Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

The nature of the self has occupied a foundational place in Indian intellectual history, from the earliest Vedic compositions to the systematized philosophies of classical dar?anas. This article traces the evolution of the idea of the self, beginning with early Vedic cosmology, Br?hma?a ritual speculation, and the profoundly introspective Upani?adic literature, before surveying its reinterpretation in S??khya-Yoga, Jainism, Buddhism, and ?yurveda. Against this broad backdrop, this article offers a detailed reconstruction and defense of the Ny?ya-Vai?e?ika theory of ?tman as a permanent, non-material, substantive self that persists through changing mental states and personal experiences. Classical Ny?ya arguments from memory, recognition, agency, desire, and moral responsibility are reformulated in contemporary philosophical terms and deployed against the Buddhist doctrine of anatt? and momentariness (k?a?ikatva). The article concludes that the Ny?ya position--grounded in metaphysical realism, a robust theory of cognition, and pragmatic commitments to knowledge and liberation--offers the most coherent and philosophically defensible account of personal identity in the Indian tradition.

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?tman; Ny?ya; anatt?; Upani?ads; Vedas; personhood; self; consciousness.

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Magical realism is a genre of fiction that combines magical elements with realistic depictions of the world. It is a genre of literature that does not follow a conventional narrative structure that maintains a clear beginning, middle, and end. a literary form of fiction that contains considerable realistic detail, as distinct from magic and fantasy. Here magical or supernatural phenomena are presented in or against the real world. The term magical realism was first used in 1925 by the German artist Franz Roh.ram Care of Anandi Lord Akhil P Dharmajan's novel "Mercury Island-The End of the World-" written in the backdrop of the Bermuda Triangle, which has created a mystery in the real world and is still standing today, captures the readers and brings them to the peak of suspense The purpose of this paper is to provide background to the study.

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Suchlichkeite, Bermuda Triangle, Mayan Civilization, Delusion, Mercury Island, Methane Gas, Aliens, Devils Triangle, Marmmadweep, Mother Earth

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In the modern digital ecosystem, websites have become a fundamental requirement for businesses, startups, educational institutions, and individuals. However, traditional website development involves multiple technical stages such as requirement analysis, UI/UX design, frontend and backend implementation, testing, and deployment, which demand significant time and technical expertise. Although AI-driven website builders have emerged to simplify this process, most existing tools generate static websites in a single iteration, lack conversational continuity, and provide limited access to the generated source code. This paper proposes an AI-powered website builder using conversational generation that enables users to create and iteratively refine websites through natural language interaction. The proposed system allows users to continuously modify the website using conversational prompts, preview changes in real time, manually edit generated HTML, CSS, and JavaScript code, and export the final website for deployment. The system is developed using Next.js for frontend and API handling, Supabase for authentication and database management, and generative AI models for dynamic website generation. The solution bridges the gap between non-technical users and professional developers by combining AI automation with developer-level control.

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Artificial Intelligence, Website Builder, Conversational AI, Generative AI, Next.js, Supabase, Web Automation

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This executive journalling presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities demanding a strategic vision that balances the innovation and disciplined execution. This report framed as insights from a CEO's diary delves into the critical aspects of day-to-day micro-reflections on the leadership guide to problem-solving. From the visionary perspective of a business insider, designing a business model canvas characterized by continuous pursuit of novel ideas, technology and design thinking manages a diverse portfolio of venture navigating through rapidly evolving market cultivating decentralized leadership. It explores the niche area fostering the culture of employee engagement from nascent ideas to scalable realities. I pondered for a while and made some self-reflection to articulate and embed an overarching innovation strategy within the products and services delivered that permeates every unit. Our core mandate creates a compelling vision of paramount importance, that inspires collaboration and intelligent risk-taking systems. It also highlights balanced metrics, blending algorithms with human judgement, organizational agility and resilience. It also streamlines strategic shifts with real time optimization, triggers boundaries with continuity in seamless transition.

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INNOVATION CONGLOMERRATE: PAGES FROM THE DIARY OF A CEO

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Bhabani Bhattacharya's So Many Hungers! (1947) is a powerful social novel rooted in the historical reality of the Bengal Famine of 1943, a catastrophe that exposed the deep inequalities and moral failures of colonial India. The novel presents hunger not merely as physical starvation but as a complex condition shaped by economic exploitation, social injustice, and ethical collapse. Despite advances in science and technology, hunger continues to persist in the 21st century, intensified by global inequality, climate change, conflict, and uneven food distribution. This study addresses the continuing relevance of Bhattacharya's concern by re-reading So Many Hungers! in the context of contemporary food crises. The primary objective of the article is to examine how the novel's portrayal of hunger, inequality, and human dignity resonates with present-day realities and challenges prevailing notions of development. The study adopts a qualitative methodology rooted in close textual analysis, supported by a socio-political and Gandhian ethical framework to interpret the novel's themes. By juxtaposing colonial-era famine with modern food insecurity, the article highlights literature's enduring role as a social critique and moral warning. The study concludes that So Many Hungers! remains a profoundly relevant text, offering critical insights into the structural causes of hunger and the urgent need for humane and ethical responses in the contemporary world.

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Hunger, Inequality, Bhabani Bhattacharya, Food Crisis, Gandhian Values, Postcolonial Literature

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The automobile sector plays an important role in the Indian economy and influences consumer mobility and lifestyle choices. With increasing competition and multiple options available, consumers consider various factors before purchasing an automobile. This study aims to analyse the key factors influencing consumer purchase decisions in the Indian automobile sector. Primary data was collected through a structured Google Form survey from 60 respondents and analysed using percentage analysis. The findings reveal that fuel efficiency, safety features, brand reputation, and online reviews significantly influence purchase decisions, while price remains an important but not exclusive factor. The study concludes that understanding consumer preferences can help automobile brands design effective marketing strategies and improve customer engagement in a competitive market.

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Automobile Sector, Consumer Purchase Decision, Consumer Behaviour, Brand Reputation, Fuel Efficiency, Safety Features, Online Reviews, Indian Automobile Market

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School social workers play a critical role in promoting student well-being, educational equity, and systemic support within school environments. Recent scholarship highlights expanding responsibilities, interprofessional collaboration, workforce challenges, and contextual pressures shaping school social work practice globally. This narrative review synthesizes empirical studies published between 2022 and 2025 to examine (a) the roles and functions of school social workers, (b) interprofessional collaboration and institutional contexts, (c) workforce well-being and professional challenges, (d) implications for policy and practice, and (e) Future Recommendations. Findings indicate that while school social workers contribute significantly to student mental health, equity, and social-emotional learning, their effectiveness is constrained by high caseloads, role ambiguity, resource limitations, and systemic inequities. The review underscores the need for clearer role definitions, improved organizational support, inclusive practice frameworks, and evidence-informed policy reforms to strengthen school social work practice.

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school social work, student well-being, interprofessional collaboration, workforce challenges, educational equity

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Capsules are one of the most versatile and widely accepted oral dosage forms used in pharmaceutical practice due to their ease of administration, rapid disintegration, and ability to accommodate a broad range of drug substances. Their manufacturing involves specialized processes that differ for hard gelatin capsules and soft gelatin capsules, each requiring precise control of materials and operating conditions to achieve consistent quality. Hard gelatin capsules are produced through sequential steps such as dipping, drying, trimming, and filling, while soft gelatin capsules are typically manufactured using techniques like the rotary die process, which enables simultaneous forming, filling, and sealing. To ensure the safety, efficacy, and uniformity of the final product, capsules must undergo rigorous quality control tests, including disintegration, weight variation, dissolution, assay, content uniformity, and moisture permeation testing. These evaluations verify the structural integrity of the shell, accuracy of the fill weight, and performance of the dosage form under physiological conditions. This review summarizes the manufacturing processes of both hard and soft gelatin capsules and highlights the essential quality control parameters required to comply with pharmacopeial standards, thereby ensuring reliable therapeutic outcomes.

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Capsules; Gelatin; Hard Gelatin Capsules; Soft Gelatin Capsules; Capsule Filling Machines; Advantages and Disadvantages; Types of Capsule Filling Machines; Working Principles of Capsule Filling

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Rhinoplasty is considered to be one of the most challenging procedures in otolaryngology & head and neck surgery.

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RHINOPLASTY- PATIENT'S SATISFACTION AFTER SURGERY BOTH FUNCTIONAL AND COSMETIC

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The AI-Mock-Interview project aims to transform the traditional interview process by utilizing artificial intelligence to automate and enhance candidate evaluations. This AI-powered system assesses candidates across multiple dimensions, such as verbal responses, body language, eye contact, and emotional expressions. By incorporating cutting-edge technologies like machine learning, natural language processing (NLP), and facial recognition, it offers a more efficient and objective approach to candidate assessment. The project seeks to overcome the inherent biases and subjectivity often present in traditional interviews by adopting a data-driven, impartial evaluation process. The methodology centers around real-time video and audio analysis, leveraging emotion recognition and sentiment analysis through Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) models.

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AI-Driven Interview Simulation Intelligent Mock Interview Platform Virtual Interview Assistant Automated Interview Engine Smart Interview Bot

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Phishing websites have emerged as one of the most prevalent cyber threats, deceiving users into revealing sensitive credentials and causing significant financial losses. Detecting these malicious websites automatically and accurately is crucial for online security. This paper presents a machine learning-based phishing website detection system that analyzes multiple data modalities including URL lexical features, HTML structure, and WHOIS information to identify phishing attempts. The system extracts key features such as domain age, URL length, special character patterns, SSL certificate validity, and embedded script behaviors, which are then processed using ensemble learning models such as Random Forest and XG Boost for classification. The proposed model achieves an overall accuracy of 96.4%, precision of 95.8%, and F1score of 96.1% on benchmark datasets, demonstrating superior performance compared to existing methods. The model is lightweight and optimized for real-time deployment, making it suitable for browser extensions and online verification systems. The key contributions include the integration of diverse feature sets, enhanced detection accuracy, and a scalable implementation for real-world phishing prevention.

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Phishing Website Detection, Machine Learning, Cybersecurity, Web Security, Feature Extraction, Classification Algorithms, Supervised Learning, URL Analysis, Malicious Website Detection, Data Mining.

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In this project we will develop an IoT Based Solar Power Monitoring System using ESP32 WiFi Module. The ESP32 connects to the WiFi Network and uploads the Solar Sensing parameters like Solar Panel Voltage, Temperature, and Light Intensity on Thingspeak Server.

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IoT based solar tracker, solar power

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The rapid expansion of Internet of Things (IoT) devices has been transformed into modern infrastructure around healthcare, industrial reformation, smart cities, and consumer applications. However, this rapid multiplication has never created security challenges, making IoT networks attractive targets for sophisticated cyberattacks [1]. Traditional signature-based intrusion detection systems (IDS) struggle to keep pace with the evolving nature of attacks, particularly botnet-based threats that exploit the inherent resource constraints of IoT devices. Deep learning has emerged as a promising solution for developing robust, adaptive intrusion detection systems capable of identifying both known and novel attack patterns in IoT environments [2]. The BoT-IoT dataset has become a critical standard for evaluating these advanced detection approaches, providing researchers with realistic network traffic data that captures the complexity of modern botnet attacks in IoT infrastructures.

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Internet of Things (IoT), Intrusion Detection System, Deep Learning, Cybersecurity, BoT-IoT Dataset, Botnet Attacks.

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Access to safe drinking water remains a critical public health challenge, particularly in developing regions with limited laboratory infrastructure. This paper presents Purifix H2O, an intelligent Internet of Things (IoT) system for real- time water quality monitoring that integrates low-cost sensors (pH, TDS, turbidity, and temperature) with an Arduino UNO microcontroller and cloud-enabled mobile/web interfaces. The system employs sensor calibration, multi-parameter processing, rule-based safety classification, and an optional machine learning module for AI-driven waterborne disease risk prediction. Experimental evaluations on diverse water sources including tap, borewell, packaged drinking, pond, and contaminated samples demonstrate that the system reliably discriminates water quality categories and predicts health risks based on sensor patterns. Results show that the proposed approach is cost-effective, feasible for large-scale deployment, and significantly improves accessibility to continuous water quality assessment compared to traditional laboratory-based methods.

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IoT, water quality monitoring, low-cost sensors, Arduino, machine learning, disease risk prediction, Android Application, real-time monitoring.

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The concept of gender in Indian families and society needs no introduction, as the age-old gender discrimination has been so deeply internalized that it doesn't come as a surprise if a woman becomes a victim of such discrimination. The paper attempts to study a woman's world bound by patriarchy, class, and gender exploitation, followed by the subsequent resistance in Indian society as portrayed in Arati Kadav's film Mrs. (2024). A Marxist feminist literary approach guides the analysis of the cinematic text. The film projects a quietly powerful and thought-provoking portrayal of a woman caught between her aspirations and the weight of deeply rooted patriarchal expectations. At the heart of the film is Richa, played with striking vulnerability by actress Sanya Malhotra--a middle-class housewife whose routine existence is upended by an unexpected event. What unfolds is not just a story of disruption, but of awakening and resistance. The findings conclude that many Indian married women, like the female lead in the film, are trapped in the endless cycle of domestic chores and constant patriarchal scrutiny. The identity that the woman protagonist had is lost in transition and remains a victim of patriarchy, class, and gender discrimination. It is through passion for a fulfilling work or economic independence that paves the way to the protagonist's ultimate freedom and empowerment.

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patriarchy, gender, Marxist feminism, Mrs., resistance

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ABSTRACT A 60-year-old post-hysterectomy woman presented with a one-year history of vaginal mass protrusion, difficulty walking, and incomplete micturition. Examination revealed vault prolapse with cystocele and enterocele. She was hemodynamically stable with mild pallor and pedal edema. Investigations showed hemoglobin 11 g%, platelet count 1.24 lakh/cumm, and normal renal, liver, thyroid, and viral profiles. Conservative management included lifestyle modification, pelvic floor exercises, multivitamins, antihypertensives, and topical estrogen. She was advised sexual abstinence for three months and follow-up for thyroid and fecal occult blood tests. Surgical correction such as sacrocolpopexy was planned if symptoms persisted. This case emphasizes early recognition, supportive care, and individualized management of post-hysterectomy vault prolapse with cystocele and enterocele.

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Keywords: Vault prolapse, cystocele, enterocele, hysterectomy complications, pelvic organ prolapsed

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Summarizes Jatharagni's role in Grahani-IBS pathogenesis, linking Mandagni-Ama to dysbiosis. Outlines review methodology, key findings (doshic-IBS mapping), and integrative therapeutic superiority. Aim To establish the mechanistic role of Jatharagni dysregulation in Grahani pathogenesis and its correlation with IBS pathophysiology. Objectives 1. Analyze classical Jatharagni physiology and Grahani classification from Ayurvedic texts. 2. Map tridoshic Grahani types to IBS subtypes. 3. Correlate Mandagni-Ama with modern dysbiosis and gut dysfunction. Introduction Defines Grahani Roga via classical Shloka, introduces Jatharagni physiology. Correlates with IBS prevalence/Rome IV, states research scope for Ayurvedic-modern synthesis. Methodology PRISMA-adapted systematic review of Ayurvedic texts/databases (2000-2025). Details inclusion criteria, qualitative dosha-IBS mapping, bias assessment via Jadad scale. Results Presents Jatharagni functions (Paka-Vibhajana), Grahani classification table (Vataja->IBS- C etc.). Shows Deepana-Pachana efficacy (70-80% relief) with Samprapti diagram.Discussion Elaborates Mandagni->Ama parallels (dysbiosis, leaky gut, motility chaos).Pathophysiological mechanism of Grahani and IBS and it's integrated interpretation Conclusion Affirms Jatharagni restoration as root-cause therapy outperforming IBS palliation. Recommends multicentric trials for global validation.

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Keywords: Jatharagni, Grahani Roga, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, Agni, Mandagni, Digestive Fire, Ayurveda, Ama, Dysbiosis

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Machine Learning and Deep learning-based software tools has facilitated the creation of credible face exchanges in videos and images that leave few traces of manipulation, in what they are known as "DeepFake"(DF) videos. Manipulations of digital videos have been demonstrated for several decades through the good use of visual effects, recent advances in deep learning have led to a drastic increase in the realism of fake content and the accessibility in which it can be created. These so-called AI-synthesized media (popularly referred to as DF).Creating the DF using the Artificially intelligent tools are simple task. But, when it comes to detection of these DF, it is major challenge. Because training the algorithm to spot the DF is not simple. We have taken a step forward in detecting the DF using Convolutional Neural Network and Recurrent neural Network. System uses a convolutional Neural network (CNN) to extract features at the frame level. These features are used to train a recurrent neural network (RNN) which learns to classify if a video has been subject to manipulation or not and able to detect the temporal inconsistencies between frames introduced by the DF creation tools. Expected result against a large set of fake videos collected from standard data set.

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: Deepfake Detection , Kaggle Dataset, convolutional Neural network (CNN), recurrent neural network (RNN), Machine Learning.

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Vikara Vighatakara Bhavas represent protective parlance in Ayurvedic pathogenesis that proactively inhibit disease manifestation. These elements modulate the interaction of triad of Nidana (Doshas, Dhatus, Malas etc, the etiological factors) Visheshas, preventing Samprapti (pathogenic processes). Vikara Vighatkara Bhavas act as barriers against Vyadhi (disease) by opposing the association of causative factors like Naidan, Doshas, Dhatus, Malas etc. Their Bhavas (presence) strengthens Vyadhikshamatva (immunity), while Abhavas (absence) facilitates pathogenesis, as described in Charaka Samhita's Prameha Nidana. These Bhavas include Ojas, balanced Doshas, Prashashta (strong) Dhatus, and Sattvic mental states that neutralize Nidana's impact. Proactively, these Bhavas enhance resilience through Dinacharya, Ritucharya, and Rasayana therapies, fortifying the body pre-exposure to pathogens. Bala (strength), Sattva (psyche), and Abhyantara Hetus (internal causative factors) play key roles in averting Dosha vitiation. This aligns with Ayurveda's Swasthavritta emphasis on prevention over cure. Protectively, they disrupt Samprapti by limiting Dosha-Dooshya Sammurchana, influencing Rogamarga and Krama. Factors like Prativishesha (counter-specifics) determine disease severity, onset, and prognosis. In modern terms, they parallel immunity modulators, explaining individual disease resistance variations. Understanding these Bhavas guides Chikitsa towards Samprapti-Vighatana and Nidana-Parivarjana. Enhancing them via Ahara-Vihara and Ojasya-Rasayanas offers holistic prophylaxis.

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Vikara Vighatkara Bhavas, Ayurvedic pathogenesis, Samprapti-Vighatana, Vyadhikshamatva, Nidana-Visheshas, protective factors, Ojas, diseases etc.

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Keywords: Acute respiratory infections, video teaching programme, mothers, under-five children, preventive measures, rural health.

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