text might not have encountered. The absence or presence of complex socio-political commentary in the digital space, which is prevalent in the classical text, can be subjected to interpretation and debate.

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Pride and Prejudice, Jane Austen, Transmedia Storytelling, Evolving Narratives

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For enhancement of solubility and dissolution rate of poorly soluble drugs, abundant commercially viable methods are available such as liquisolid, in which a drug in solution state or dissolved drug is adsorbed over insoluble carriers. Therefore, to progress the bioavailability of poorly water-soluble compounds like biopharmaceutical classification system class II and class IV drugs, polymer matrices of various origins can be used. A series of dosage forms known as "solid dispersions" are used to refer to a method of dispersing a medication in a physiologically inert matrix, typically in order to improve oral bioavailability. In this process, there are many techniques that which perform on solid dispersion. Various methods such as grinding, co-precipitation, lyophilization, and spray drying are available to prepare solid dispersion in which the drugs are present in the amorphous state.

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Solubility enhancement, BCS classification, oral bioavailability, poorly water-soluble drugs, amorphous solid dispersions.

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Background: Back pain is very commonly seen in all age groups. Its often more common in younger age group because of irregular postural habits, prolonged sitting in a improper way in front of screens and sometimes associated with physical inactivity. Mechanical low back pain are disabling musculoskeletal condition which is commonly reported to interfere in the patients daily activities. A recent study shows that the prevalence of MLBP Is nearly 19.5% in younger age group. Objective: The aim of the study to find out the prevalence of mechanical low back pain in age group of 18 - 30 yrs. Study Design: Observational Study/ Systematic Review. Method: A structured Literature search was done using various electronic and print data base. Source of Data collected are PubMed central, Google Scholar, Systematic review on neck pain, APTA, PeDRO. Result: Total 60 studies were shortlisted, among which 11 of them with proper methodology were reviewed and reported. Studies include both survey, cross sectional. Studies also shows greater incidence. Discussion: The most common condition that contribute to mechanical low back pain is prolonged sitting, improper posture, inactive life style, constant posture. Various work-related stress also responsible for mechanical low back pain in younger population. Conclusion: As the condition can become chronic and lead to many other complications. So timely interpretations and interventions along with good knowledge will be the key to deal with mechanical low back pain in younger population.

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Mechanical low back pain, prevalence, biopsychosocial approach

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The current study has been undertaken to assess knowledge score regarding Vaginal delivery among women by awareness package in Selected rural area, Udaipur. The research design used for study was pre- experimental in nature. The tool for study was self-structured knowledge questionnaire which consists of 2 parts-PART- I consisted questions related to Socio-demographic data; PART-II consisted of self -structured knowledge questionnaire to assess knowledge score regarding Vaginal delivery among women. The data was analyzed by using descriptive & inferential statistical methods. The most significant finding was that 20.5% of women were having average knowledge regarding Vaginal delivery whereas 79.5% had fair knowledge after post-test. It was suggested that nurses must educate women regarding Vaginal delivery

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Impact, awareness package, knowledge & Vaginal delivery

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Objectives: To find the effectiveness of Forced Use Therapy on sensory disorders and hemi neglect on upper extremity in chronic stroke patients. Methods: 30 subjects were assigned following the inclusion and exclusion criteria and divided into 2 groups- experimental (Group A) and control group (Group B), each containing of 15 subjects. Before intervention, both the groups were tested for Sensory disorder (by Nottingham Sensory Assessment Scale), Hemi neglect (by Letter Cancellation Test), Arm function (by Action Research Arm Test). Patients in the experimental group performed Forced use therapy by immobilizing the healthy arm with a resting splint or a closed arm sling. Patients were encouraged to wear the splint at home during the 10 days of treatment, whereas the sling was only used during treatment hours. Patients in the control group were treated with Neuro-Developmental Therapy method. All activities were performed bilaterally and when necessary, the affected arm was supported with the unaffected hand. Both the groups were treated for 2 consecutive weeks, 5 days a week and 2 hours a day. After the treatment of 2 weeks, the patients were assessed again with the same outcome measures. Results: The baseline data of the demographic and outcome variables did not show any statistically significant difference between the patient population in the two groups. In the Group A, scores of all the outcome measures improved after the intervention which was statistically significant. Results did not show any statistically significant difference when we compared the difference between the results of group A and group B. Conclusions: So, this study result concluded that there is significant effect of Forced Use Therapy on sensory disorders and hemi neglect on arm functions in chronic stroke patients.

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: Stroke, Forced Use Therapy, Sensation, Unilateral, Hemi Neglect, Upper Extremity Address for correspondence: Preeti Yadav, Physiotherapist, Paras Hospital, Biratnagar, Nepal

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The Siddha system is a traditional medical system that provides preventive, curative and rejuvenating healthcare through scientific and holistic approach. Elathi mathirai is one among the medicines indicated for Neerizhivu (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus) in Siddha system, which is not yet standardized. The present study aims to establish the safety profile of Elathi mathirai (EM), a polyherbal Siddha formulation. Heavy metal analysis, pesticide residue and aflatoxin assay of the drug EM were assessed. Heavy metal analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS), pesticide residue content using GC/MS and TLC (Thin layer chromatography) estimated aflatoxin assay according to PLIM guidelines. Heavy metal analysis revealed the presence of heavy metals arsenic, cadmium and mercury under the below detection limit as per the guidelines. Pesticide residues of organochlorines, organocarbamates, pyrethroids and aflatoxins are absent in the drug EM. These results contribute to establishing the nature of the formulation's composition and its safety profile for therapeutic use.

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Keywords: Siddha system, Elathi mathirai, Aflatoxins, Heavy metal analysis, PLIM

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Education is the backbone of the social and economic development of the nation. Spread of literacy is generally associated with important traits of modern civilization such as modernization, urbanisation, industrialisation, communication and commerce. Education system helps us to obtain and develop logical thinking to make independent decisions. Education is the gateway to economic security and opportunity particularly for women in India and Assam as well. Women are part of socio-economic system and they up hold rich cultural and traditional values. Educated women not only tend to promote education of their girl children, but also can provide better guidance to all their children. Despite governmental programmes, India's literacy rate increased only 77 Percent. The literacy rate of women is much low compared to the male members which is a matter of concern in contemporary times.

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Education, Literacy rate, Assam, India, Women

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Industry 4.0 combines digital technologies, data-driven decision-making, and process automation to transform industry. This article discusses Industry 4.0 difficulties and forecasts Industry 5.0, where human-machine collaboration and sustainability are key. Industry 4.0 problems include data overload, cybersecurity, skill shortages, and integration. Privacy, regulatory compliance, and environmental consequences are major problems. To address these issues, education and training, strong cybersecurity, well-defined strategies, teamwork, and sustainability are essential. As we move from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0, lessons acquired will enable human-machine collaboration and sustainability to drive innovation and advancement. This study paper tackles Industry 4.0 and Industry 5.0 concerns.

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Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Industrial Revolution, Sustainability

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Chinua Achebe's magnum opus Things Fall Apart is renowned for its authentic account of African people and their Igbo culture. This acclaimed novel deals with strong patriarchal ideals of masculinity within the Igbo culture. The present study will focus on the varying interpretation of masculinity within the Igbo culture. The protagonist of the novel, Okonkwo, turns to be the major focus of study who tries to maintain all the traits of masculinity with his physical power, wealth, authority and violence. Masculine traits are glorified throughout the novel while the feminine traits are vilified as docile, foolish and weak in the novel. Thus, this paper depicts how masculinity varies throughout the novel in Umuofia and Igbo culture.

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Masculinity, Femininity, Igbo Culture, Tradition, Patriarchy.

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Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were clinically introduced more than 25 years ago and have since proven to be invaluable, safe, and effective agents for the management of a variety of acid-related disorders. Although all members in this class act in a similar fashion, inhibiting active parietal cell acid secretion, there are slight differences among PPIs relating to their pharmacokinetic properties, metabolism, and Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved clinical indications. Nevertheless, each is effective in managing gastroesophageal reflux disease and uncomplicated or complicated peptic ulcer disease. Despite their overall efficacy, PPIs do have some limitations related to their short plasma half-lives and requirement for meal-associated dosing, which can lead to breakthrough symptoms in some individuals, especially at night. Longer acting PPIs and technology to prolong conventional PPI activity have been developed to specifically address these limitations and may improve clinical outcomes.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Adverse effect, Allergic disease, Gastric acid, Gastroesophageal reflux, Ulcer.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Exploitation and mistreatment of children, which encompass non-physical harm but are equally detrimental, must be incorporated into the definition of child abuse. Burgess (1979:143) offers a broader perspective on child abuse, defining it as any child experiencing non-accidental physical and mental harm due to actions or negligence by parents, guardians, or employers.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Child Abuse

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This survey article seeks to present a thorough overview of IoT-based smart home systems by examining the technology, applications, and difficulties related to this developing industry. The study provides a thorough analysis of the literature that has already been published while emphasising significant developments and market trends in IoT-based smart home systems. It explores the underlying technologies that provide seamless connections and clever interactions in smart homes, including sensor networks, cloud computing, and data analytics. In addition, it discusses outstanding research questions and significant obstacles in the areas of privacy, security, interoperability, scalability, and user acceptability, illuminating possible future possibilities in smart homes. Technology for smart homes is quickly becoming an intriguing new paradigm. This article covers a wide range of topics, such as security, energy conservation, ventilation, and smart kitchens. Smart gadgets like remote controls, security alarms, sensors, etc. are used to carry out all of the aforementioned tasks. In this article, we outline the tools and technologies that may be included in smart home security and energy systems.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Smart Home, Internet of Things (IoT), Home Appliances, Wireless Sensors, Lifestyle Automation

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to identify the research gaps and fulfill the voids of the Eastcentral Rajmahal Highlands in Jharkhand, India. The research aims to understand what type of research work has actually been done previously about the geology, terrain, terrain classification, terrain evaluation, agriculture landuse, and landuse planning and try to develop research framework. The study area has not yet been assessed in terms of terrain capability and agricultural landuse purpose. The entire literature survey and review has been attempted on all the main parts of the topic. Many authors, experts and researchers are eager to explain the findings of their studies either at district, state or national level, no attempt has previously been made to go for terrain evaluation for agricultural landuse and planning of the study area.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Eastcentral, Terrain, Literature Survey, Review, Agricultural Landuse

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Basic life support is a type of medical care used on someone with a life-threatening injury or condition until full medical care can be given. Basic life support is provided in even respiratory failure. So, it is resuscitation in event of cardiac and respiratory arrest. An emergency responder or someone trained in BLS can provide this critical care. Basic life support consists of cardiopulmonary resuscitation and, when available, defibrillation using automated external defibrillators (AED). Basic Life Support training is gaining more importance in nursing education. The Basic Life Support is an essential skill taught to the nursing students. Conceptual model for the present study was based on general system theory by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy (1968). General system theory by Ludwig Von Bertalanffy (1968) says about human system, subsystem, input, thru put, and output in terms of feedback. Pre-experimental one group pre-test and post-test research design was utilized to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on knowledge regarding basic cardiac life support among B.Ed. students of Fatma B.Ed. College, Chandwe, Ranchi where subjects were selected by purposive sampling. Pilot study was conducted in the month of March 24-04-23 to 29-04-23 at Uday Memorial College. The reliability of the tool was calculated using Karl Pearson methods. The tool was found to be reliable (r=0.9) for data collection. The data was collected after taking formal approval from principal of Uday Memorial College. Purpose of the study was explained to the group and confidentiality was assured. Pre-test was given on day one to the group planned teaching programme administered. Post test was conducted on other day. The result of the study indicates that there is a significant difference between knowledge scores among B.Ed. students the "t" test value obtained from pretest knowledge score (mean 16.5, SD 5.07), and post-test knowledge score (mean 26.9 SD 7.28), "t" table value at degree of freedom 39 is 2.02 at 0.05 value, which is greater than t table value and which is highly significant (p<0.01). The study reveals in posttest knowledge score the calculated value of chi square for Chi-score for any family member belongs to medical profession (8.8) and previous knowledge (8.83) were significant. The findings have implications for nursing practice, nursing administration, nursing education and nursing research.The findings of the study suggests that both overall and area wise analysis B.Ed. students gained knowledge about basic cardiac life support.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Basic life support, knowledge, B.Ed. Student, effectiveness

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition