Volume 13 | Issue 12

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Our changing goals for learning, coupled with shifts in curriculum emphasis and a deeper understanding of teacher learning and student thinking, have led to new findings about the impact of teacher professional development and how best to sharpen teachers' skills and knowledge. What matters most is what teachers learn. Professional development should improve teachers' knowledge of the subject matter that they are teaching, and it should enhance their understanding of student thinking in that subject matter. Aligning substantive training with the curriculum and teachers' actual work experiences also is vital. The time teachers spend in professional development makes a difference as well, but only when the activities focus on high-quality subjectmatter content. Extended opportunities to better understand student learning, curriculum materials and instruction, and subject-matter content can boost the performance of both teachers and students. There are five components of Professional development viz Knowledge, Competencies in Teaching, Commitment and Accountability of teacher educators, Leadership & Personal Effectiveness, Self-upgrading & Extended Reading. Present study focuses the influence of some background variable on Professional development and its variables.

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Professional development, Teacher Educators, Teacher Education Institutions

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Mitahar: HathaYoga aur Ayurvedic drishti se ek saminvit adhyayan

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Yoga, Mitahar, Ayurveda, Hathayog, sattvik ahaar, patya- apathya ahaar, ashtang hridayam

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Nanoemulsions represent emerging colloidal pharmaceutical delivery systems with exceptional potential for enhancing oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble pharmaceutical substances. These advanced formulations comprise nanometer-sized oil droplets (typically 20-200 nanometers) dispersed in aqueous continuous phases and stabilized by surfactant molecules, establishing novel delivery mechanisms that substantially improve therapeutic efficacy. Approximately one-third of newly discovered pharmaceutical candidates exhibit insufficient water solubility, restricting oral bioavailability and necessitating innovative formulation approaches. Nanoemulsions demonstrate multifactorial mechanisms for bioavailability improvement including enhanced drug solubility through lipid-based encapsulation, increased gastrointestinal membrane permeability via reduced droplet dimensions, protection against enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, and facilitation of lymphatic transport circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism. Formulation methodologies encompass both high-energy techniques including high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication alongside low-energy approaches including self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems demonstrating comparable efficacy with substantially reduced energy requirements. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization through dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy provides essential formulation quality assurance. Clinical evidence demonstrates remarkable bioavailability enhancements across diverse pharmaceutical substances, with fenofibrate and paclitaxel nanoemulsions illustrating exceptional therapeutic potential. Safety profiles demonstrate exceptional tolerability supporting long-term clinical applications. Versatility encompassing oral, transdermal, intravenous, and pulmonary administration routes establishes nanoemulsions as adaptable platforms accommodating diverse therapeutic requirements. This comprehensive review systematizes contemporary knowledge regarding nanoemulsion formulation, characterization, bioavailability enhancement mechanisms, and pharmaceutical applications.

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Nanoemulsions, Drug Delivery Systems, Bioavailability Enhancement, Lipid-Based Formulations, Self-Nanoemulsifying Systems, Poorly Soluble Drugs, Oral Drug Delivery, Formulation Optimization

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Blue Humanities, Synge, Riders to the Sea, oceanic agency, maritime ecocriticism, Irish drama

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Radiation shielding parameters,Vanadium ions

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In order to create safe and effective therapeutic agents, the quickly developing field of drug design combines chemistry, biology, pharmacology, and computer sciences. The majority of traditional drug discovery methods were empirical and relied on the trial-and-error screening of chemical compounds, which was costly, time-consuming, and linked to high clinical trial failure rates. This approach has been revolutionised by the development of rational drug design, which makes it possible to systematically identify and optimise therapeutic candidates based on molecular-level knowledge of biological targets. The two most important methods for finding molecules with improved selectivity and reduced toxicity are structure-based drug design (SBDD) and ligand-based drug design (LBDD). The creation of targeted and customised treatments has been made possible by the continued improvement in precision brought about by the combination of genomes, proteomics, bioinformatics, and nanotechnology. De novo molecular design, quantum chemistry, and machine learning algorithms are examples of recent developments that have greatly shortened development times and increased success rates. The evolution of drug discovery, basic concepts of rational drug design, and the function of chemistry, contemporary computational tools, lead identification techniques, recent developments, applications, difficulties, and hopes for the future are all highlighted in this overview. All things considered, innovative drug design techniques signify a paradigm change towards patient-centered, effective, and data-driven pharmaceutical development

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Drug design, rational drug discovery, Computer-aided drug design, Structure-based drug design, Ligand-based drug design, Molecular docking, QSAR, Artificial intelligence, Medicinal chemistry, Lead optimization

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The banking sector plays a crucial role in the economic development of a country by mobilizing savings, facilitating investments, and supporting financial stability. Among private sector banks in India, HDFC Bank has emerged as one of the leading performers in terms of financial strength, operational efficiency, and profitability. The present study aims to analyse the financial performance and profitability position of HDFC Bank using key financial ratios. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of HDFC Bank for a period of five years from 2019-20 to 2023-24. Various liquidity, profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios have been applied as analytical tools to evaluate the bank's financial health. The findings reveal that HDFC Bank has maintained consistent profitability, strong capital structure, and efficient utilization of assets during the study period. The study provides useful insights for investors, academicians, and policy makers regarding the financial soundness of HDFC Bank.

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Financial Performance, Profitability Analysis, Ratio Analysis, Private Sector Banks, HDFC Bank

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Index Terms - Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), Hormonal Fluctuations, Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis, Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

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The Indian Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) market is highly competitive and price sensitive, making market entry a challenging task for international brands. Among various market entry strategies, penetration pricing has emerged as an effective approach to attract consumers, encourage trial purchases, and gain rapid market acceptance. This study examines the effectiveness of the penetration pricing strategy adopted by Lotus Biscoff in entering the Indian market. The study is empirical in nature and is based on primary data collected from general consumers such as working professionals, homemakers, and regular FMCG buyers through a structured questionnaire. The research analyses the impact of penetration pricing on consumer purchase behaviour, brand awareness, and overall market acceptance. Descriptive and percentage analysis methods have been used for data interpretation. The findings reveal that penetration pricing significantly influenced trial purchase and positively shaped consumer perception of Lotus Biscoff, thereby contributing to its successful market entry. The study concludes that penetration pricing, when supported by effective branding and distribution, is an effective strategy for international FMCG brands entering emerging markets like India.

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Penetration Pricing, Market Entry Strategy, Indian FMCG Market, Lotus Biscoff, Consumer Behaviour

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE AND MEDIUM IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY IN VISAKHAPATNAM SCHOOLS, ANDHRA PRADESH Mr. Syamasundara Rao, Sirla, M.A. (English Litt.), B.Ed. TET, Andara University, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, India. ABSTRACT Thomas Babington Macaulay is widely recognized for introducing English education in India through his pivotal "Macaulay Minutes" in 1835. In this document, he advocated for English as the medium of instruction, aiming to cultivate a class of Indians who could act as intermediaries between the British rulers and the local populace. His proposals received the endorsement of Governor-General Lord William Bentinck, who officially implemented the policy on March 7, 1835. The history of the English language in India is deeply rooted in British colonialism, starting with trade and evolving into a significant influence in education, administration, and contemporary society. Initially introduced as a means of imperial control by the British East India Company in the early 17th century, English later became a vital tool for India's development and national unity. Its prominence grew in the 19th century, particularly with the 1813 Charter Act and Lord Macaulay's 1835 minute, which established English as the primary medium of instruction to cultivate a class of Indian administrators and professionals. Following India's independence, English continued to hold a crucial role as an official working language, a medium for higher education and administration, and a key instrument for international communication, leading to the emergence of a distinct "Indian English" dialect. Historically, English has been associated with the elite and privileged classes in India. The initial beneficiaries of English education were those who could afford to send their children to English-medium schools, thereby accumulating cultural capital over time. It's important to recognize that not only the language itself but also the way it is spoken--particularly the accent--creates social hierarchies, enabling the privileged to leverage their linguistic skills for social mobility. English medium schools provide advantages such as enhanced global communication, improved career prospects, and access to international resources and higher education, which can foster critical thinking and IT skills. However, they also present challenges, including the marginalization of local languages, potential cognitive overload for young learners, increased financial burdens, and the exclusion of non-English-speaking parents from supporting their children's education. The British established schools and universities in India modelled after their own, placing a strong emphasis on English. Many Indians also pursued their education at British schools and universities. Beginning in 1813, English Christian missionaries arrived in India and set up primary schools where local languages were used for instruction. Eventually, they expanded to create high schools that taught in English, necessitating a good command of the language for Indian students wishing to advance their education. In 1857, the British began constructing their own schools and universities in India, solidifying English as the primary language of education. Prominent leaders of that time endorsed English, viewing it as a crucial pathway to success. Those who were proficient in English were regarded as the new elite in Indian society. Numerous schools were established with English as the medium of instruction, and British regulations mandated that university-level education be conducted in English, making English-medium schools highly sought after by ambitious Indians. Even after India gained independence, English retained its significance. It was officially designated as an associate language, with plans to phase it out within 15 years. However, English continues to play a vital role in India today.

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Keywords: advocated; endorsement; colonialism; prominence; emergence; beneficiaries; accumulating; hierarchies; exclusion; necessitating; solidifying; proficient; ambitious; retained

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A significant shift in learning pattern from traditional book learning environment to digital collaborative learning environment has been observed in 21st century. The convenience use of technology for learning and changing reading habit of people has made the perception of traditional public libraries outdated, also the shift in educational model from rote learning to an experimental and collaborative model, had invited flexible spaces in the learning environment. Considering those changes few successful model libraries have transformed by incorporating current technology using a flexible learning environment and still serving as an asset promoting lifelong learning experience to society. This paper will discuss the evolution of library spaces over years and explore the current successful model in library design with case studies, and helps to find different space that can be tailored with traditional Library design to make it sustain as a hub for learning. The research also highlights the need to design based on five zone spatial framework, merging of compatible spaces and adaption of multiuse space design. Also brings out the challenge faced in terms of architectural components and recommends architectural framework for modern Indian library design. This paper contributes to the disclosure on Library updation and offers insight to architects and others to design modern library through five zone and multiuse space design.

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Evolution of library spaces, Library transformation for 21st century, Modern library planning, Public library design, Successful library design, The five zones of modern library.

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Abstract This paper challenges the terrestrial biases of Indian Ocean historiography by deploying a "Blue Humanities" framework to examine the under-theorized cultural corridor between the Malabar Coast (Kerala) and the Malay Archipelago (Nusantara). By juxtaposing the theoretical architectures of Sebastian Prange's Monsoon Islam and Engseng Ho's The Graves of Tarim with the vernacular literary archive of S.K. Pottekkatt's travelogues (Bali Dweep and Malaya Naadukalil), the study constructs a genealogy of transregional connection. The research argues that the pre-colonial "sacred mobility" defined by the circulation of merchants, Sufis, and Sayyids, evolved into a mid-twentieth-century "secular pilgrimage" characterized by political solidarity and cultural recovery. While Prange and Ho delineate the structural mechanisms of "Monsoon Islam" ie. the port, the mosque, and the genealogy, Pottekkatt's narrative offers a phenomenological account of their afterlife, revealing how ancient maritime networks persisted as "creole kinship" in the modern era. Also, the paper critiques the "nationalist biopolitics" inherent in Pottekkatt's gaze, which privileged Southeast Asia as an extension of an "Indic" civilizational sphere while simultaneously exoticizing it. Ultimately, this research posits the ocean not merely as a conduit for trade, but as a "Monsoon Archive"- a fluid repository of contested identities and shared histories.

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Blue Humanities, Indian Ocean Studies, Monsoon Islam, S.K. Pottekkatt, Kerala-Southeast Asia relations, Vernacular Cosmopolitanism.

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"A Study of Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers"

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"A Study of Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers"

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A Study of The Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers at The B.Ed. And D.L.Ed. Levels in Rural Areas."

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A Study of The Emotional Intelligence of Prospective Teachers at The B.Ed. And D.L.Ed. Levels in Rural Areas."

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Abstract Evidence shows that increasing physical activity and fitness may enhance academic performance, as well as setting aside time throughout the school day for recess, physical education class, and physical exercise in the classroom. According to available information, physical exercise has the greatest impact on mathematics and reading. These themes rely on effective executive function, which has been related to physical exercise and fitness. Academic achievement relies on executive function and brain health. Physical exercise and increased cardiovascular fitness improve basic cognitive skills such as attention and memory, which enable learning. Physical activity, both during single sessions and over time, improves cognitive function and brain health. Children who engage in vigorous or moderately intense physical exercise gain the most. Given the significance of focused time for learning, kids should be given periodic developmentally appropriate physical exercise breaks. Although currently understudied, physically active teachings in the classroom have the potential to enhance time on task and attention to task. Keywords: Physical Activity, Fitness, Physical Education, Academic Performance

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Keywords: Physical Activity, Fitness, Physical Education, Academic Performance

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The dynamics of world trade are rapidly transforming under the influence of digital innovation. Traditional trade systems, characterized by paper-based documentation, manual verification, and limited transparency, have long hindered efficiency and trust among global trading partners. Blockchain technology, a decentralized and tamper-proof digital ledger, offers an opportunity to address these long-standing inefficiencies. This research paper explores how blockchain redefines trust, traceability, and efficiency in global trade by automating documentation, strengthening transparency, and ensuring authenticity across supply chains. The study adopts a qualitative and analytical methodology using secondary data from the World Trade Organization (WTO), UNCTAD, OECD, and industry reports. Case studies such as TradeLens, we.trade, and VeChain are analyzed to assess blockchain's practical applications in customs, logistics, and trade finance. Findings reveal that blockchain enhances trade facilitation, reduces costs, prevents fraud, and improves compliance. However, adoption barriers such as regulatory fragmentation, interoperability challenges, and uneven digital infrastructure persist. The paper concludes with a five-dimensional strategic framework for integrating blockchain into world trade systems, emphasizing technological integration, policy harmonization, institutional collaboration, capacity building, and ethical governance. The study contributes to the discourse on digital trust infrastructure as the foundation for a sustainable, transparent, and inclusive global trade ecosystem.

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Blockchain, Trust, Traceability, Trade Facilitation, Transparency, Supply Chain Efficiency, Digital Innovation

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The proposed project is a Ransomware Detection System developed using Python, TensorFlow/Keras, Pandas, and NumPy. It employs lightweight deep learning models, specifically a Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) and a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), to accurately detect and classify Ransomware samples while remaining suitable for resource-limited environments. The MLP model captures nonlinear feature interactions, while the CNN model processes feature vectors as sequences to extract local patterns. Together, these architectures enable robust Ransomware detection with high accuracy and efficiency. To enhance performance, the system incorporates feature selection using mutual information, reducing input dimensionality while preserving critical information. The models are trained and evaluated on a balanced Ransomware dataset, with results measured using Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, and ROC-AUC. Additionally, a generalization test is performed using a hold-out subset of unseen Ransomware samples, demonstrating the models' ability to adapt to novel attack variants. By combining lightweight deep learning architectures with effective preprocessing, this proposed system provides practical and efficient solution for Ransomware detection in resource-constrained environments such as IoT devices, mobile systems, and embedded platforms.

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Ransomware Detection, Cyber security, Lightweight Deep Learning, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN), Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Feature Selection, Efficient Classification, Resource-Constrained Systems, Generalization, Binary Classification.

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The increasing reliance on Medical Internet of Things (MIoT) devices for patient monitoring and healthcare delivery has introduced significant security challenges, necessitating advanced threat detection mechanisms. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of deep learning approaches for MIoT threat detection, while also considering complementary techniques such as machine learning, anomaly detection, blockchain-based security, hybrid models, and cloud-edge integration. Traditional machine learning methods like SVM, Decision Trees, Random Forests, and k-NN are effective for structured data but struggle with complex healthcare datasets, whereas deep learning models such as CNNs, RNNs, and LSTMs excel in feature extraction and sequential data analysis, achieving higher accuracy in detecting malicious activities. Anomaly detection techniques, including autoencoders and clustering methods, offer the ability to identify zero-day attacks but often suffer from false-positive rates. Blockchain integration enhances trust, transparency, and data integrity, though at the cost of latency and energy efficiency. Hybrid frameworks that combine ML/DL with anomaly detection or blockchain provide a balanced approach to security, and cloud-edge computing synergy further improves scalability and real-time responsiveness. Collectively, these approaches highlight the growing importance of deep learning in enabling secure, reliable, and intelligent threat detection in Medical IoT environments.

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MIoT, Deep Learning, Accuracy, Security

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This study explores the historical evolution and cultural significance of masks by examining their roles across diverse civilizations and time periods. From early ritual practices to classical theatre, healing traditions, funerary customs, and modern artistic and protective uses, masks have served as powerful tools for expressing identity, mediating spiritual beliefs, and supporting social cohesion. Although extensive research exists on masks within individual cultures, comprehensive cross-cultural analyses remain limited. This paper addresses that gap by integrating perspectives from anthropology, performance studies, and material culture to trace how masks have transformed in form, function, and symbolic meaning. Through comparative historical analysis, the study reveals how masks embody themes of transformation, protection, and performance, and how they continue to influence contemporary expressions of identity and creativity. Ultimately, the paper argues that masks are more than ornamental objects they are dynamic cultural artefacts that reflect the evolving relationship between humans, society, and the sacred.

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Masks Cultural significance Cross-cultural analysis Identity Ritual and performance

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Abstract Women constitute an eternal and indispensable component in the growth and development of any nation. With the passage of time , the role of women in society and nation-building has been increasingly recognized and substantially expanded across the world. It is now widely acknowledged that national development cannot be achieved without ensuring the holistic development and empowerment of women. Among the various dimensions of empowerment, political empowerment holds a central position, as it enables women to participate directly in decision-making processes and democratic governance. In India, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) serve as a vital mechanism for promoting women's political empowerment at the grassroots level. The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act, which mandates reservation for women in PRIs, has significantly enhanced their representation and participation in local self-governance. This study focuses on Himachal Pradesh, where PRIs have emerged as an important platform for strengthening women's leadership and political awareness.

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Keywords: Women, Empowerment, Panchayati Raj Institutions, Himachal Pradesh

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