Volume 14 | Issue 2

 Abstract

This article studies the decline of the Left Front in West Bengal, which ruled the state from 1977 to 2011. In its early years, the government gained strong support through land reforms, rural development, and the strengthening of local self-government. However, over time several problems emerged. Industrial growth slowed down, private investment declined, and frequent labour unrest affected economic development. The state also faced financial difficulties. Gradually, local institutions became influenced by party control and patronage networks. This reduced transparency and created dissatisfaction among sections of the people. Allegations of political violence and lack of democratic space further increased anti-incumbency feelings. At the same time, the government failed to adjust to new economic changes and rising aspirations of urban and middle-class voters. The growth of the All India Trinamool Congress provided a strong alternative. These factors together led to the Left Front's defeat in the 2011 election.

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Left Front, West Bengal Politics, Industrial Stagnation, Patronage Politics, Electoral Realignment

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NEP 2020 is first education policy of the 21st century and the success or to his 34-year-old National Policy on Education(NPE) is 1986. NEP 2020 is the third National Education Policy launched by the government of India on July 29, 2020. The Ministry of Human Resource Development solidified a commission made by former ISRO chairman Dr.K.Kasturirangan, who defined the vision of Indias new education system. The New Education Policy discourse challenge the current education system expressions similar to Quality, Affordability, Equity, Access, and Accountability. Aiming to make both School and university education more inclusive, flexible and interdisciplinary to meet the needs of the 21st century, and to highlight the unique abilities of each student, we aim to bring India to a vibrant knowledge base. NEP aims to increase the focus on strengthening teacher training, reforming the existing exam system, early childhood Care and restructuring the regulatory framework of education. The present study aims to critically disseet the opportunities and challenges of NEP 2020 regarding teacher education. The present study is qualitative. The data have been collected by using secondary sources. The secondary data were collected through Article, Journal, Research Paper, Official reports and publications(report of GOI, NEP-2020 final draft) Website and govt.reports, e-book, Research project etc. The findings of the study revealed factors like lack of quality teacher training Institutes, upgrading curriculum and pedagogical approaches, ensuring quality in teacher recruitment and selection, bridging the gap between theory and practical exposure, embracing technological integration in teacher education, poor learning outcomes and teacher quality etc. are the current challenges faced by teacher education programs. The NEP on Teacher Education will focus on enhancing the quality of teacher education and present the teacher education system in a world-class context by overcoming these challenges.

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Teacher Education, NEP-2020, Opportunities and Challenges, Quality Education.

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This study examines the patterns, purposes, and impacts of social media usage among students of North East India Central Universities. Data collected from 570 respondents reveal that WhatsApp is the most preferred platform, followed by YouTube and Instagram. The majority of students spend 3 - 5 hours daily on social media, with many using it regularly for educational purposes. Social media is primarily used for accessing news and information, though academic and socialization purposes are also significant. Findings indicate that social media strongly influences academic performance, with most students reporting maximum or moderate impact. While many adapt easily to new social media platforms, a notable minority face challenges. Issues of distraction, authenticity, information overload, and platform fragmentation highlight both the benefits and drawbacks of social media in students' academic lives.

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Social media tools, North East India, Central Universities, students, social media challenges.

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Abstract: A study investigating the positive and negative psychological effects of creating a professional network on LinkedIn. LinkedIn is designed to increase professional self-efficacy, develop social capital, boost career confidence, and create stronger professional identity through access to networks and visibility of achievements. Using LinkedIn excessively too much may cause adverse mental health consequences including social comparisons, anxiety, FOMO, impaired self-esteem, and may also result in feelings of inadequacy and the pressure of trying to maintain an "idealized" professional persona. This analysis draws upon many different perspectives from the literature to determine if LinkedIn supports individuals' career advancement and whether it increases risk of mental health problems through comparison with others and need for external validation based on use of the social media platform. Future research should explore longitudinal studies, moderating factors regarding personality, and potential strategies for the adaptive use of LinkedIn-based digital professional networking to promote successful careers and well-being. Overall, this analysis will provide a foundation for both academics and practitioners in gaining insight into the psychological aspects of digital professional networking.

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Keywords: Digital platforms, Professional networking, Social comparison, Psychological well-being.

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The quick commerce sector has been rapidly developing in India, and the digital retail automation has contributed to this field, although there is less empirical evidence that can be used to determine the effect of the technologies on consumer decisions. The present research examines both the direct and indirect impact of digital retail automation on purchase intention based on the data that were gathered on 389 customers. The relationships between automation, perceived convenience, trust, impulse buying and purchase intention were measured using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results have shown that automation is a powerful stimulator of purchase intention that directly and indirectly affects it and that the strongest mediating variable is perceived convenience. It is also worth noting that trust and impulse buying have significant indirect impacts, which implies that cognitive and emotive influences influence consumer behaviours in the quick commerce setting. Generally, the findings allow concluding that automation technologies are essential in influencing consumer experiences, lessening the effort of decision-making, and enhancing dependence on a platform. The research is relevant to the theoretical underpinnings in explaining how automation may operate in multiple pathways to affect behaviour and provide empirical insights on how Q-commerce companies can use automated systems as an optimisation tool to enhance consumer satisfaction, trust, and engagement.

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Digital retail automation, quick commerce, consumer decision-making, perceived convenience, trust, impulse buying, purchase intention, structural equation modeling (SEM)

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Abstract The expansion of digital payment systems in India has significantly transformed the country's financial ecosystem, particularly after initiatives like Digital India and the promotion of UPI-based payments. However, rural areas still face significant barriers in adopting digital payment systems. This research paper examines the challenges faced by rural people in using digital transactions in Keonjhar district of Odisha. The study identifies key issues such as lack of digital literacy, poor internet connectivity, cybersecurity concerns, language barriers, and limited access to smartphones. Based on primary and secondary data, the study highlights the gap between awareness and actual usage of digital payment systems. The paper also suggests practical measures to improve digital transaction adoption in rural communities. The paper concludes that digital transactions have the potential to transform rural economies by promoting financial inclusion and economic transparency. It recommended targeted awareness programs, infrastructure improvement, provide education about the cybersecurity and measures to strengthen digital financial inclusion in rural areas.

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Keywords: Transformed, Digitalization, Authenticity, Awareness, Strengthening

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Fish scales from marine are the most significant waste. It contains a lot of collagen components, proteins. Collagen was extracted in this experiment using the hydro-extraction method. After the isolation of collagen from the emperor scale of marine fish species, SEM and FTIR analysis were employed to examine the confirmation of collagen's structure, elements functional groups and bonds. Cotton fabric was coated with the isolated collagen solution in various concentrations of 5% and 10%. Both the warp and weft directions were used to determine the tearing strength of the coated and uncoated cotton fabric. Then, SEM examination was used to examine the coated fabric's morphology. A one-way ANOVA statistical method was performed in this study for analyzing the improvements in tearing strength in both warp and weft directions. In terms of tearing strength, the coated cotton fabric outperformed the uncoated cotton fabric in both warp and weft directions. Overall, the morphology and tearing strength of the 5% collagen-coated cotton fabric evolved.

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Marine Fish Scale, Collagen Extraction, Coating, Morphology, Tearing Strength

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Assess, Behavioral problems, Preschoolers, Caregivers, Information booklet Introduction

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This study explores the relationship between corruption and political stability in modern states, with particular attention to how political institutions, legal frameworks, and governance structures influence corruption levels. Corruption remains a persistent challenge across different political systems, weakening public trust and undermining state authority. The study examines how factors such as political stability, the strength of legal institutions, historical legacies, and government size shape corruption outcomes. It also considers how corruption can both result from weak political institutions and, in some cases, contribute to the survival of unstable or non-democratic regimes by reinforcing informal networks of power. By adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the study highlights the reciprocal relationship between corruption and political stability, showing that stable and accountable political systems are better equipped to control corruption. The findings emphasize that sustained democratic practices and strong institutional constraints play a crucial role in reducing corruption and promoting long-term political stability.

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Political Corruption; Political Stability; Governance; Democratic Institutions; Rule of Law; Institutional Quality; State Legitimacy; Accountability; Authoritarian Regimes; Public Trust; Anti-Corruption Strategies

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The computerization of higher learning institutions has necessitated the need to have intelligent, automated, and scaling systems of academic management. The traditional student portals are founded primarily on the aspect of being a mere information repository and lack contextual assistance, workflow assistance, and real-time communication services. The Smart Student Assistance Platform presented in this paper is an AI-enhanced platform that is developed to combine both academic and administrative capabilities in a single architecture. The Natural Language Processing (NLP)-based chatbot interaction, the process of attendance calculation that is going to be carried out automatically, the work with grades and schedules, the development of timetables, the verification of the eligibility to the place of residence, and the real-time notification are also included in the proposed system. A formal mathematical framework of attendance, calculation of GPA and validation eligibility framework is provided. There is experimental performance that indicates that response time is kept to the minimum, administrative performance is improved, and is capable of working well with the workload of more than one user at a time. The platform provides a feasible foundation of intelligent smart campus infrastructure.

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Student Assistance Platform, Role-Based Access Control, Smart Campus, Academic and Administrative Support, Natural Language Processing, Real-Time Notifications

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This study examines the evolution of psychological resilience in Bernardine Evaristo's Girl, Woman, Other (2019), focusing on the movement from individual survival strategies to models of collective healing. Contemporary trauma narratives increasingly challenge the traditional emphasis on isolated suffering by foregrounding communal processes of recovery. Through qualitative textual analysis and close reading, this research investigates how Evaristo's polyphonic narrative structure enables a reconceptualization of trauma within an intersectional feminist framework. Drawing on trauma theory, intersectionality, feminist psychology, and collective trauma theory, the study demonstrates that resilience in the novel is not merely personal endurance but a socially mediated, relational process. The findings suggest that storytelling, intergenerational memory, and community recognition function as key mechanisms of healing. The paper argues that Girl, Woman, Other represents a significant shift in twenty-first-century trauma fiction by mapping resilience as a continuum from individual coping to collective restoration.

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Psychological Resilience, Collective Healing, Trauma Theory, Intersectionality, Black British Literature, Feminist Trauma Studies

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Nomophobia, which is conceptualized as a form of conditioned anxiety, caused by the inability to access a mobile telecommunication device, has received growing scholarly attention in the modern era of psychosocial paradigm. The increasing ubiquity of smart phones (at least amongst post-secondary cohorts) has led to a significant rise in digital dependence, thereby putting nomophobia in the forefront as an important construct to understand empirically. Objective: The present investigation aimed at determining the epidemiological prevalence of nomophobia among smartphone users enrolled at an selected Nursing College and to critically analyze its possible correlates in a range of sociodemographic variables. Methods: Using a cross-sectional approach, 188 people, aged between 15 and 55 years and having at least one year of antecedent smartphone use, were recruited in the study. Data acquisition was made through a semi-structured interview instrument that included the validated Nomophobia Questionnaire (NMP- Q). Statistical analyses were conducted using the statistical package, with version 22.0 of the statistical package (SPSS), in which the associations between variables were estimated using the Chi-squared test. p < 0.05 was used to define the statistical significance. Results: A surprisingly high prevalence of nomophobia was found. Specifically, 47.87% of the study participants showed mild nomophobia, 46.28% had moderate manifestations, and 2.66% had severe symptoms. Statistically significant correlation was observed between nomophobia and educational attainment, occupational status, socioeconomic stratum, familial structure, hours spent daily using smartphone and hours spent on social networking and frequency of use of phone per hour (p<0.05). No significant associations existed for gender and monthly expenditure for mobile services. This study has been undertaken to investigate the determinants of stock returns in Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) using two assets pricing models the classical Capital Asset Pricing Model and Arbitrage Pricing Theory model. To test the CAPM market return is used and macroeconomic variables are used to test the APT. The macroeconomic variables include inflation, oil prices, interest rate and exchange rate. For the very purpose monthly time series data has been arranged from Jan 2010 to Dec 2014. The analytical framework contains.

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Nomophobia, smartphone addiction, digital dependence, mental health, urban population

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 Abstract

The College management System is a software application designed to automate and manage fundamental academic activities of a college efficiently. It replaces manual processes such as maintaining student records, managing courses, assignments, unit tests, result, reports, and student profiles through a centralized digital platform. This system reduces paperwork, save time, minimizes errors, and improves data accuracy and accessibility. Students can securely log in to view their course details, assignments, unit test information, result and profile data from anywhere, helping them track academic progress easily. Teachers have authorized access to manage courses, monitor assignment, upload assignment, generate notices, maintain academic records, and generate performance reports, thereby reducing administrative workload and improving academic efficiency. Role based access ensure data security and confidentiality. The system is scalable and user friendly.

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UT-Unit Test

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The accounts payable process in most manufacturing and service organizations still relies heavily on manual verification of financial documents, which is both time-consuming and prone to errors. Three-way matching, which involves cross-verifying purchase orders (POs), goods receipt notes (GRNs), and invoices before authorizing payment, is a critical control mechanism in procurement workflows. However, the diversity in document formats and the presence of unstructured data make automation of this process a persistent challenge. This paper proposes a system that leverages Large Language Models (LLMs) to automate three-way matching for bill payment verification. The proposed approach uses LLMs in combination with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) to extract relevant fields from documents in varying formats, including scanned PDFs and images. Once extracted, the data from POs, GRNs, and invoices is systematically compared to identify discrepancies in quantities, pricing, item descriptions, and totals. Bills are then classified as payable or non-payable based on predefined tolerance thresholds. The system also generates real-time dashboards and audit-ready reports for finance teams. By reducing manual intervention, this approach aims to minimize payment errors, speed up invoice processing cycles, and strengthen compliance across the procure-to-pay pipeline. The results demonstrate that LLM-based extraction and matching significantly outperforms traditional rule-based systems in handling diverse and unstructured document formats, making it a scalable solution for enterprise-level accounts payable operations.

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Accounts Payable (AP) Three-Way Matching Procurement Workflow Bill Payment Verification Large Language Models (LLMs) Optical Character Recognition (OCR) Financial Document Automation Invoice Processing Purchase Orders (POs) Goods Receipt Notes (GRNs) Document Data Extraction Unstructured Data Processing Discrepancy Detection Payment Authorization Tolerance Thresholds Audit-Ready Reporting Real-Time Dashboards Procure-to-Pay (P2P) Enterprise Automation Financial Compliance

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The Human Resource Management field has undergone a dramatic shift with the increasing digitalization of business processes and the steady accumulation of data about employees. Contemporary businesses gather a vast amount of information regarding employee presence, hiring processes, compensation packages, skill-building, and performance assessment. While Human Resource Management Systems (HRMS) are effective at managing and storing such information, many current systems are only capable of performing operational tasks and lack the ability to offer in-depth analytical insights. With the increasing reliance of businesses on data-driven models, the need for incorporating Business Intelligence (BI), big data analytics, and visualization tools into HRMS is imperative for making informed and timely decisions. The inclusion of a Business Intelligence engine within the system makes it possible to automatically generate reports, analyze trends, make predictive workforce forecasts, and create intuitive dashboards to assist managers in assessing employee productivity, retention risks, and organizational efficiency. Despite the existence of sophisticated analytical tools, studies and implementations have traditionally considered analytics, visualization, and system infrastructure as distinct modules, rather than elements of an integrated HR system. This survey integrates and reviews the current literature on the evolution of HR analytics, BI adoption models, data visualization usability, and scalable data processing methods. By reviewing their strengths, benefits, and drawbacks, this research work highlights the need for a comprehensive and integrated embedded BI solution specifically designed for the Human Resource Management System (HRMS) environment. This will greatly benefit the accuracy of workforce planning, operational visibility, and human resource management.

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A COMPREHENSIVE SURVEY ON EMBEDDED BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE ENGINE FOR HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS

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This paper will discuss the way A Thousand Ships by Natalie Haynes reinvigorates the classical epic by rearranging the conventional narrative structure of the epic, into a polyphonic narration that prefaces the voices and experiences of women during the Trojan War. Beyond feminist readings as themes, this paper will state that the formal structuring of the novel, its disjointed narration, multi-voicedness, and lack of a single authoritative voice is a form of feminist narrative resistance. Basing the argument on the idea of polyphony by Bakhtin as well as feminist narratology and the critique of memory, the article indicates that Haynes disrupts the monologic power of the epic tradition and substitutes the heroic linearity with the testimony of women. It is broken down Into two sections: the analysis of the polyphonic structure of the novel as a structural problem of the hierarchy of epics; the analysis of how this narrative plurality can be transformed into an ethical witnessing that builds history with the memory, mournance and survival, instead of glory. By putting women in the limelight rather than as peripheral characters, A Thousand Ships comes out as a counter-epic that disrupts the work of mythmaking by men, and re-negotiates the sense of narrative power. The argument that is eventually presented in the article is that polyphony in the novel is not a stylistic device only but a political and epistemological intervention in the war, history and voice representation.

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Polyphonic Narrative, Trojan War, Male Heroism, Women in War

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The disintegration of the Delhi Sultanate in the late fourteenth century marked a decisive turning point in medieval Indian political history. The weakening of centralized authority, administrative decay, factional struggles among the nobility, agrarian distress, and the catastrophic invasion of Timur in 1398 led to the emergence of powerful regional polities. Among these, the Jaunpur Sultanate (1394-1479) stands out as a significant North Indian state that not only challenged Delhi politically but also developed a distinct administrative structure and cultural identity. This paper examines the structural weaknesses of the Delhi Sultanate, the circumstances under which the Jaunpur Sultanate emerged, its administrative and military organization, its cultural contributions, and its historical significance in reshaping the political landscape of post-Delhi Sultanate India.

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Delhi Sultanate, Shiraz-E-Hind, Decline

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A paradigm change in developmental practice is being brought about by the incorporation of digital tools into rural community work, which is changing not just the effectiveness of service delivery but also the fundamental structure of social relations, power dynamics, and local agency. The deployment and effects of digital technology in the rural areas of Karnataka State, India, are examined sociologically in this article. Beyond a merely technological analysis, it looks at how technologies are changing community engagement, government, and livelihoods, from GIS-based water conservation apps and offline projector-based agriculture teaching to hyper-local civic platforms and fiber-optic internet. This study, which draws on recent case studies and government initiatives from 2024 to early 2026, concludes that although Karnataka is becoming a testing ground for digital experimentation, the effectiveness of these interventions is highly dependent on pre-existing social structures, digital literacy, and communities' capacity to use technology for their own purposes. The essay finds that technology works best as a catalyst that, when integrated into participatory frameworks, may promote resilience, accountability, and a more equitable type of rural development rather than as a substitute for community organization.

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Development, Karnataka, Rural, Work, Digital and Technology.

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The ice cream industry in India has undergone a significant transformation over the past two decades, moving from being viewed as a seasonal luxury product to becoming a widely consumed year-round dessert category. This shift has been driven by changes in lifestyle, income growth, exposure to global food trends, and increased cold-chain infrastructure. While flavor variety, brand familiarity, and pricing continue to influence purchasing decisions, there has been a growing emphasis on health and environmental concerns among consumers. This study examines the extent to which these concerns influence consumer buying behavior, with a particular focus on Devyani Food Industries Ltd. (DFIL) and its flagship ice cream brand Cream Bell. In recent years, consumers have become more aware of the ingredients and nutritional aspects of packaged foods, including frozen desserts. Concerns such as artificial flavors, high sugar levels, preservatives, and saturated fats have gained prominence. Similarly, rising awareness about environmental sustainability has caused consumers to reflect on the ecological impact of dairy production, packaging waste, energy consumption in cold storage, and corporate responsibility practices. These concerns are shaping how consumers evaluate ice cream brands, affecting not only purchasing frequency but also preferences for certain product categories such as low-fat ice creams, sugar-free variants, probiotic frozen yogurts, and vegan or plant-based alternatives. Cream Bell, established in 2003 under DFIL, entered the Indian market with the objective of making premium-quality ice cream accessible to a large section of the population. Over time, the brand has built a strong product portfolio that appeals to diverse demographic segments. It offers classic cones, cups, and tubs along with indulgent novelties, kulfi varieties, and family packs. Its growth strategy relies heavily on innovation, affordability, and an extensive distribution network. However, the emergence of health-conscious consumption patterns poses both challenges and opportunities for the brand. While demand for healthier ice cream options is growing, Cream Bell must compete with established brands like Amul and Mother Dairy, as well as new artisanal and experimental brands that prioritize organic ingredients and minimal processing. This research is important because it explores how consumer priorities are shifting in an industry traditionally associated with indulgence and enjoyment rather than nutrition or environmental responsibility. By analyzing consumer preferences, perception patterns, and purchase motivators, the study provides insights into market behavior that can help companies like Cream Bell adapt their product development, branding messages, and sustainability practices. The research adopts a structured methodology to capture relevant consumer insights. Both primary and secondary data sources are used. Primary data is collected via a structured questionnaire administered to a sample of consumers across different age groups and regions. Secondary data is obtained from academic journals, industry reports, market research publications, and company documents. The study uses descriptive research design to identify patterns and trends without manipulating variables. The data collected is analyzed to highlight how factors such as age, lifestyle, health conditions, media influence, and personal values shape purchasing decisions. Key observations from the study reveal that health awareness does not necessarily discourage ice cream consumption, but it does influence the type of ice cream purchased. Many consumers now look for labels indicating low sugar, reduced calories, real fruit content, or the absence of artificial color and flavor additives. Additionally, younger consumers are more open to trying alternative frozen desserts such as sorbets, gelatos, and plant-based ice creams. Meanwhile, environmental concerns are emerging but are still less influential compared to health-related considerations. Although consumers acknowledge the importance of sustainable packaging and ethical sourcing, price sensitivity and availability continue to override these considerations in actual purchase behavior. For "Cream Bell", the findings signal a need to strengthen health-oriented product lines and communicate ingredient transparency clearly. There is also room for the brand to improve its sustainability practices, especially in packaging and energy-efficient cold chain operations. Creating awareness through marketing campaigns, emphasizing natural ingredients, and launching options for niche segments such as diabetics and lactose-intolerant consumers can provide the brand with a competitive advantage.

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Ice Cream Industry, Lifestyle Changes, Indulgence vs. Nutrition, Health Awareness, Environmental Sustainability, Health-Oriented Variants, Corporate Responsibility

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This paper describes the design and development of a portable and wearable physiotherapeutic device for upper limb rehabilitation in stroke patients. Hemiplegia, a prevalent post-stroke motor disability, demands continuous and repetitive physiotherapy for successful rehabilitation. The existing rehabilitation process is time-consuming, costly, cumbersome, and demands frequent visits to hospitals, making it inaccessible and impractical for long-term use. The proposed device utilizes a modular control design with the aid of two separate Arduino-based microcontrollers to control the mechanical and pneumatic systems independently. Stepper motors facilitate accurate elbow flexion and extension as well as forearm pronation and supination movements, while a pneumatic system drives a soft silicone actuator for finger flexion and extension. Independent control of the subsystems enables safe, accurate, and repetitive therapeutic movements with improved reliability. The hybrid actuation strategy integrates rigid motor-driven motion with soft actuation for improved patient safety and comfort. The device provides a cost-effective and portable solution for home-based rehabilitation, enabling patients to undergo physiotherapy at home, thus reducing hospital dependence and enabling continuous rehabilitation and improved quality of life.

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Stroke Rehabilitation, Stepper motor, Pneumatic actuator, Arduino control.

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