Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Quadratic programming (QP) is one of the most widely used nonlinear optimization methods of operational research, in which a decision-making procedure for the quadratic objective function is constrained by linear equalities and inequalities (Harold W. Kuhn, & Albert W. Tucker, 1951). The quadratic programming model is capable of handling the interaction and curvature among other decision variables and has a broader scope of practical applications, like modeling of different complex engineering financial industrial and computational systems. It brings a realistic and optimal solution to many cost risk profit and resource allocation problems where the interactions may not easily be specified by a linear function of variables, which makes it a powerful optimization and strategic planning tool.

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Quadratic Programming, Optimization, Operations Research, Convex Optimization, Nonlinear Programming, Decision Science, Karush-Kuhn-Tucker Conditions, Mathematical Modeling, Computational Optimization

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Looking into the dynamics of Modern Fiction we find that it is one of the most valued essays of Virginia Woolf. On April 10, 1919 it was published as Modern Novels in The Times Literary Supplement. It was again revised and printed as Modern Fiction in The Common Reader in 1925. In contemporary writing, this essay is like a manifesto; in it varied themes and techniques that do not exist in the traditional and conventional writing of fiction. Therefore, it could be considered to have defied the norms of literary fiction. This essay occupies a prominent role in the history of literature for having defined a visionary approach and conception of fiction in the modern period. Literature has gone through various changing during the late nineteenth and early twentieth century. In modern period, writers such as Virginia Woolf and James Joyce have openly defied the linear plot structure and predictable characters and traditional narrative. The present essay entitled Modern Fiction provides fresh insights to modern writers and it can be one of the reasons that it gave immense popularity to Virginia Woolf. Critics and scholars are of the opinion that this essay was a response to traditional literary landscape which failed to capture the complexities of human behaviour. Virginia Woolf has tried hard to redefine the genre of fiction by following experimental and introspective form of writing. It is interesting to note that Modern Fiction also changed the perception of readers and they understood that a true fiction can project the complexities of human behaviour. A good fiction must project the intricacies of life and it can be one of the reasons that a linear and chronological method of storytelling was questioned by Virginia Woolf. She has stated that nothing is fixed in life and thus, there must not be any prejudices in fiction. The subjectivity of human consciousness has been well expressed in the essay Modern Fiction.

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Fiction, Traditional, Plot, Significant, landscape, popularity

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From the mathematical point of view the described laminar boundary layer flow has become one of the most fundamental problems of the fluid mechanics and applied mathematics because of its broad application to various engineering and industrial problems (Schlichting & Gersten, 2017). Basic boundary layer theory established the basis for manipulating the fully developed flow in the vicinity of any solid surface effectively where the viscosity dominates and the velocity profiles are established. It has traditionally been applied to analyses the drag forces, heat transfer and flow stability within many engineering systems. Commonly the fluid flows occur in the presence of magneto hydrodynamic influences due to the applied external magnetic field (Cramer & Pai, 1973).

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Laminar Flow, Boundary Layer, Mathematical Modelling, Magneto hydrodynamics, Magnetic Field, Fluid Mechanics, Thermal Transport, Similarity Transformation, Viscous Flow, Applied Mathematics

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The real India lives in her villages where more than two-thirds of India's populations pursue their livelihood. The labour participation rate in rural areas was 56.7 per cent of which women labour participation rate was only 37 per cent in the year 2022-23. Empowering marginalized populations, particularly those living below the poverty line and women, is the primary goal of Indian development efforts since independence. Despite government efforts, rural women, in particular, struggle with limited education, property rights, and resource access. Furthermore, there has been no significant development in the status of women in rural areas. Since 1980, the India's government has promoted Self Help Groups (SHGs) as a strategy of rural development for empowering women and alleviating poverty. The present study aims to explain the role of self help groups to empowering marginalized group of the society specially women. The present study is confined to the Baleswar district in Odisha. The primary objective of the study is to find out correlation between socio-economic variables and level of satisfaction of SHG members.

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Rural Poverty, Self Help Groups, socio-economic development, women empowerment.

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Looking into the dynamics of integral view of life and existence in the poems of Sri Aurobindo Ghose we find that there is a kind of Indianness associated with his poetry. It is interesting to note that he was a versatile genius. Apart from being a poet he was chiefly known as a sage, yogi, philosopher and a true nationalist. He has also edited newspapers like Vande Mataram. Thus, it becomes clear that Sri Aurobindo was not the master of a single trade but he was a versatile genius. He believed that in world nothing is permanent, a man must live a life of simplicity. He considered that all living and non-living things are going through the process of decay. It can be one of the reasons that he himself adopted the simplicity of a sage. According to his ideology we find that old customs and rituals are connected to our roots but they are also not permanent. Old order is replaced by new order and this is the way we can understand the philosophy of life. Sri Aurobindo was a man of moral principles. He knew that the ultimate reality of life was death. He guided people to live a meaningful life. His political agenda was guided through his sense of spirituality. In other word we can also say that he was aware of the consequences of his every action and it can be one of the reasons that he lived a selfless life. People trusted him because he lived for them. His school of thought was deeply buried under the inner consciousness of common man. Thus, it is evident that he was not just a man of moral principles but he represented an ideology. His literary talent has not been touched by early poets and historians. Critics and scholars are of the opinion that in the poems of Sri Aurobindo we can find glimpses of Indianness.

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Indianness, Sage, Principles, Existence, Poetry

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Indira Goswami, an esteemed Assamese novelist, is known for her literary portrayals of the intricate rituals of Hinduism in her novels. Her writings not only vividly depict various socio-economic and religious facets of Assam but also of many other regions. One of her notable works, The Man from Chinnamasta, is set around the ancient Kamakhya Temple of the Shakti cult, dating back over 2,000 years. The narrative unfolds in the 1930s, a significant period marking the final years of British governance in India. The novel explores the intricate connections between religion, animal sacrifice, and masculinity, highlighting how these elements intersect to reinforce power dynamics and social hierarchies. The protagonist, Chinnamasta Jatadhari, struggles with internal conflicts and moral dilemmas, challenging readers to confront the ethical implications of violence in the name of tradition and religion. Goswami's narration sheds light on the marginalization of women and animals within patriarchal societies, prompting reflection on the intersections of power, violence, and belief systems. Through a critical perspective on traditional notions of animal sacrifice, The Man from Chinnamasta offers insights into how these elements shape social structures and perpetuate systems of oppression. This paper aims to uncover how traditional practices shape and influence gender roles, power dynamics, and notions of masculinity by examining the protagonist's journey and the cultural significance of ritual sacrifice in the novel. Through a detailed analysis of Goswami's narration, this study aims to elucidate the complex interplay between tradition, gender, and power in ritual sacrifice, offering insights into these dynamics' cultural and social implications.

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Kamakhya, Masculinity, Marginalization, Oppression, Religion.

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Fluid mechanics and thermal engineering are closely related to each other and some of the most fundamental areas are fluid flow and heat transmission. These two concepts are essential for the comprehension of the performance of fluid movement and heat transfer systems through their role determining one another. Industries of all kinds depend deeply on the fundamentals of fluid flow and heat transfer for the engineering, management, and upgrading of different systems and technologies. One may find the implementation of these principles in the design of aerospace engineering, vehicle manufacturing, power generation, refrigeration and air conditioning, biomedical engineering, chemical sector, petroleum engineering, production processes, and renewable energy systems.

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heat exchanger, Fluid flow, movement of heat, petroleum engineering

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One of the most important fields of applied mathematics and engineering sciences is fluid dynamics and heat transfer. These are the disciplines that are fundamental to the understanding of the transfer of fluid and thermal energy in natural and industrial systems. The fluid motion and temperature changes control the functioning of many engineering components and industrial processes. Thermal-fluid concepts are needed in present day engineering applications like thermal power plants, refrigeration systems, aerospace, automobile cooling systems, biomedical, chemical reactors, renewable energy systems, electronic cooling mechanisms etc. The study of fluid flow and heat transport together assist the engineer to make the systems more efficient, to minimize the losses in energy and to maximize the systems performance. Fluid flow is the movement of fluid (liquid or gas) due to pressure gradients, external forces, gravity, and viscous effects. Heat Transfer is the transfer of heat from a high temperature to a low temperature region. Analysis of fluid motion and thermal transport is often of great importance in most engineering systems as they are coupled. The mathematical modeling of such phenomena is related to the conservation laws for mass, momentum and energy. These laws are expressed in the form of differential equations that are the basis of the theory of thermal-fluid analysis.

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Thermal-Fluid Sciences, Computational Techniques, Thermal Power, Aerospace

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Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of darunavir and their derivatives as HIV-1 protease inhibitors

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Quantitative structure activity relationship studies of darunavir and their derivatives as HIV-1 protease inhibitors

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This paper examines the representation of women in River Sutra by Gita Mehta, focusing on the interconnected themes of suffering and strength. Set against the symbolic backdrop of the Narmada River, the novel presents a series of episodic narratives that reveal the emotional, psychological, and social dimensions of women's lives within a patriarchal framework. The study analyzes how female characters such as the musician's daughter, the ascetic woman, and the courtesan embody diverse experiences of marginalization, isolation, and inner conflict. The paper argues that while these women are subjected to various forms of suffering--emotional neglect, social restriction, and identity crisis--they also demonstrate resilience through endurance, adaptation, and subtle forms of resistance. Unlike overtly rebellious feminist narratives, the novel portrays strength as an internal and often silent process. Drawing upon feminist literary theory, the study highlights how Mehta redefines female agency by presenting women not merely as passive victims but as complex individuals negotiating their identities within restrictive social structures. Furthermore, the river serves as a central metaphor for continuity and resilience, mirroring the enduring spirit of the female characters. The paper concludes that River Sutra offers a nuanced feminist perspective by foregrounding women's inner lives and emphasizing the coexistence of suffering and strength. Through its layered narrative and symbolic depth, the novel contributes significantly to the discourse on gender, identity, and resilience in Indian English literature.

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Feminism, Patriarchy, Female Suffering, Resilience, Identity

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 Abstract

"Bangla Sahitya ebong Samaje Sanskrit Bhasha o Yogacharcha"

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Sanskrit bhasha o yogacharcha, Bangla sahitya o samajer chintadhara, adhyatmikata ebong sanskritik oitijhya, adhyatmik sadhanar gurutva, yogacharcha manusher atmik unnati, noitik shuddhata ebong mon-deher samanjassya protistha,

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Soil algae represent an important component of terrestrial microbial communities and play a significant role in soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning. The present study investigated the diversity and distribution of soil algae in cultivated agricultural soils of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Soil samples were collected from four major agricultural tehsils representing different cropping systems, including sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), soybean (Glycine max), chilli (Capsicum annuum), and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan). Algal isolation was carried out using serial dilution and enrichment techniques on selective culture media such as BG-11, Bold's Basal Medium (BBM), Chu No. 10, COMBO, and WC media. The isolates were identified based on morphological characteristics using standard phycological taxonomic keys. The analysis revealed a diverse algal flora belonging to five major classes: Bacillariophyceae, Chlorophyceae, Cyanophyceae, Euglenophyceae, and Xanthophyceae. Among these groups, Cyanophyceae represented the most dominant group, followed by Chlorophyceae and Bacillariophyceae, while Euglenophyceae and Xanthophyceae were comparatively less abundant. The occurrence of diverse algal taxa in cultivated soils may be associated with favourable environmental conditions created by agricultural practices such as irrigation, fertilizer application, and organic matter accumulation. Several cyanobacterial genera identified in the study, including Anabaena, Nostoc, and Cylindrospermum, are known to contribute to soil fertility through biological nitrogen fixation.

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Soil algae represent an important component of terrestrial microbial communities and play a significant role in soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and ecosystem functioning. The present study investigated the diversity and distribution of soil algae in cultivated agricultural soils of Buldhana district, Maharashtra, India. Soil samples were collected from four major agricultural tehsils representing different cropping systems, including sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum), soybean (Glycine max), ch

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Chlorpyrifos, Pseudomonas putida, Bioremediation, Organophosphate, pesticides.

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The rise of Indian nationalism was a layered and dynamic process, and Bengal stood at the forefront during its formative years. Being the first region to come under direct British control, Bengal experienced both the detrimental consequences of colonial rule and the awakening of political awareness. The cultural and intellectual resurgence known as the Bengal Renaissance driven by reformers such as Raja Ram Mohan Roy and Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar created the groundwork for nationalist thought. The 1905 Partition of Bengal became a turning point, sparking the Swadeshi Movement, which marked a decisive shift toward widespread political engagement and self-reliance through indigenous means. Bengal also emerged as the epicenter of revolutionary movements, with organizations like Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar leading armed resistance against colonial authority. Furthermore, the region's influence in education, literature, and cultural revival helped amplify the nationalist spirit throughout India. This paper explores the diverse ways in which Bengal shaped and sustained Indian nationalism, cementing its role as a cornerstone in the country's fight for freedom.

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Bengal Renaissance, Swadeshi Movement, Indian Nationalism, Partition of Bengal, Revolutionary Activities

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A study of personality adjustment of secondary level students of Basti district.

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A study of personality adjustment of secondary level students of Basti district.

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Bureaucratic reforms are crucial for improving governance, enhancing administrative efficiency, and ensuring public accountability. Across the world, governments have implemented reforms to reduce procedural delays, simplify administrative structures, and make service delivery more citizen-friendly. In India, bureaucratic reforms have been introduced at the national and state levels to address systemic inefficiencies, corruption, and governance challenges. This paper examines the impact of bureaucratic reforms on governance, with a focus on reforms aimed at reducing red tape, improving efficiency, and enhancing accountability. Using a mixed-method approach--reviewing government reports, analyzing case studies, and interviewing public officials--the study highlights key areas where reforms have had a positive effect and identifies ongoing challenges. Findings suggest that reforms such as e-governance, delegation of powers, process simplification, and performance appraisal systems have improved service delivery, reduced delays, and increased transparency. However, challenges remain due to political interference, resistance to change, and inadequate monitoring mechanisms. Recommendations include institutionalizing reforms, strengthening capacity building, and promoting citizen participation to maximize the benefits of bureaucratic reform.

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Old English, Modern English, Grammar Evolution, Linguistic Change, Syntax, Morphology, Inflection, Language Contact

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National Education Policy 2020: Issues, Opportunities and Challenges

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National Education Policy 2020: Issues, Opportunities and Challenges

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Value-oriented education is essential for a respectable society because values are diminishing day by day in present society. Today, anti-social activities, immoral activities, corruption, drugs addictions, etc. are increasing in the society. Only through the instrument of value-oriented education can we solve the growing problems in society. Since value-oriented education is essential not only for the present society but also for the future society. There is a great need for in-depth research on value-oriented education. Value-oriented education scale was constructed and standardized by investigator. The sample for the investigation consisted of 1200 intermediate students in the old chittoor district.A 2x3 factorial design for interaction of mother occupation vs economic position of the family on the attitude of intermediate students towards value-oriented education and mean, standard deviation, independent sample t-test, Anova were employed to analyze the data. The findings revealed that both mother occupation and economic position of the family have significant influence on attitude of intermediate students towards value oriented education at 0.05 level. It is advised to provide economic facilities for various groups of economic position of the family.

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Value-Oriented Education, Mother Occupation, Economic Position of Family.

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The Mizoram Universal Health Care Scheme (MUHCS) aims to provide accessible, cashless healthcare to reduce the financial burden of hospitalization. This study evaluates the efficacy of MUHCS by surveying 20 patients--10 each from empanelled and non-empanelled hospitals--using a structured questionnaire and analyzing secondary data from official handbooks. SPSS was applied for data analysis and cross-tabulations. Findings reveal that patients in empanelled hospitals benefit from cashless treatment, incur lower out-of-pocket expenses, and report higher satisfaction, while non-empanelled hospital patients face greater financial hardship. Challenges include limited hospital empanelment, low awareness, slow claim processing, and insufficient collaboration between private hospitals and the government. Respondents recommend expanding public hospitals, increasing awareness, ensuring faster processing, and fostering better coordination with private hospitals. The study concludes that MUHCS has positively impacted healthcare access and financial protection, but strategic improvements are necessary to maximize its benefits and efficiency.

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Mizoram Universal Health Care Scheme, cashless healthcare, empanelled hospitals, patient satisfaction, financial protection, health insurance, healthcare accessibility

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The integration of digital technology into English Language Teaching (ELT) has significantly transformed pedagogical practices in secondary education. Technology-assisted ELT offers opportunities to enhance learner engagement, language skill development, and instructional effectiveness. Teachers' attitudes play a crucial role in determining the success of technology integration in classrooms. The present study investigates secondary school English teachers' attitudes towards technology-assisted ELT, identifies factors influencing these attitudes, and examines challenges encountered during implementation. A quantitative descriptive survey design was employed, and data were collected from 123 secondary school English teachers drawn from Ajmer, Jaipur, Pilani, and Rewari using a structured Likert-scale questionnaire. Both descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test and ANOVA) were used for data analysis. The findings reveal that teachers generally hold positive attitudes towards technology-assisted ELT, particularly in relation to learner motivation, language skill development, and classroom interaction. Inferential analysis indicates that teachers' attitudes differ significantly based on teaching experience and location, but not gender. However, inadequate professional training, infrastructural limitations, time constraints, and lack of technical support continue to hinder effective integration. The study concludes that sustained professional development, region-specific institutional support, and context-sensitive policy interventions are essential for the meaningful and equitable integration of technology in secondary ELT classrooms.

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Technology-assisted ELT, teachers' attitudes, secondary education, digital pedagogy, inferential analysis, India.

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