Volume 14 | Issue 2

 Abstract

ABSTRACT In some regions of India, three out of four households include a migrant. The effects of migration on individuals, households and regions add up to a significant impact on the national economy and society. Despite the numbers, not much is written on migration within or from India and its considerable costs and returns remain outside of the public policy realm. This paper reviews key issues relating to wage and work migration in India. It analyses the patterns, trends and nature of labour migration, reviews existing government and non-governmental policies and programmes, and briefly examines key policy issues and options. Since the spatial distribution of jobs is an important determinant of the decision of migrate we compute the location quotient to identify whether a district has a higher concentration of workers in agriculture, manufacturing, construction and services sector. After controlling for household and individual characteristics, we find that an individual is more likely to be a short term migrant if the individual is from a district with a higher concentration of workers in the construction industry. Using instrumental variable model, we find that short term migrants earn low wages compared to non-short term migrant. Following this we model the transition of short term migrant workers across industries drawing on the literature on transition measures developed to measure income and occupational mobility

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Health, Migration, Causes and Impact

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Gender-based violence is presented primarily within the public health framework. It should be noted, however, that the authors recognise violence against women as a fundamental violation of human rights and a crime against women and society. All citizens also have the right to bias-free, affordable and accessible legal, social and health care services that can help to mitigate the negative consequences of the inflicted violence. Within the public health framework, violence is conceptualized as a problem that can be prevented and its consequences alleviated through social and health based interventions. Public health strategies can function at various levels in responding to violence - at the individual, community, and societal levels. As victims and survivors of violence approach the health care system for relief of the resulting physical and psychological trauma, health care professionals play an important role in the treatment of such injury, rehabilitation of victims, and prevention of further trauma (secondary and tertiary levels of care). With regard to prevention - or primary level care - community-based public health interventions can be instrumental in changing social norms, creating social pressures against violent behaviour, and educating the public about the health, social, and legal consequences of violence. While the public health system is recognized as one of the most critical sites for addressing violence, it currently lacks the capacity and sensitivity to adequately and effectively respond to the needs of victims and survivors.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Health, Consequences, Intervention and Prevenvention

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In this research paper, we introduce the Cost-Quality method an innovative approach for deriving an initial basic feasible solution for the transportation problem. Cost-quantity method is designed to maximize the transportation of goods while simultaneously minimizing the related costs, employing a strategy akin to a weighting method to attain the most effective solution. By taking into account both the volume of goods transported and the transportation expenses, Cost-quantity method endeavours to deliver an optimal or near-optimal solution to tackle transportation challenges. This research contributes to the progress of identifying initial basic feasible solutions in transportation issues, providing insights into the creation of more efficient and effective strategies for addressing real-world optimization problems. With Cost-quantity method, those solving transportation problems can experience improved solution quality and computational efficiency, resulting in optimized resource utilization and cost savings.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Transportation problem, initial basic feasible solution, Cost-Quality method, optimization, resource allocation.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Insomnia is a highly prevalent sleep disorder marked by persistent difficulty in falling asleep or maintaining sleep, even when sufficient opportunity for rest is available, leading to daytime dysfunction. It has significant consequences for cognitive function, emotional health, and overall well-being. In the Unani system of medicine, insomnia is identified as Sahr and is regarded as an independent disease entity associated with disturbances in humoral equilibrium and altered Miz?j (temperament). Although classical Unani scholars have described its causative factors in detail, these accounts are scattered across various traditional manuscripts and lack organized synthesis. Therefore, a systematic compilation and critical reinterpretation of the Unani concept of insomnia is necessary to strengthen its contemporary clinical applicability. Objective: To systematically compile, critically analyse, and update the Unani concept of the etiopathogenesis of Sahr (insomnia). Materials and Methods: An extensive literature review was undertaken by consulting classical Unani texts that describe Sahr (insomnia). Relevant details concerning its Asb?b (causes) and mechanisms of development were identified and systematically organised. Furthermore, published review articles, empirical research studies, and trustworthy online resources were scrutinised to integrate contemporary perspectives. Results: The analysis demonstrated that classical Unani literature identifies various causative factors for Sahr, such as the imbalance of humours, disturbances in temperament, psychological issues, and factors related to lifestyle. The gathered and critically examined data facilitated the development of a coherent and modernised etiopathogenetic model. Conclusion: This review offers a redefined and cohesive understanding of the etiopathogenesis of insomnia from the Unani viewpoint. The revised conceptual framework has the potential to enhance clinical practice, improve patient outcomes, and promote more logical and evidence-based therapeutic methods in Unani medicine.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Unani Medicine, Insomnia, Sahr, S?'-i-Miz?j Y?bis, Asbab.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: All over the world, women are facing different challenges, among them the increase in violence with increasing in life developments and the accelerating in social change. In spite of numerous numbers of studies imply the impact of socialization and tradition on women subordination, and the advocated ideas of democracy and secularism support women movement and needs as well, women across the world aspirations are still far from achieving the optimum situation. The current paper reviews the role of gender inequality and the associated aspects, and highlighting the principles of the physical differences between women and men that may explain why men play as the principal factor in violence against women. Keywords: Women; Violence; Gender; Inequality;

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Violence against women and law

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Diverse factors contributed to the growth of communist movement in Kerala. Beyond resistance against feudal lords and state, the communist party provided various services, encompassing disaster relief, agricultural production enhancement initiatives, and literacy programs. The establishment of reading rooms (vayanasalas) played a crucial role in educating the illiterates and fostering political awareness among them. It was the primary school teachers within the party who spearheaded their establishment, thereby promoting literacy. During the second quarter of the 20th century, these reading rooms disseminated communist ideology, thereby establishing a strong foundation for the communist movement in Kerala, particularly in north Malabar.The tradition of vayanasala movement helped communist party to a great extent escape from the fossilisation process in the period of crisis.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

vayanasala, socialists, communist party, literacy, night classes

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Within biophysical framework, plant growth and yield formation are traditionally explained through biochemical regulation, gene expression, and metabolic allocation. However, these processes operate within an unavoidable physical boundary condition: accumulated biological mass must be stabilized under persistent gravitational loading within confined architectures such as cell walls, seed coats, vascular bundles, and canopy-soil interfaces. This manuscript reformulates intrinsic gravitation as a structural constraint rather than a force competing with metabolism. Intrinsic gravitation refers to mass-dependent internal loading that arises as biomass accumulates within bounded plant structures. Extrinsic gravitation denotes the persistent Earth gravitational field that establishes vertical reference and hydrostatic baseline. Conceptual continuity is drawn from stellar hydrostatic equilibrium and geophysical isostatic balance as archetypes of mass-pressure stabilization. A compact balance framework unifies hydrostatic, osmotic, elastic, and active stresses in negotiating gravitational loading. The framework is applied across plant phenomena: cellular densification preceding expansion; seed germination as confinement-threshold release; vascular transport as a pressure-mass continuum; root-shoot allocation as compensatory stabilization; stand density and self-thinning as mass-stability scaling; pressure-state modulation of plasmodesmata and sieve tubes; rhythmic growth as mass-pressure oscillation; yield-component compensation; and age-dependent decline in relative growth rate. By repositioning gravity as a structural boundary condition rather than an energetic driver, this work proposes architectural continuity across astrophysical accretion, geophysical stabilization, and plant structural scaling.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Intrinsic gravitation; agriculture; hydrostatic equilibrium; osmotic-elastic coupling; turgor mechanics; seed germination; phloem pressure-flow; xylem hydraulics; plant allometry; metabolic scaling; stand density; self-thinning; yield compensation; mechanobiology; mass-stability scaling.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Environmental marketing (popularly known as Green marketing) refers to the process of selling products and/or services based on their environmental benefits. Such a product or service may be eco-friendly in it or produced and/or packaged in an environmental friendly way. There were three long phases in the evolution of the much glorified green marketing. The first phase was known as the ecological phase. The second phase was called the environmental phase. The third phase is termed as the sustainable phase. Unfortunately, green marketing approach is largely used as a publicity stunt by the corporate houses in order to make a difference in the consumer's point of view. To avoid green marketing short-sightedness, the future success of product dematerialization and more sustainable services will depend on convincingly communicating and delivering consumer-desired worth in the marketplace.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Green Marketing, Ecological, Sustainable, Marketplace.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The main aim of our study is the incorporation of polymeric nanoparticles and solid lipid nanoparticles containing Lovastatin into transdermal patches. In our study, Lovastatin was selected because it possesses the ideal characteristics that a drug should have for formulating into a transdermal drug delivery system that includes high lipid solubility, low molecular mass, effective in low plasma concentration as well as a high degree of first pass metabolism. The aim of our study mainly supports for the prevention of first pass metabolism and achieve the controlled release. By using various phosphate buffer solutions, solubility studies were conducted and based upon their results phosphate buffer of pH 6.8with 1% Tween 20 was selected as a medium for invitro studies. By using FT-IR, compatibility studies were performed between the drug Lovastatin and excipients used in the formulation. In the nano particulated formulation there was no interaction between the drug and the excipients was shown by the compatibility studies. Solvent evaporation method was employed for the preparation of PLNs by using Chitosan, PLA, and PCL as polymers. Micro emulsion technique was employed for the preparation of SLNs by using Stearic acid, cholesterol and Glyceryl mono stearate as lipids. The prepared PLNs (SP1 to SP12) and SLNs (SL1 to SL6) formulations were evaluated in case of various parameters like morphology, particle size, zeta potential, PDI and invitro drug release and the results of the above parameters were observed to be in the desired range. With different concentrations of HPMC, the formulations SP4 and SL6 were selected and incorporated into transdermal patch. Evaluation for the various parameters was done for the prepared patches (TPN1toTPN3and SLNP1toSLNP3) and the results were recorded individually. Based on the results obtained TPN1 and SLNP2 were selected for formulating the transdermal patches by incorporating different permeation enhancers. Evaluation was done for the transdermal formulations (PLP1 to PLP12 and SLP1 toSLP12) and the results were recorded individually. PLP12 (Span 80 as permeation enhancer) and SLP9 (DMSO as permeation enhancer) were observed to be the best formulation and were selected and subjected to in vivo analysis separately and were compared with and without permeation enhancers patches. These final patches showed a significant decrease in the serum cholesterol, LDL, VLDL & triglycerides levels and have increased the HDL and total protein levels significantly.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Lovastatin, triglycerides, zeta potential, serum cholesterol.

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: In the coming years, advertisers are expected to shift and spend millions in internet advertising than, print ads, TV and other traditional advertising media. With the rapid growth in technology, the internet is becoming a very important one stop point for the consumers in solving most of their needs. Be it entertainment, communication, information search shopping, internet serves as a platform for all their requirements. Every day, many of the consumers are online for their personal work, but whether they notice the advertisements, banners displayed on that webpage, and most important their recall value is a matter to be checked out. The current study investigated the effectiveness of Internet advertising on Consumer behavior by conducting a study among consumers in Kannur district in Kerala. The study intended to determine the effectiveness of internet advertising on a reach. It also aimed at determining the relationship between internet advertising and purchase decision. The target population was the consumers from different parts of Kannur district in the state of Kerala. The study used stratified sampling technique to select 50 respondents. The primary data was collected using a well drafted questionnaire. Later it was analysed through means, percentages, frequencies and standard deviations. The study found that due to diverse usage internet advertising was effective on reach and creation of awareness, and established that internet has a wide scope in marketing products. Internet advertising has significant relationship with purchase decision of the consumers and therefore is a key determinant in influencing consumer behaviour. The study determined that there is a positive relationship between consumer purchase decision and internet advertising.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Internet advertising, World wide Web, Marketing

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract Due to rapidly changing business environment, the organization are notable to provide secure employment and that is why the attitudes and values of people in work are also changing and they are less willing to display unconditional commitment to the organization and as noted by Guest, 2002, the decline of work as central life interest along with conflicting demands of work results in an imbalance between work and rest of life. The attitude towards life too is rapidly changing among the youth today. They believe in working hard and partying harder. They like to travel, socialize, pursue hobbies, take up adventure sports etc. When they do not get time for these activities, they are gripped by frustration and unhappiness.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Conflict, Stress, Job Performance and Difficulties

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Contemporary e-commerce systems still have to struggle with issues of fake products, insufficient transparency of logistics and the inability to provide verifications of the authenticity of products on the level of consumers. The traditional supply chain systems are based on centralized databases, which can be manipulated, limited in the process of auditability, and cannot reliably provide end users with provenance information. The SmartTrace framework proposed presents a customer-centric and decentralized approach to solving the problem by incorporating the lifecycle tracking of products into the blockchain, the QR-enabled verification, and the AI-based narrative generation. Product events are safely stored in Ethereum-compatible smart contracts, which enable state transitions that are impossible to alter and are controlled by roles by different manufacturers, suppliers, distributors, and consumers. IPFS is also used to store sensitive metadata of products, images and tracking summaries to ensure scalability and data integrity. On-chain events in the form of structured event streams are also converted into product journey narratives that can be read by humans by a generative AI component to make usable and transparent to non-technical users. QR scanning allows consumers to verify products by accessing blockchain-based provenance and AI-generated provenance to obtain timelines via a Web3 interface. The introduced prototype proves to be reliable in traceability, tamper-resistant history information and better supply chain visibility, defining an effective way in advancing trust, transparency, and anti-counterfeiting aspects in the contemporary e-commerce settings.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Blockchain traceability, Supply chain transparency, QR verification, Generative AI, Smart contracts, IPFS

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

This study examines the transformation of Yeong-hye in Han Kang's The Vegetarian by reading her bodily withdrawal as a form of hyperreal mediation rather than as a purely psychological or pathological condition. Although earlier criticism has largely approached the novel through feminist or psychoanalytic frameworks, this paper places it within a broader conversation between literary analysis and media theory. Drawing on Jean Baudrillard's account of hyperreality and Laura Mulvey's theory of the male gaze, the analysis suggests that Yeong-hye's rejection of food and social norms gradually becomes a mediated spectacle. Her experience is shaped, in particular, by the brother-in-law's voyeuristic attention and his visual recording of her body, through which her lived presence is displaced by a reproducible image. Ecofeminist perspectives, especially those of Gaard and Plumwood, further clarify how this withdrawal can be read as a resistance to patriarchal forms of control that reduce the female body to an object of use and display. At the same time, the paper argues that Yeong-hye's final silence and physical refusal reveal the limits of hyperreal capture. Even within systems of intense mediation, her embodied resistance asserts a form of phenomenological autonomy, challenging the dominance of visual and digital representations over lived experience.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

hyperreality and simulacra, digital gaze, mediated body, male gaze, vegetal metamorphosis

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract: o Introduction: According to Acharya Sushruta, Karnanada is one of the Karnagata Roga explained in Shalakya Tantra. Vata dominant Tridosha along with Rakta presents as the chief pathological factors in the case of Karnanada. Karnanada can be correlated with tinnitus. It is the condition in which there is a perception of sound that appears to originate in the head in the absence of external stimuli. o Main clinical finding: A 66-year-old male patient had been experiencing symptoms of ringing sound in his left ear for 7 days. o Diagnosis: In this case, a 66-year-old male patient approached OPD No.5 of D. Y. Patil Ayurvedic hospital, Shalakya tantra department, Navi Mumbai, experiencing following complaints as Ringing sound in left ear for 7 days. History of decreased hearing for 1 year. No any history of systemic disease. No abnormality present on local examination of external ear. o Interventions: Karnapurana with Bilwadi taila, Vidhhakarma and an Ayurvedic medication (sarivadi vati,Sukshma triphala, saraswatarishta) were used in this study for one months. o Discussion: Karnanada is a Madhyama marga gata Vatavyadhi in which prakupita vata dosha settles in Shabdavaha Shrotas as a result of Vimargagamana. Hence the drugs need to have vatahara properties in order to normalize vitiated vata dosha. Snehana is described as an important procedure in treatment of vata dosha. o Conclusion: Hence it can be said that Ayurvedic medicine and procedures can be useful in the management of Karnanada (tinnitus).

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

o Keywords: Karnapurana, Bilwadi taila, Vidhhakarma, sarivadi vati, Sukshma triphala, saraswatarishta

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Gender inequality continues to be a major concern in India despite constitutional guarantees and various policy initiatives. Modern-day problems such as inequality in education, economic inequality, and violence against women are embedded in the history of India. This research explores the modern-day gender issues in India and their historical background. This research uses secondary sources such as literature, history, and policy documents to understand how the social, cultural, and institutional structures have influenced gender relations in different periods of history. This research highlights the significance of understanding the historical context of gender inequality to address modern-day issues and achieve gender justice in contemporary India.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Gender inequality, Gender roles, Patriarchy, Historical roots

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Attendance management is a fundamental aspect of educational institutions for monitoring student performance and maintaining official records. Traditional manual methods, such as roll calls and paper registers, are increasingly viewed as inefficient due to significant time consumption and susceptibility to human error or proxy attendance. While various automated solutions like biometric scanners and QR codes have emerged, they often necessitate expensive hardware, consistent internet connectivity, and physical contact. To address these limitations, this research proposes an automated face recognition attendance system designed for both offline and online functionality. Utilizing a standard laptop camera, the system performs real-time face detection while incorporating anti-spoofing measures to prevent deception via photographs or digital screens. Data is stored locally to ensure operational continuity in areas with poor network coverage and is synchronized with the cloud once a connection is established. Furthermore, the integration of a GSM gateway allows the system to send automated SMS notifications to parents regarding student absences without relying on the internet. This approach provides a secure, cost-effective, and hygienic solution for attendance tracking in diverse environments.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Attendance management, real-time face recognition, GSM gateway, SMS

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Abstract This study explored nursing faculty perspectives on the use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) in student assessments at a regional university. A qualitative descriptive design was used, with interviews conducted among twelve faculty members who had recently graded student assessments. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis. Findings identified mixed views toward GenAI, highlighting both benefits and concerns. While GenAI was seen as supporting language use and accessibility, participants reported challenges including increased workload, reduced originality, weakened critical thinking, and threats to academic integrity. Faculty also expressed uncertainty about detecting GenAI use and emphasized the need for clearer policies and guidance. The study concludes that GenAI presents both opportunities and risks in nursing education. Effective regulation, faculty support, and student education on ethical and critical use of GenAI are essential to maintain assessment quality and ensure patient safety.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Generative artificial intelligence, Nursing education, Student assessment, Academic integrity, Faculty perceptions, Ethics

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

In digital image restoration, one of the key tasks is the removal of Salt & Pepper noise. While traditional filters are commonly used, they often fail to preserve image sharpness under high-density noise conditions. This research presents a comparative analysis of an Adaptive Nonlinear Hybrid Filter and conventional filters, such as Median, Adaptive Median, and Mean filters. To evaluate performance, multiple experiments were conducted on color images with varying levels of Salt & Pepper noise. Quantitative assessment using PSNR, MSE, and SSIM metrics demonstrates that the proposed hybrid filter achieves improved accuracy in noise elimination while effectively preserving edges. These observations indicate that the Adaptive Nonlinear Hybrid Filter is more efficient and robust compared to traditional filtering approaches for restoring digital color images.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Salt and Pepper Noise, Image Restoration, Median and Adaptive Median Filters, Nonlinear Hybrid Filter, Edge Preservation,Image Quality Metrics (PSNR, MSE, SSIM).

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

The marketing mix plays a crucial role in shaping a brand's market position and customer perception in a competitive industry. This study examines the marketing mix (4Ps) of Starbucks Corporation with special emphasis on its product and promotion strategies. The research aims to understand consumer awareness, product preferences, and satisfaction levels related to Starbucks' offerings. A descriptive research design was adopted, and primary data were collected from 105 respondents using a structured questionnaire. Percentage analysis and chi-square test were used as statistical tools for data analysis. The findings reveal that most consumers are aware of Starbucks' product quality and show a strong preference for hot beverages. Overall satisfaction with product quality is high, and a significant relationship exists between gender and satisfaction levels. The study highlights that Starbucks' focus on quality, customization, and innovation contributes significantly to its brand strength. The research concludes that continuous innovation, effective promotional strategies, and ethical business practices are essential for sustaining competitive advantage in the global coffee market.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

: Marketing Mix, Product Strategy, Promotion Strategy, Consumer Awareness, Brand Positioning, Competitive Advantage

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition