Volume 12 | Issue 12

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Needle Stick Injury

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Waste management is now one of the main issues facing the world regardless of advanced or developing countries. The main problem in waste management is that the waste bin in government locations is overflowed well in advance before the next cleaning method starts. This project focuses on designing and implementing a smart garbage monitoring system using Internet of Things (IoT) technology. The system leverages the ESP8266 microcontroller, IR sensors, and cloud-based communication to address inefficiencies in waste management processes. Each garbage bin is equipped with IR sensors that continuously monitor the waste level. When the waste level exceeds a predefined threshold, the ESP8266 processes the data and triggers an automated email notification to the system administrator, indicating the bin's location and status. The use of the ESP8266, a low-cost and Wi-Fi-enabled microcontroller, ensures seamless communication with cloud services. The system integrates a lightweight SMTP client library to send email notifications, ensuring the admin receives real-time alerts. This enables prompt action, reduces manual monitoring efforts, and prevents bin overflow, thus contributing to a cleaner and healthier environment. The solution is designed to be scalable and cost-effective, making it suitable for deployment in urban, suburban, and industrial areas. It incorporates a robust architecture, allowing additional features like GPS tracking, solar-powered sensors, or predictive waste analytics to be added in the future. By leveraging IoT technology, this smart garbage monitoring system promotes efficient resource utilization and aligns with smart city initiatives, paving the way for more sustainable waste management practices.

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Smart Garbage management system, smart city, automated garbage management system

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This article is prepared to continue the Transdermal patches of pantoprazole studies which was covered in our earlier article published in International Journal for Multidisciplinary Research (IJFMR), Volume 6, Issue 6, November-December 2024, IJFMR240631777. The aim of this study is to evaluate the in vitro drug release characteristics of the transdermal patches of proton pump inhibitor (PPI). An in vitro permeation study was carried out by using Franz diffusion cell using full-thickness abdominal skin of male Wistar rat weighing 200 to 250 g [26]. Pantoprazole is extensively metabolized in the liver, and to overcome these problems the current study was aimed as In-Vitro skin permeability studies of Transdermal patches. In this study different polymers (HPMCE5 with PVPK30 and HPMCE5 with EudragitL100) used in different ratios. Solvent evaporation methods were used to fabricate the transdermal patches [1]. Patches were assessed for In vitro permeation study. The in vitro drug release characteristics of the formulated transdermal patches were studied by using a cellulose acetate membrane. The in vitro skin permeability studies showed that 96.26 % of drug Pantoprazole sodium permeated through the rat abdominal skin in 24h. The kinetic studies were carried out and it was found that all the formulations follow zero-order and the release mechanism of drugs was found to be diffusion rate-limited, Non-Fickian mechanism which was confirmed by Korsmeyer-Peppas model.

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Peptic ulcer; Proton pump inhibitor (PPI); Pantoprazole sodium, Invitro study

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This study explores the challenges faced by hospital administrators in managing healthcare facilities, focusing on policies, practices, and overall performance. The study examines key issues such as financial management, patient care quality, staffing, compliance with regulations, and the integration of technology. Using a mixed-methods approach, data were collected through surveys and interviews with hospital administrators, medical staff, and patients. The findings reveal the complexities of balancing administrative duties with healthcare delivery and provide recommendations for improving hospital administration practices to enhance both operational efficiency and patient outcomes.

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Hospital Administration, Healthcare Policy, Healthcare Practices, Performance Management, Hospital Challenges, Healthcare Management

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Carica papaya, also known as papaya, is a plant that belongs to the Caricaceae family. It has a wide range of compounds and biomolecules that have important industrial, medicinal, and cosmetic uses. It has been utilized for centuries in traditional medicine and skincare rituals. The fruit's pulp, seeds, and extracts possess a rich composition of vitamins, minerals, and enzymes, making it a valuable ingredient in cosmetic applications. The antioxidant, antiacne, and anti-aging properties of Carica papaya make it an excellent addition to skincare products, face masks, hair care treatments, and other cosmetic formulations. This review aims to explore the potential of Carica papaya in the cosmetic industry, emphasizing its natural, sustainable, and effective uses for achieving healthy and radiant skin and hair. This review carefully emphasised the morphology, microscopy, phytochemistry, and pharmacological significance of Carica papaya. A large amount of research data was carefully examined from reliable sources like Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science in order to compile relevant information about the plant.

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carica papaya, cosmetic, skincare, herbal formulation, market study

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Key word: Rambha palace, Utkal Union Conference, Odisha Unification

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Thisreport proposesa groundbreaking approachto enhancetheaccuracyoftheSarcasm Detection in Text, focusing mainlyonaddressingthe limitationsofdetectingobjectsinvaried text types. Accurate sarcasm detection is crucial for improving the performance of sentiment analysis systems and other natural language processing (NLP) applications, such as chatbots, social media analysis, and content moderation. This paper explores various methodologies for detecting sarcasm in text, ranging from traditional machine learning techniques to state-of-the-art deep learning models. I also examine the role of contextual and semantic features, such as user behavior, conversational history, and linguistic patterns, in enhancing sarcasm detection accuracy. My findings highlight the importance of integrating domain-specific knowledge with advanced computational approaches to address the inherent complexities of sarcasm in text effectively.

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Sarcasm detection, Sentiment analysis, Natural language processing (NLP), Machine learning, Deep learning

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Bharat Me Krishi Utpado Me Neuntam Samarthan Mulyo Ki Vidhik Avdharna : Aavshakta Aur Kathnayi

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Bharat Me Krishi Utpado Me Neuntam Samarthan Mulyo Ki Vidhik Avdharna : Aavshakta Aur Kathnayi

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Sustainable agriculture and food security should be considered if the country is aiming for economic development. Youth has a big role to play in it, they are the hope of the future, the wealth of the nation. This research intends to examine deeply the involvement of youth in progress and development of sustainable agriculture, food security, and the issue of youth unemployment. It assesses the barriers and opportunities for youth participation in agribusiness and sustainable agriculture, by reviewing most cited research and publications for the past twenty (20) years. This study will be useful to the academicians, researchers, decision makers and government officials if they need to know the vital role of youth in agribusiness, sustainable agriculture, and food security. The significant findings, key results of the researchers and authors about main topic were carefully chosen and assessed to come up with a valuable contribution to literature review.

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youth; unemployed youth, agribusiness, sustainable agriculture, food security.

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In this survey paper, we explore the SignSpeak system, which translates audio in English and text to Indian Sign Language (ISL) and associates it with Telugu subtitles. Techniques and technologies are explored and compared for their effectiveness in increasing translation accuracy and enhancing user interaction for better engagement. The vision for this project is to break communication barriers, making life a little bit easier for the Telugu-speaking community

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Indian Sign Language (ISL),Natural Language Processing (NLP),Audio-to-Sign Conversion,Telugu Subtitles,Audio Recognition,Web Application,Language Conversion,Text Summarization

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The aim of this study was to analyze the relative effects of Theraband training and Medicine Ball training on selected performance variables--batting power, throwing velocity, and core strength--among cricketers. Thirty university-level male cricketers (aged 18-25) were randomly divided into three groups: Theraband training group (n=10), Medicine Ball training group (n=10), and a control group (n=10). Training interventions were administered for 8 weeks (4 sessions/week, 60 minutes/session). Pre- and post-tests were conducted for the selected variables, including ball hitting distance (batting power), radar gun (throwing velocity), and plank hold test (core strength). Statistical analyses using paired t-tests and ANOVA showed significant improvements in both experimental groups compared to the control group (p <= 0.05). However, the Medicine Ball group demonstrated superior gains: Batting Power: 23.8% improvement Throwing Velocity: 20.3% improvement Core Strength: 31.1% improvement The study concludes that Medicine Ball training is more effective for enhancing cricket-specific performance parameters and should be incorporated into training programs.

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Theraband, Medicine Ball, Cricket Performance, Batting Power, Throwing Velocity, Core Strength

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The concept of making human lives digitally immortal or creating a virtual human being would be one of the inexplicable human inventions. This paper particularly refers to Martine Rothblatt's 'Virtually Human-The Promise- and the Peril of Digital Immortality.' Martine elaborates on how a human being can still live among their loved ones even if their body is turned to ashes. However, its something that deviates from human convention and this paper attempts to explore whether this new revolution will be embraced by human species and what holds in Buddhism for mindclone, will it bring devastation or harmony in humanity.

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Digital Immortality, Virtual Human, Mindclone, Cyberconsciousness

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Introduction: The incidence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders have been consistently high in nursing sectors and are a significant cost to the health service due to absenteeism. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are more common among healthcare workers in nursing homes due to the high dependency needs of older persons which often include need for help with self-care and mobility. Therefore, staffs are exposed to potential injury associated with moving and handling patients. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders significantly impact on the quality of life of affected individuals, can cause economic hardship and affect service provision. Materials and Methods: The comparative analysis of preventive strategies for Musculoskeletal disorders in Nurses across different health systems were selected as the area of interest, and search was conducted in online database PubMed-Medline, Science direct, Web of science and EBSCO Host to retrieve quantitative research articles published till November 2024. Only English language studies were included. Results: Ten studies met the criteria for inclusion in the review. Interventions reported in the literature were in four categories; (i) Specialized equipment (ii) Staff training (iii) Policies and procedures to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders and (iv) Support and follow up. A ceiling lift is the intervention of choice to reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders, as it reduces the stress associated with pushing and pulling. Risk assessment is vital to determine the individual needs of clients for safe handling. Train-the-trainer roles could be used to implement training interventions where resources limit the employment of a designated lead to facilitate injury prevention. A multifaceted approach to prevent and reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders is recommended. Further research is required to ascertain the effectiveness of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy on injury reduction in nursing homes. Conclusion: These findings have the potential to inform the development and adherence to injury prevention policies and regulations by healthcare managers and staff which could reduce injuries. Identifying the appropriate interventions to prevent and reduce work-related musculoskeletal disorders.

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Preventive Strategies, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Nurses, Health Systems.

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Type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, fasting plasma glucose, random plasma glucose, HbA1c, brisk walking, Indian blackberry seed powder, non-pharmacological intervention.

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This paper explores the continuum journey of Bodo women in political participation, charting their progression from historical marginalization to active and influential roles in socio-political movements. Grounded in the broader framework of political engagement and India's democratic ideals, the study underscores the contributions of Bodo women to India's freedom struggle and the preservation of their cultural heritage. Their efforts are contextualized within the evolving aspirations of the Bodo community for autonomy and self-determination. It throws a light into the significant leadership roles of Bodo women, particularly through different organizations and analysis of its implications for women's empowerment. It further investigates grassroots initiatives aimed at addressing systemic social, economic, and cultural disparities while fostering educational and leadership opportunities for women. By situating Bodo women as catalysts for transformative change, this paper illuminates their indispensable role in advancing the socio-political aspirations of their community and shaping the broader political landscape of the region.

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Bodo Women, Political Participation, Marginalization, Cultural Heritage, Community

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Introduction-Knee osteoarthritis (OA) is a prevalent degenerative joint disease that significantly impairs physical function and quality of life. Traditional treatment approaches include pharmacological interventions, physical therapy, and surgical options. However, there is growing interest in non-pharmacological interventions that can provide symptom relief and improve function with minimal side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a combined treatment protocol involving Mobilization with Movement (MWM), strengthening exercises, and taping in patients with knee OA compared to conventional physiotherapy. Objectives- The primary objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of MWM combined with strengthening exercises and taping in improving pain, stiffness, and physical function in patients with knee OA. Secondary objectives included assessing the impact of these interventions on functional exercise capacity and exploring correlations between demographic characteristics and treatment outcomes. Methods- This pre-test post-test experimental study involved 40 subjects diagnosed with knee OA, who were randomly assigned to either the experimental group (Group 1) or the control group (Group 2). Group 1 received the combined treatment protocol of MWM, strengthening exercises, and taping, while Group 2 received conventional physiotherapy. Outcome measures included the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and the 6-minute walk test. Baseline and post-intervention measurements were compared within and between groups to assess the effectiveness of the interventions. Results- The study found that the mean WOMAC score in Group 1 significantly decreased from 59.80 to 49.65 post-intervention (p < 0.001), indicating substantial improvements in pain, stiffness, and physical function. In contrast, Group 2 showed a minimal reduction in WOMAC scores from 61.95 to 60.55 (p = 0.098), which was not statistically significant. Similarly, the mean distance covered in the 6-minute walk test for Group 1 increased significantly from 416.75 meters to 456.05 meters (p < 0.001), while Group 2 showed a modest increase from 415.60 meters to 426.65 meters (p = 0.006). Conclusion- The combined treatment protocol of MWM, strengthening exercises, and taping significantly improved symptoms and functional outcomes in patients with knee OA compared to conventional physiotherapy. These findings suggest that incorporating these interventions into treatment protocols can provide substantial benefits to patients with knee OA. Further research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods is recommended to confirm these findings and explore the long-term effects of the intervention.

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Keywords- Knee osteoarthritis, Mobilization with Movement, Strengthening exercises, tapping, Physiotherapy, WOMAC Index, 6-minute walk test, Non-pharmacological interventions.

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Abstract: Historically, most students have been struggling with mathematics subject which makes them wonder if they will ever apply the knowledge in real world life. Teachers and parent admit when they have been asked that students have less knowledge about the relevance of mathematics in real life. This paper is based on application of mathematics in real life. In this paper the most common and essential applications of mathematics in real life are discussed such as finance and banking, weather prediction, computers and its games. Apart from these some advanced applications are also discussed such as satellite navigation, military and Defense and crime prediction.

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Keywords: Mathematics, Real life, Finance and Banking, Satellite Navigation, Military and Defense

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The purpose of the study was to compare sports aggression in urban and rural tribal athletes of Jharkhand. A sample of 50 urban tribal male athletes, 50 urban tribal female athletes, 50 rural tribal male athletes and 50 rural tribal female athletes respectively were selected. The urban tribal athletes were selected from Khelgaon, Ranchi Jharkhand. The rural tribal athletes were selected based on their place of residence in remote areas of Jharkhand. The average age of the tribal athletes was 16.72 years and the sample selection was conducted through random sampling. Sports aggression was measured through SAI constructed by Anand Kumar and Prem Shankar Shukla (1998). The results reveal that urban tribal male athletes were more aggressive than rural tribal male athletes as per a statistical significance level of .01. It was also found that sports aggression in urban tribal female athletes was significantly higher than in rural tribal female athletes (p<.01). It was concluded that urban tribal athletes exhibit more magnitude of aggression than rural tribal athletes and could be attributed to certain factors namely urban-rural living conditions, increased competition or varied social-environmental influences.

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Sports aggression, tribal, urban, rural, athletes, Jharkhand

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Abstract The purpose of writing this research paper is to investigate the convenient methods of learning English as a second language/ foreign language and explore how children literature can facilitate in creating an environment for the learners of English. English Language Teaching/Learning (ELT) is a process of teaching and learning English to non-native speakers as well as the native speakers. English has become the part and parcel of our life due to its wide - spread use in the field of science and rapid growth of Information and Communication Technology (ICT). In this globalized world of ICT, the proficiency in communicating in English opens the doors for all sectors such as commercial, political, social, educational, cultural, psychological etc. Children Literature includes fables, fairytales, myths, fantasy, comics, folk-tales as well as fictional short-stories. The stories from Children Literature help a learner, especially the young ones, to learn English effectively. It is formed up for the growth of children's mind, as well as to create an imaginary environment to stimulate interest in storytelling, reciting the poem, learning the complex structure of language evolution. It may develop the learners' or readers' cognitive, artistic, linguistic competence and performance, along with the intellectual and moral abilities. The different genres and styles of children literature are indited in such a way that the mind of any reader or English language learner can be easily transferred to an imaginative or a fictional world to create a pleasurable and favourable environment as well as inquisitiveness for language learning. The litterateurs use very easy language in children literature that helps readers to understand the pattern of language and develops cognitive and communicative skills. This research paper will facilitate and promote the language learners' four communicative skills- Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing (LSRW) through different genres and styles of children literature.

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Key-words: - Communicative skills, Global Language, Genres and Styles, ELT, Literature, Linguistics competence, Second Language.

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