Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Cryptocurrency has emerged as a revolutionary form of digital currency, challenging traditional financial systems and legal frameworks across the world. Its decentralized nature, anonymity in transactions, and borderless functioning raise significant legal implications that demand critical examination. In India, the status of cryptocurrency remains uncertain due to the absence of specific legislation and the fluctuating judicial and regulatory approach. While the Supreme Court in Internet and Mobile Association of India v. Reserve Bank of India (2020) struck down the RBI's banking ban on virtual currencies, the lack of comprehensive regulatory guidelines continues to pose challenges. The legal implications primarily revolve around issues of taxation, money laundering, investor protection, cybersecurity, and the possible conflict with existing financial laws. Moreover, the potential misuse of cryptocurrency in terror financing and illegal trade further complicates the regulatory landscape. This paper seeks to analyze the evolving legal status of cryptocurrency in India, compare it with international frameworks, and suggest reforms that balance innovation with legal certainty and consumer protection.

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Cryptocurrency, Blockchain, Legal Implications, Cyber Security, Regulation

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Sepsis, a life-threatening organ dysfunction due to a dysregulated host response to infection, continues to pose a significant clinical challenge despite advances in supportive care. The review synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials and cohort studies to evaluate the impact of vitamin C--administered alone or in combination with thiamine and hydrocortisone--on key outcomes such as mortality, organ dysfunction (SOFA scores), vasopressor requirements, and safety profiles. The evidence regarding vitamin C monotherapy is mixed: several meta-analyses suggest possible reductions in mortality and improvements in SOFA scores and vasopressor duration, but these findings are not consistently statistically significant, and some large trials even indicate potential harm. Combination therapies, particularly the "metabolic resuscitation cocktail" (vitamin C, thiamine, hydrocortisone), have not demonstrated significant mortality benefit in high-quality trials, though modest improvements in organ dysfunction metrics are observed. Vitamin C is generally well tolerated, but rare adverse effects--such as increased renal replacement therapy or hypernatremia--have been reported in certain studies, warranting caution in patients with specific comorbidities. Substantial heterogeneity in dosing regimens, timing, patient populations, and study design complicates interpretation, and the overall certainty of evidence for major outcomes remains low to moderate according to GRADE criteria. Current guidelines do not recommend routine intravenous vitamin C use in sepsis outside of clinical trials. The review underscores the need for large, well-designed randomized studies to identify patient subgroups most likely to benefit, determine optimal dosing strategies, and clarify the role of vitamin C--alone or in combination--in improving clinically significant outcomes in sepsis. This systematic literature review critically examines the efficacy and safety of intravenous vitamin C administration in the management of sepsis and septic shock.

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vitamin C; sepsis; literature; mortality; hydrocortisone

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The scam of 1992 by Harshad Mehta remains one of the most infamous financial scandals in India's history, exposing deep-rooted flaws in the country's financial and legal regulatory systems during the 90's era. This Incident was marked as the biggest setback in Indian financial governance and market transparency in which Harshad Mehta, a prominent stockbroker, orchestrated a sophisticated scheme to manipulate stock prices and misappropriate funds from banks by exploiting gaps in the banking and security markets ecosystem resulting in the occurrence of an white collar crime which involved the embezzlement of Rs 1439 crore [$3 billion], leading to an profound financial crisis and the heartbreaking loss of life savings and assets for countless investors, with the total economic fallout reaching to Rs 3542 crore [approximately $7 billion]. This paper takes an in-depth dive into the legal intricacies of the 1992 scam, analyzing how the fraud was executed, the evidence presented, and the judicial response that followed. It also analyses the gaps in financial investment laws of that time and the regulatory loopholes that Mehta exploited, leading to much-needed urgent reforms in India's financial and legal framework by bringing robust legal safeguards and more stringent regulatory oversight to preserve market integrity, steering India towards a more transparent and accountable economic and financial system.

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 Keywords

Scam-1992, Financial-Governance, Market-Transparency, Stock-Broker, Manipulating Stock Prices, Misappropriation of Funds, White Collar Crime, Financial Crisis, Economic Fallout

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When Hepatitis-B is diagnosed, the quest for a reliable curative treatment in any medical system starts. Which physician should I see? Which doctor specializes in treating Hepatitis B or C infections, or the gastroenterologist with the largest list of alphabets after his name? How is the doctor chosen? Excellent question as well. You should see a physician with extensive clinical experience in treating infections caused by Hepatitis B or C. Instead of choosing someone with book knowledge of Hepatitis B or C, look for a physician with a long history of treating Hepatitis B and C cases alone. Practice is only focused on clinical abilities and knowledge, whereas study allows one to earn more degrees. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a major global health challenge, affecting millions of individuals and contributing significantly to chronic liver disease, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. This comprehensive review summarizes current knowledge on HBV epidemiology, virology, modes of transmission, clinical manifestations, and diagnostic approaches. It highlights recent advances in understanding the viral life cycle, host immune responses, and mechanisms of persistence that complicate therapeutic eradication. Current prevention strategies--including universal vaccination, maternal screening, and antiviral prophylaxis--are discussed alongside available antiviral therapies that suppress viral replication and reduce long-term complications. Despite substantial progress, HBV cure remains elusive due to the stability of covalently closed circular DNA (ccc DNA) and viral integration into host genomes.

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: Hepatitis B Virus, Hepadnaviridae, DNA Virus, Acute Hepatitis, Chronic Hepatitis

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Modern technological advancements have accelerated the development of miniaturized and portable analytical devices, enabling on-site, real-time, and decentralized chemical analysis. Traditional laboratory instruments, although highly accurate and sensitive, are often bulky, expensive, and require skilled personnel. Portable analytical devices overcome these limitations through miniaturization of components, integration of microfluidics, smartphone- assisted detection, point-of-care diagnostics, and the use of nanomaterials. These devices allow rapid screening of chemicals in environmental monitoring, food safety, forensic investigations, pharmaceuticals, toxicology, and biomedical diagnostics. The increasing demand for low-cost, fast, and user-friendly analytical solutions has driven innovations in lab-on-a-chip (LOC), paper-based microfluidics, portable spectrometers, electrochemical sensors, and handheld chromatographic systems. This review provides an extensive overview of the types, working principles, fabrication methods, influencing factors, advantages, limitations, and future prospects of miniaturized analytical systems.

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Portable sensors, lab-on-a-chip, on-site analysis, microfluidics, handheld spectrometers

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The introduction of the Goods and Services Tax (GST) in India represents one of the most significant indirect tax reforms aimed at creating a unified national market and improving tax efficiency. By subsuming multiple central and state-level indirect taxes into a single tax framework, GST sought to eliminate cascading effects, simplify compliance, and enhance transparency in the taxation system. The manufacturing sector, being a major contributor to India's GDP, employment, and exports, occupies a crucial position in assessing the effectiveness of this reform. This paper provides a conceptual and analytical review of the structure and evolution of GST in India, with specific emphasis on its implications for the manufacturing sector. Using secondary data and an extensive review of existing literature, policy documents, and government reports, the study examines the dual GST model, rate structure, input tax credit mechanism, and institutional framework governing GST. The paper also identifies key challenges faced by the manufacturing sector under the GST regime, including rate complexity, compliance burden, working capital pressures, and transitional issues. The study concludes by highlighting the need for continued policy refinement to ensure that GST achieves its intended objectives of efficiency, competitiveness, and sustainable industrial growth.

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Goods and Services Tax, Manufacturing Sector, Indirect Tax Reform, GST Structure, India

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Adivasi Kshetratil Shikshan Yojanancha Samajik Badalavar Parinam

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Adivasi Kshetratil Shikshan Yojanancha Samajik Badalavar Parinam

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For medications that are mostly absorbed in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract segments the stomach, duodenum, and jejunum floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) offer an extra benefit. The quantitative effectiveness of floating delivery systems in the fed and fasted states, the contribution of buoyancy to improving FDDS's gastro residence time (GRT), and the relationship between extended GRT and sustained release/pharmacokinetic features are some of the important, unresolved issues surrounding the logical development of FDDS. The polymers employed in floating drug delivery formulations and systems have advanced significantly, and they can now accomplish more than just prolong a drug's effective release period. It is detailed how polymeric excipients (Es) are referred to in the technology utilized to create floating drug delivery systems (FDDS). The most popular polymer groups, their characteristics, and their function in different technical techniques to attaining buoyancy have been identified based on the information provided in research articles. Furthermore, methods for altering the API release in these systems are explained, along with the Es that are employed. The present developments in the application of polymers in floating dosage form (FDF) technology are described, together with broad conclusions regarding the future of this field.

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Floating Drug Delivery Systems (FDDS), Gastroretentive Drug Delivery, Polymers, Natural Polymers, Synthetic Polymers, Buoyancy Mechanism, Controlled Drug Release, Gastric Retention Time, Swellable Polymers, Low-Density Systems, Mucoadhesive Polymers, Floating Tablets, Hollow Microspheres, Nanopolymers, 3D-Printed FDDS, Sustained Release Formulations, Effervescent Systems, Polymer Blends, Biodegradable Polymers, Targeted Gastric Delivery

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Anita Desai's short story A Devoted Son offers a poignant exploration of the intricate dynamics between familial duty and personal autonomy within the Indian cultural context. This paper delves into the nuanced portrayal of the parent-child relationship. It focuses on the evolving bond between Rakesh, a dutiful son and accomplished doctor, and his ageing father, Varma. Through a critical analysis, the study examines how Desai articulates the tensions arising from generational expectations, the shifting roles within the family structure, and the psychological complexities that accompany ageing and caregiving. By integrating textual evidence and scholarly interpretations, the paper elucidates the delicate balance between respect, control, and compassion, ultimately questioning the true essence of devotion in familial relationships. In doing so, the paper not only underscores the emotional burden that filial piety can impose but also highlights the unspoken emotional rift that can develop within families when love becomes obligation and care transforms into control. , he story begins with Rakesh achieving academic excellence and his family celebrating his success. As Rakesh's career progresses, he becomes a renowned doctor, but his father's health deteriorates, leading to a shift in their dynamics. Rakesh, once an obedient and loving son, transforms into a controlling figure, imposing strict dietary restrictions and medication on his father. Despite the elderly Varma's pleas for a more relaxed approach to his health, Rakesh remains adamant. The story concludes with a poignant scene where Varma rejects Rakesh's medication, symbolizing his desire for a peaceful departure.

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: Familial duty, parent-child relationship, ageing, filial piety, Indian culture

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Pharmaceutical products are vulnerable to degradation during manufacturing, storage, and distribution, which can adversely affect their safety, efficacy, and quality. Forced degradation (stress testing) is a systematic approach used during drug development to deliberately degrade active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and drug products under exaggerated conditions such as hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic, thermal, and humidity stress. Data generated from these studies support the development of stability-indicating analytical methods (SIAMs) that can selectively quantify the intact drug in the presence of its degradation products and impurities. Impurity profiling, which involves the detection, identification, characterization, and quantification of process- and degradation-related impurities, is essential to comply with International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) impurity guidelines and to ensure patient safety. This review summarizes the scientific principles of forced degradation, typical stress conditions, degradation mechanisms, and their relevance in understanding the intrinsic stability of drug substances. It further discusses the development and validation of stability-indicating methods, with emphasis on high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and other hyphenated techniquesforimpurity profiling.Regulatory expectations from ICH Q1A(R2), Q1B, Q2(R1), Q3A(R2), and Q3B(R2), as well as USFDA and pharmacopeial recommendations, are highlighted. Concepts of mass balance and case studies on stability- indicating method development are also presented. Emerging trends such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, two-dimensional chromatography, chemometrics, and risk-based impurity assessment are briefly reviewed. Forced degradation and robust stability-indicating methods together form the backbone of impurity profiling strategies that ensure safe, effective, and stable pharmaceutical products throughout their shelf life.

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Forced degradation; stress testing; stability-indicating method; impurity profiling; degradation products; HPLC; LC-MS; ICH guidelines; mass balance; drug stability

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Laloo Prasad Yadav Ke Shasan-Kal Men Samajik Nyay & Pichhadon Ka Sashktikaran (1990-2005)- Ek Adhyayan

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Laloo Prasad Yadav Ke Shasan-Kal Men Samajik Nyay & Pichhadon Ka Sashktikaran (1990-2005)- Ek Adhyayan

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Ensuring pharmaceutical product quality and safety requires robust analytical methodologies throughout the drug development and manufacturing processes. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy has emerged as a fundamental analytical technique in pharmaceutical laboratories due to its operational simplicity, high sensitivity, cost-effectiveness, and regulatory acceptance. This review provides a comprehensive examination of UV spectroscopic applications specifically focused on pharmaceutical quality control and impurity detection. The fundamental principles of light absorption, the Beer-Lambert law, and electronic transitions in molecules are discussed in detail. Various pharmaceutical applications including compound identification, quantitative assay of active pharmaceutical ingredients, detection and quantification of impurities, analysis of degradation products, and dissolution testing are extensively reviewed. Method validation approaches aligned with International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines are elaborated, incorporating specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, range, and robustness parameters. Regulatory compliance requirements established by major pharmacopeial standards including United States Pharmacopeia (USP), European Pharmacopoeia (EP), and related standards are discussed. The advantages and limitations of UV spectroscopy are critically analyzed, and emerging applications including diode array detection, chemometric integration, and process analytical technology are highlighted. This review demonstrates the continued significance of UV spectroscopy in pharmaceutical quality assurance and its substantial role in contemporary pharmaceutical analysis.

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Uv- spectroscopy, pharmaceutical analysis, quality control, impurity detection, method validation, drug assay.

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Abstract In recent studies, quantum computing has turned out as a new paradigm of computation and has been able to solve the problems with many classes of problems that are still unsolvable by ordinary classical machines. In contrast to the commutative architecture of binary computing, which needs bits being limited to either zero or one, quantum computing utilizes superposition, entanglement and unitary evolution, which permit computations on exponentially large spaces. This article provides a systematic coverage of the literal principles, quantum mathematical procedures, computer tumult, and the recent applications of the quantum technologies. It further examines the constraints of Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) devices and explains the possible ways that could be taken to achieve scalable, fault-tolerant architecture. The review highlights the importance of continuous interdisciplinary cooperation between physics, engineering, and computer science solutions that make quantum computing a feasible idea.

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Keywords: Quantum Computing, Qubits, Superposition, Quantum Algorithms, NISQ

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One of the most revolutionary areas of contemporary pharmaceutical science is nanotechnology, which provides creative ways to get around the drawbacks of traditional drug delivery methods. Poor water solubility, instability, low bioavailability, quick metabolism, and limited absorption of numerous phytoconstituents are some of the difficulties faced by herbal medicine, despite its reputation for therapeutic efficacy, safety, and cultural acceptance. One potential solution to these issues is the use of nanotechnology in herbal preparations. The therapeutic efficacy of herbal medications can be greatly increased by encasing or delivering herbal actives through nanoparticles like polymeric nanoparticles, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs), nanoemulsions, liposomes, metallic nanoparticles, and phytosomes. These nanosystems increase solubility, preserve bioactives from degradation, allow deep penetration into tissues, prolong systemic circulation, and provide controlled. Additionally, the "green synthesis" of nanoparticles can be made eco-friendly and biocompatible by using plant extracts as natural reducing and stabilising agents. The foundations, varieties, preparation processes, characterisation methods, benefits, difficulties, and wide range of therapeutic uses of nanoparticles in herbal medicine are the main topics of this review. By combining nanotechnology with traditional herbal knowledge, new treatment approaches that are safer, more effective, more scientifically advanced can be developed.

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Herbal Nanomedicine, Nanoparticles, Herbal Nanoparticles, Nano-Drug Delivery Systems, Phytochemicals, Bioavailability Enhancement, Polymeric Nanoparticles, Lipid-Based Nanocarriers, Green Synthesis, Phytosomes

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Nanotechnology has accelerated over the past forty years and shows no signs of slowing down. Nanotechnology-related innovations and products have transformed every facet of daily life, from the food sector to medical uses. Nanoparticles have improved the intracellular delivery of hydrophobic medications, greatly increased the shelf life of food products, and increased the effectiveness of some treatments like anticancer medicines. As a result, nanotechnology has affected both the global economy and the standard of living. This review discusses the properties of nanoparticles that give them appropriate and potentially harmful biological effects, as well as their uses in various biological domains and nanoparticle-based medications and delivery systems in biomedicine, including nano-based medications that are currently FDA-approved in the United States. The potential effects of ongoing nanoparticle exposure brought on by the growing usage of nanotechnology are also emphasized, along with potential remedies.

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nanotechnology, nanoparticles, drug delivery systems, nanomedicine

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The Sun Protection Factor (SPF) is a crucial measure of a sunscreen's capacity to shield the skin against UV radiation-induced damage, especially UVB-induced erythema. Global awareness of the need for efficient photo protection techniques has risen due to growing environmental risks, ozone layer depletion, and greater outdoor exposure. This paper offers a thorough analysis of SPF, its scientific foundation, testing procedures, influencing variables, formulation improvements, and new technologies in sunscreen production. The kinds of UV radiation, their biological consequences, and the ways in which various sunscreens chemical, physical, and hybrid offer protection are all covered in this article. In-vitro and in-vivo SPF determination techniques, such as spectrophotometric tests, Minimal Erythema Dose (MED) evaluation, and worldwide regulatory standards, are also covered in detail. The disparity between labelled SPF and actual protection is emphasized by highlighting important aspects that impact SPF effectiveness, including film formation, photo stability, skin type, product vehicle, ambient circumstances, and customer behaviour. To illustrate the future course of photo protection science, cutting-edge discoveries including Nano encapsulation, antioxidant-enriched formulations, DNA repair enzymes, probiotic-supported sunscreens, hybrid UV filters, and smart UV-responsive technologies are examined. The article also covers environmental effects, safety concerns, and the growing popularity of biodegradable and reef-safe sunscreens. In order to enable researchers, formulators, doctors, and consumers better understand SPF, maximise sunscreen use, and investigate next-generation photo protective treatments, the study summarizes existing information and developing trends.

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SPF, Sun Protection Factor, Sunscreen, Ultraviolet Radiation, UVB Protection, UVA Protection, Photo protection, Nano encapsulation, UV Filters, Photo stability, Broad-Spectrum Sunscreen, Antioxidants, Film-Forming Agents, Herbal Sunscreens, Smart Sunscreens, Reef-Safe Sunscreens.

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The present study examines the efficacy of English literature as a pedagogical tool for developing second language acquisition (SLA) among Indian engineering undergraduate English as second language (ESL) learners. In Indian higher education, engineering students are required to possess strong English communication skills for academic success, professional growth, and global employability. However, despite prolonged exposure to English, many learners continue to demonstrate inadequate communicative competence. This research adopts an experimental design involving a control group and an experimental group to examine whether literature-based instruction is more effective than traditional ESL teaching methods. A sample of 80 first-year engineering students was equally divided into the two groups. The control group was taught using conventional language teaching methods, whereas the experimental group was exposed to selected English literary texts, including short stories, novels, and plays. Pre-test and post-test scores measuring reading, writing, vocabulary, grammar, and speaking skills were statistically analyzed. The findings reveal a significant development in overall language proficiency among students who received literature-based teaching. The study concludes that English literature plays a vital role in developing linguistic competence, communicative skills, and cultural awareness among Indian engineering undergraduate ESL learners.

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Experimental Study, Second Language Acquisition, English Literature, ESL Learners, Engineering Undergraduates, Indian Context

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Children's online safety has become a critical national concern as the digital environment exposes them to cyberbullying, online grooming, sexual exploitation, trafficking, financial fraud, and harmful content. This paper examines the pivotal role of police in safeguarding children from online crime at the national level. It analyses the preventive, investigative, and response-oriented functions of law enforcement agencies in addressing cyber offences against children. The study explores the national legal and policy frameworks--such as the Information Technology Act, BNS, 2023, POCSO Act, and the Cybercrime Prevention against Women and Children (CCPWC) Scheme--that guide police actions in digital child protection. The abstract further highlights the essential coordination between national police bodies, cyber forensic units, social media platforms, child welfare organizations, and educational institutions in effectively combating online threats. It also discusses the emerging challenges faced by law enforcement, including rapid technological changes, resource limitations, capacity-building needs, encrypted platforms, and darknet-based exploitation. Finally, the paper outlines effective national-level strategies and best practices adopted by the police to strengthen online child safety, enhance digital resilience, and improve protection outcomes across the country.

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Online cyber Crime, Police, Role of Law Enforcement, Best Strategies Children's online safety, Police role, Child protection, National-level policing, POCSO Act, BNS-2023, IT Act, CCPWC Scheme, Cyber forensic units.

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Solar irradiance forecasting, infrared sky imaging, EfficientNet-B0, BiLSTM, deep learning, transfer learning, time-series prediction, smart grid.

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A Study of the Availability of Teaching-Learning Materials in Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas and its Relationship with the Academic Achievement of students"

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A Study of the Availability of Teaching-Learning Materials in Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalayas and its Relationship with the Academic Achievement of students"

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