Volume 14 | Issue 2

 Abstract

In the present scenario, shopping in supermarkets and shopping malls has become a routine activity in everyday life. However, the traditional shopping system still follows a manual billing process which creates several difficulties for customers. Customers are required to select products, place them in a trolley, and finally wait in long queues at the billing counter for scanning, billing, and payment. This process is time consuming and causes inconvenience, especially during weekends and festival seasons. In addition, customers often find it difficult to keep track of their total expenditure while shopping, which may lead to budget mismanagement. To overcome these limitations, a Smart Shopping Trolley based on RFID technology is proposed. The main objective of this system is to automate the billing process and provide a smooth, efficient, and user-friendly shopping experience. When a customer places a product into the trolley, the RFID reader automatically scans the RFID tag without requiring line-of- sight. The scanned data is processed by the microcontroller, which retrieves the product details such as product name and price from its internal memory. These details are immediately displayed on the LCD screen mounted on the trolley. The final bill information, including product details and total cost, is stored in the microcontroller memory and wirelessly transmitted to the central billing system using ZigBee technology. This wireless data transfer eliminates the need for manual scanning at the billing counter and significantly reduces waiting time. As a result, customers can complete their shopping and payment process much faster compared to the conventional system. The proposed smart shopping trolley system not only reduces human effort and billing time but also improves accuracy and transparency in the shopping process. It helps customers manage their budget effectively and enhances overall customer satisfaction.

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 Keywords

RFID Technology, Smart Shopping Trolley, Automated Billing, Microcontroller, LCD Display, ZigBee Communication, Wireless Transmission, Retail Automation

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It is seen that Single Parenthood affects children on a variety of dimension for example, their psychosocial development, their self-esteem, stress, maladjustment in peer-relations etc. This study aims to measure the differences in children who come from broken homes as opposed to intact households on "attribution styles". A comparative cross-sectional design was used with 40 adolescents (20 from single-parent families and 20 from intact families), assessed using the Attribution Style Assessment Test and analyzed using matched-pairs t-tests. The results indicated negative attribution style on all 4 dimensions of globality, locus, control, stability.

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 Keywords

Keywords: Attribution style, single-parent children, Family structure,

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Distracted and drowsy driving has turned into a serious safety problem in the world, with serious injuries and deaths occurring as a result. The drivers have a tendency to indulge themselves in risky behaviours like using the mobile phone, yawning, eating, drinking or checking other things besides the road hence, putting themselves at risk of accidents. A proposed paper is a Driver Dangerous Behaviour Detection System (based on an intelligent driver and dangerous behaviour detection system). It is made on Python, open CV, MediaPipe, and YOLO to track the driver behaviour on a web camera in real-time. MediaPipe Face Mesh identifies facial landmarks to identify how closed the eyes are, the rate of blinking, yawning and head position as a sign of drowsiness. YOLO singles out some of the distracting behaviours such as eating and using a mobile phone. In case of unsafe behaviour, real-time warnings and alarm notifications are produced to alert a driver. Remote monitoring is done by sending email notices to registered users using automated email. It is possible to integrate into Django web application to securely authenticate and maintain users. The solution suggested will offer a cost-efficient, low-cost and real-time safety system that enhances driver awareness, mitigates the risk of accidents, and adds to intelligent transportation systems.

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 Keywords

Driver Monitoring, Drowsiness Detection, YOLO, MediaPipe, Computer Vision, Deep Learning, OpenCV, Real-Time Detection, Driver Safety, Intelligent Transportation.

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Illness narratives have become central to literary and medical humanities scholarship, offering insight into how disease reshapes subjectivity, relationships, and ethical responsibility. Yet this field has largely privileged narratives of articulation--stories where illness speaks, reveals, or transforms--while marginalising experiences marked by exhaustion, incoherence, and silence. Terminal cancer, in particular, is frequently approached through metaphors of struggle, revelation, or dignity, leaving little room for forms of suffering that resist narrativisation. This paper argues that A Very Easy Death offers a crucial intervention by refusing interpretive mastery over terminal illness. Through its restrained depiction of cancer, caregiving, and counsel, the text foregrounds the suffering of caregivers and allows the dying patient's silences to remain ethically opaque. Drawing on illness narrative theory, feminist ethics of care, and critiques of metaphor, this paper proposes ethical restraint as a critical method--one that recognises when interpretation itself becomes a form of appropriation. Rather than reading silence as a sign to be decoded, the paper argues for attending to suffering as it is lived in everyday time, without forcing it into symbolic meaning.

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 Keywords

terminal cancer, silence, caregiving, illness narratives, ethical restraint, medical humanities

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The steady rise of women as decisive voters in Indian elections marks one of the most significant yet under-theorized transformations in contemporary democracy. Electoral patterns in Bihar (2025), Karnataka (2023), and states such as Odisha, Madhya Pradesh, and West Bengal demonstrate that women's turnout has not only increased but, in many regions, surpassed that of men. This paper argues that women's electoral behaviour represents a structural shift from identity-based vote bank politics to performance-oriented democratic evaluation grounded in lived experience. Drawing upon feminist political theory, participatory democratic models, and empirical electoral trends, the study conceptualizes this phenomenon as a "silent democratic restructuring." Women voters prioritize safety, economic autonomy, education, health, and dignity--issues that compel political parties to reconfigure policy agendas. The analysis situates this transformation within the constitutional vision articulated by B. R. Ambedkar and contemporary jurisprudential observations of the Supreme Court of India regarding substantive equality. The paper concludes that women's electoral agency is deepening Indian democracy by shifting its axis from symbolic representation to experiential justice.

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 Keywords

Women voters; Feminist political theory; Electoral democracy; Substantive equality; Bihar elections 2025; Karnataka elections 2023; Participatory democracy; Gendered citizenship; Welfare politics; Democratic transformation.

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This study examines the trends and structural composition of public expenditure in India from 2000-01 to 2025-26 using data from the Budget Documents of the Government of India. The analysis covers revenue expenditure, capital expenditure, total expenditure, defence spending, interest payments, and subsidies. The study further evaluates per capita expenditure growth and measures expenditure elasticity with respect to Net National Product (NNP) using the log-log (arc elasticity) approach. The findings indicate a substantial expansion in total expenditure over the study period, with notable acceleration during crisis periods such as the COVID-19 pandemic. While revenue expenditure continues to dominate the expenditure structure, capital expenditure has shown significant growth in recent years, reflecting a strategic shift toward infrastructure-led development. Elasticity estimates suggest that total and capital expenditures are income-elastic, indicating increasing fiscal responsiveness to economic growth. The study provides insights into evolving fiscal priorities and their implications for sustainable public finance management in India.

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Public Expenditure, Revenue Expenditure, Capital Expenditure, Fiscal Policy, Elasticity of Public Expenditure

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Akbar (1556-1605) was a prominent Mughal king of India, ascending to the throne at age 13 after his father, Humayun's death. His reign is characterized by the establishment of a stable and efficient administrative structure aimed at unifying India and promoting peaceful governance. Unlike his predecessors, Akbar exhibited remarkable religious tolerance, uplifting various faiths under his Muslim rule. He effectively abolished the jizya tax on non-Muslims, thereby promoting justice and peace through his policy of Sulh-i-kul, which encouraged harmony among diverse religions such as Christianity, Hinduism, Jainism, and Buddhism. Akbar's central government featured a distinct hierarchy with him at the apex, supported by capable officials. Key departments included the Diwan for revenue management, the Mir Bakshi for military and officer compensation, Sadr-us-Sudur for charitable matters, and the Wazir as chief minister, enabling efficient administration. A significant achievement was the Zabt revenue system, devised by Raja Todar Mal, which based taxation on the average crop yield over a decade and facilitated cash tax collection, benefiting farmers and state revenue alike. Furthermore, Akbar implemented the Mansabdari system to organize his army and bureaucracy, where Mansabdars held ranks according to their status and were responsible for maintaining a specified number of soldiers. The empire was divided into Subas (provinces) governed by Subedars, with further administrative divisions into Parganas and Sarkars, ensuring tight control from the central government and highlighting Akbar's effective administrative strategies.

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 Keywords

1.Sulh-i-Kul 2.Centralised Administration 3.Zabt System 4.Mansabdari System 5.Suba System

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Growing environmental awareness and health consciousness have significantly influenced consumer preferences in the food and beverage market. This study examines the factors influencing consumer adoption of green products in Coimbatore District. The research aims to identify the underlying determinants that drive consumers toward environmentally friendly food and beverage choices. Primary data were collected through a structured questionnaire administered to consumers in selected urban areas. Factor analysis was employed as the primary statistical tool to identify and group the key influencing variables into meaningful dimensions. The results reveal that environmental concern, health consciousness, perceived product quality, social influence, and price sensitivity are the major factors shaping green product adoption. Among these, environmental and health-related considerations emerged as the most influential determinants. The findings provide valuable insights for marketers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to design effective strategies that promote sustainable consumption and enhance the market penetration of green products in the food and beverage sector.

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 Keywords

Green Products, Consumer Adoption, Food and Beverage Market, Environmental Concern, Health Consciousness, Price Sensitivity.

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Nipah contagion( NiV) is a largely pathogenic zoonotic paramyxovirus that's a member of the family * Paramyxoviridae * and rubric * Henipavirus *. First linked during an outbreak in Malaysia in 1998 - 1999, Nipah contagion has ago caused repeated outbreaks in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in Bangladesh and India. The contagion is naturally harboured by fruit batons of the rubric * Pteropus *, which act as force hosts and transmit the contagion to humans either directly or through intermediate hosts similar as gormandizers or via defiled food sources. There have also been reports of mortal- to- mortal transmission, particularly in homes and healthcare installations. Clinically, Nipah contagion infections can beget anything from mild fever and no symptoms to severe encephalitis and acute respiratory torture, with case casualty rates ranging from 40 to further than 75. Viral entry through ephrin- B2 and ephrin- B3 receptors is part of the pathogenesis, which results in expansive endothelial infection, vasculitis, and involvement of the central nervous system. Treatment for Nipah contagion infection is still substantially probative as there's presently no approved vaccine or specific antiviral drug. nevertheless, preclinical exploration on monoclonal antibodies and experimental antivirals has produced encouraging issues. The World Health Organisation has designated the Nipah contagion as a precedence pathogen with epidemic eventuality due to its high mortality, eventuality for person- to- person transmission, and lack of effective treatment. To stop unborn outbreaks and lessen their impact on public health, it's essential to ameliorate surveillance, early opinion, infection control strategies, and public mindfulness.

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Nipah virus (NiV),Henipavirus , Zoonotic transmission , Pteropus fruit bats (reservoir host) ,Acute encephalitis syndrome,High case fatality rate & epidemic potential

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This study explores the investor's perceptions towards the sustainable investment practice. Data was gathered from 109 respondents through online survey using a simple random sampling technique. Th[JM1.1]e study was mainly conducted to gather data on investor demographics, general perceptions of sustainability in investments and the Environmental, Social and G[JM2.1]overnance factor that influences the perception of investors about sustainable investment. Statistical analysis techniques such as Chi-square tests and Kruskal Wallis test were employed to analyze the collected data. The findings reveal that a maximum of respondents suggest that sustainability is important when choosing their investments. The study concludes that the challenges for sustainable investment nowadays are the insufficient knowledge regarding sustainable investment among the investors. Therefore, for the development in sustainable investment, measures are to be taken like conducting awareness among the investors about the sustainable investment.

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Sustainable Investment, Investor's perceptions, Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG)

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This paper will compare and contrast the legislation concerning abortion in India as well as ''paper abortion'' in Denmark. Abortion laws differ in the social, political, cultural and healthcare system between the two countries Due to socio-political and cultural beliefs in India abortion laws are more conservative while the liberal policies adopted in Denmark led to the liberalization of abortion laws Even though India legalized abortion through the Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP) Act in 1971, majority of the women still do not have access to safe abortion services, especially in rural areas, hence practicing 'paper abortion' which means that they drop out of the formal health care system to seek safe abortion common in India. While Denmark had passed the abortion act in 1973, it permits the women to opt for abortion service up to a period of 12 weeks without much formalities. The paper outlines the legal concerns, social norms, and health care that has facilitated the paper abortions in India and compares it with Denmark where abortion process is relatively clear and easy. Analyzing these disparities, the study reveals the obstacles that both countries have to overcome to achieve reproductive justice and calls for legal and health system transformation. It would be equally important for each country's authorities and policymakers to incorporate and apply the lessons from this comparative analysis in attempts to enhance their own national and international reproductive health care policies and practices.

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 Keywords

MTP, paper abortion, India, Denmark, comparative.

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This paper attempts to study the adjustment of prospective teachers as related to their self-efficacy and certain socio demographic variables in Himachal Pradesh. The sample included 700 prospective teachers of Himachal Pradesh by employing random sampling techniques. Data were collected from B.Ed Colleges by using standardized questionnaire. The tool used for 'Teachers adjustment inventory scale' was developed by Singh and Sinha 2018. The Findings reveals that there is significant difference in adjustment of prospective teachers with respect to their gender. Likewise, female prospective teachers have better adjustment as compared to Male prospective teachers. Further, suggestions are also made in this paper.

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Keywords: Adjustment, Self- efficacy, Prospective teachers, Gender.

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Monitoring of security and public safety has become a pressing issue because of the growing cases of violence in both the public and the private setting. There are traditional surveillance systems that are highly dependent on round the clock human surveillance which is inefficient, error prone and cannot guarantee real-time detection of threats. In order to address these limitations, an intelligent video surveillance system based on deep learning to detect intrusion and weapons in the surveillance is suggested. The system is based on the usage of the Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and the YOLO algorithm (You Only Look Once) that is used to recognize weapons, including guns and knives, in real-time video stream. The suggested framework works in real-time processing video frames, identifies suspicious objects, and produces bounding boxes and confidence scores. When this is detected, snapshots of evidence are taken and stored safely in a database and alert messages are sent to authorized parties. The back-end part is developed with the help of Flask web framework and SQLite provides light and safe data handling. It improves efficiency monitoring, minimizes the use of human work, and enhances quicker response to emergencies. The solution is favourable to be implemented in schools, airports, railway stations, shopping malls, and other high-risk public places to enhance security systems.

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 Keywords

Intelligent Video Surveillance, Intrusion Detection, Deep Learning, YOLO Algorithm, CNN Algorithm, Weapon Detection, Object Detection, Public Safety, Flask Framework

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Facial recognition is a precise and non- intrusive method that automatically identifies and verifies individuals from digital images or video frames. This biometric technology has the potential to enhance safety and security, prevent crime, and reduce the need for human intervention. Its integration into real time camera surveillance for criminal identification has established it as a reliable tool for strengthening public safety and as an indispensable identifier in criminal detection. Facial recognition technology [FRT] is widely used globally for authentication, authorization, verification, and identification. FRT represents a significant advancement in criminal identification by utilizing advanced image processing techniques to analyze videos or images captured by public area cameras. The technology provides agile, automated, and seamless verification, making it highly valuable in contemporary criminal investigations due to its enhanced security and expedited identification processes. However, it is essential to address the ethical, legal, societal, and security concerns associated with FRT to enhance security and protect personal rights during implementation. This paper introduces an innovative real-time criminal identification system that incorporates FRT for both face detection and recognition. It explores the ethical consideration, societal implications, and legal measures associated with its use in criminal identification.

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 Keywords

Facial, Technology, Recognition, Criminal, Investigation

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Women police officers in Kerala face unique stressors due to the demanding nature of law enforcement, societal expectations, and challenges in achieving work-life balance. Despite their critical contributions to public safety, the stress factors affecting women in the police force and the effectiveness of existing stress management practices remain underexplored. This study seeks to address this gap by identifying the key stress factors impacting women police officers in Kerala and evaluating the effectiveness of the stress management practices currently in place.The research highlights how occupational stress, role conflicts, exposure to traumatic events, and insufficient institutional support exacerbate the challenges faced by women officers. Findings from this study aim to contribute to the development of targeted interventions and policies to enhance the mental well-being and professional performance of women police personnel. This will ensure a more inclusive and supportive working environment, ultimately improving public service delivery.

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Stress Management, practices,Mitigation Strategies, Women CPO

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Secularism, State Neutrality, Gandhi, Ambedkar, Constitutional Morality, Indian Democracy, Religious Pluralism

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The Right to Disconnect has emerged as a very important concept in the light of increased digitalization and the issue of workplace stress and burnout. India, in particular has emerged as one of the most overworked nations globally and this leads to a need for legal frameworks to ensure work-life balance. The rise of digital communication technologies has completely changed the dynamics of the workplace, blurring the lines between the workplace and the personal life. At the same time, mental health at the workplace has become a serious public health issue, with the World Health Organization estimating significant productivity losses due to depression and anxiety disorders. This paper examines the intersection between the right to disconnect and accomodation of mental health rights under Indian Labour Laws through an intersectional lens. The analysis tries to focus on how these rights play out differently across different sections of the society including gender, class, caste etc. Judicial trends have acknowledged the importance of mental health as a part of right to life under Article 21 but has failed to develop a robust doctrine mental health related accommodation or digital disconnection. Drawing on the Mental Healthcare Act, 2017, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and the proposed Right to Disconnect Bill, 2025, the paper analyses how Indian law recognises the duty to provide reasonable mental health accommodation and to protect employees from after hours connectivity but fails to operationalise the same. This paper seeks to identify critical gaps in India's legal architecture: the absence of explicit right to disconnect legislation, weak enforcement mechanisms for workplace mental health protections, and the failure to recognize disconnection as reasonable accommodation.

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 Keywords

Right to Disconnect, Mental Health, Work-life balance, Indian Labour Law, Right to life

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Autism Spectrum Disorder has emerged as a global health concern demanding attention and awareness of general public. Autism is a neurological condition that affects an individual's ability to interact and communicate as non-autistic individuals do. This paper intends to examine the representation of Autism in "Fiction" such as cinema and literature. Cinema and Literature; serves as a bridge to connect people and make them aware and well-informed about new topics such as Autism Spectrum Disorder. Representation of Autism in movies and novels builds cultural impressions about persons with autism. Filmmakers try to mirror the reality of Autism, but fail to do so by limiting their perspectives. They merely focus on certain aspects by portraying autism as an illness that needs to be cured, or by using autistic characters as narrative tools, they portray autistic individuals as someone who needs constant supervision. Cinema and Literature are powerful cultural tools that have the capability to influence people's understanding of a concept, shape their opinions and perceptions about it. They are sources of communication that can have a positive or negative impact on the masses regarding the concerned issues. While the representations in fictional narratives work to convey information to promote awareness and inclusion, they can also be inaccurate and based on stereotypes and misconceptions that can have a negative influence on the perspectives of the masses towards people with autism. This essay attempts to analyse how autism is portrayed and constructed in selected films and texts, and how they influence the perception of the audience with their depictions. This study has used a mixed method of research, qualitative approach to analyze texts and movies for example I am Sam, The Curious Incident of a Dog in The Night-Time and Barfi; quantitative approach to collect responses through surveys; about the awareness and understanding of the public about autism, whether they have inclusiveness in their or not and to what extent people are willing to accept and include people with autism in mainstream institutions. This study also aims to assess the level of awareness people have regarding autism.

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 Keywords

Autism, Representation, Stereotypes, Public perception, Fiction analysis, Cinema, Literature, Misconceptions, Narrative Device

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 Abstract

Modern Family (2009-2020) is a television sitcom which notably challenged the idea of a 'family' on mainstream American Television. Modern Family engaged with a modern representation of families by setting non-traditional family narratives; intercultural marriages, same-sex parenting, age-discrepant marriages, and blended families, within the American mainstream media spotlight. This study will attempt a content analysis of the representation of non-traditional families in Modern Family. The purpose of this study is not only to get better understanding of the non-traditional family portrayals, but also to analyse if this reformulation in any way reshapes larger societal perceptions of inclusivity in mainstream popular American Culture. Previous studies such as Staricek's Textual Analysis of Gender in Modern Family (Staricek, 2011), have analysed the show's depiction of same-sex parenting, gender roles, and generational gaps. These scholars largely acknowledge that the Modern Family series balances the narrative of family between questioning and reinforcing conventional ideas, by using humour as a tool. However, scholars differ on whether to consider Modern Family as a truly progressive show, or if it reinforces traditions by domesticating differences. Drawing on queer theory and cultivation theoretical frameworks, this article will try to build upon earlier works in this field, to examine how the series portrays non-traditional families, how it made such families visible on prime-time television, and how this mainstream visibility opened a cultural space for broader acceptance of same-sex parenting, intercultural marriages, and generational gaps. By doing so, this study will try to examine if Modern Family culturally modernised the family structures, and simultaneously helps in normalising "modern families", and whether this contributes in any significant way to society's cognitive shift in making traditional families central and making them familiar to a broader audience through humour and relatability.

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 Keywords

Modern Family; Non- traditional families; American Sitcoms; T V Shows; LGBTQ+ representation; Blended families; Migration; Family diversity; Gender Roles; Generational Gap; Normalisation; Social impact.

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 Abstract

Migraine is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of headache associated with nausea, photophobia, phonophobia, and functional disability. In addition to neurovascular mechanisms, musculoskeletal impairments such as cervical spine dysfunction, temporomandibular joint restrictions, and myofascial trigger points significantly contribute to migraine symptoms. Vestibular disturbances such as dizziness and balance impairment are also frequently observed in migraine patients. Physiotherapy interventions targeting these dysfunctions have gained increasing attention. The present study aims to compare the effectiveness of manual myofascial release combined with Lewit mobilization and vestibular rehabilitation training in patients with migraine. Sixty diagnosed migraine patients aged 30-60 years were randomly allocated into three groups. Group A received conventional stretching and postural correction exercises, Group B received vestibular rehabilitation, and Group C received myofascial release along with Lewit mobilization. Interventions were administered three times per week for four weeks. Outcome measures included Numeric Pain Rating Scale, Myofascial Diagnostic Scale, Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), and Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC). Statistical analysis showed significant improvement in all outcome measures, with Group C demonstrating superior outcomes. The study concludes that manual myofascial release combined with Lewit mobilization is more effective in reducing migraine severity and disability, while vestibular rehabilitation is beneficial for balance-related symptoms.

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 Keywords

Migraine, Myofascial Release, Lewit Mobilization, Vestibular Rehabilitation, Physiotherapy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition