Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

Drug Regulatory Affairs (DRA) is essential to guaranteeing their effectiveness, safety, and quality. Drug regulation must change to accommodate new technologies like biotechnology, nanomedicine, gene therapy, and biosimilars as the pharmaceutical industry changes due to quick scientific breakthroughs. The USFDA, EMA, CDSCO, MHRA, PMDA, and TGA are just a few of the key regulators that are highlighted in this thorough review of the world's drug regulatory systems. Additionally, it looks at how the International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) has contributed to regulatory convergence by establishing uniform standards for efficacy, safety, and quality. The paper also goes into detail on different drug approval regulatory paths, including IND, NDA, ANDA, BLA, biosimilar approvals, fast-track authorizations, and emergency use authorizations. Special focus is paid to generic medications, biosimilars, and interchangeability principles, which greatly affect healthcare affordability and accessibility. The issues encountered by regulatory authorities--such as rising complexity of clinical trials, worldwide harmonization gaps, ethical concerns, and delays in approvals--are critically reviewed. The report delves deeper into the future of drug regulation, forecasting a move towards Blockchain-enabled supply chain monitoring, digital regulatory systems, AI-assisted assessments, and adaptive clinical trial designs. In general, the study highlights how crucial robust regulatory regimes are for advancing public health, fostering innovation, and guaranteeing that everyone has access to safe and effective medications.

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 Keywords

Drug Regulatory Affairs, USFDA, EMA, CDSCO, ICH Guidelines, Biosimilars, Generics, Pharmacovigilance, Clinical Trials, Regulatory Pathways, CTD, NDA, ANDA, Drug Approval.

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The ongoing evolution of real-time rendering solutions has raised the bar on realism, interactivity, and scalability in modern digital applications such as gaming, architectural rendering, and virtual production. Classic rendering solutions are very reliant on hand-authored levels-of-detail and lightmaps, requiring a considerable amount of time and making real-time adaptation and changes unfeasible. Unreal Engine 5 (UE5) in April 5 2022 released two new technologies - Nanite virtualized geometry and Lumen global illumination, that target the above challenges with fully automated and GPU-enabled solutions and real-time calculation. In this work, a technical exploration of the two solutions is presented, examining their architecture, mechanics, and integration into modern rendering solutions. Nanite dynamically manages geometric detail by means of hierarchical clustering, culling on the GPU, and surface caching, eliminating the authoring needs of traditional levels-of-detail processes. Lumen enables real-time global illumination by a hybrid tracing method including screen-space approaches, distance-field propagation, and surface caching either with hardware or much cheaper solution, software ray tracing support. A comparison with more traditional solutions reveals improvements regarding production efficiency, iteration time, and image quality, besides dependencies on hardware and workflow limitations.

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Nanite, Lumen, Real-Time Rendering, Virtualized Geometry, Global Illumination, Unreal Engine 5.

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The growth of technology in beauty and health is changing how brands reach people selling skin care stuff. As classic commercials lose power, firms focus more on internet tools thatfit what shoppers actually need - simple buying, honest details, maybe custom plans. For medical skincare or high-end formulas, digital marketing works well to target niches, build down-to-earth brand messages, while keeping folks engaged. Quick changes such as rising e-stores, broader social media habits, belief in research-backed routines, also increasing demand for online consults are shifting how this space runs. Now folks are more informed expect straight facts about product ingredients, crave truthfulness, yet still look for hasslefree shopping through sites or apps. Even so, gadgets like virtual try-ons and phone-based skin scans add a personal touch, make things simpler to navigate. As tons of labels scramble for notice, offering such features sets some apart, builds stronger trust over time. Moving forward, online outreach will keep steering how beauty-meets-wellness outfits operate, expand, shift gears. Smart use of internet platforms plus fresh tools lets businesses tackle regulations, stay safe, bond deeper with customers, lay steady groundwork for global innovations down the road.

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Digital Marketing, Cosmeceuticals, Pharmaceutical Cosmetics, E-commerce, Consumer Engagement

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Normal anatomy of the Abdomen, pathology and Radiological findings of abdominal pain is discussed. Acute Abdomen is an emergency disease with acute abdominal pain as the main feature. Through severe diseases in intra-Abdominal, extra pelvic and retroperitoneal tissues and organs, symptoms and clinical signs led by abdominal pain are formed. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the value of the Radiological examination in the diagnosis of Pain or obstructiveabdominal diseases.Radiologically the patients are subjected to go through various examinations viz CXR PA view, USG Abd, X Ray Abdomen(Supine AP, lateral, Standing AP), MDCT Abdomen along with some lab tests.In Plain chest x-ray can see the any Chest infection or level of domes of diaphragm etc. In the plain abdomen supine Radiography can visualised any stone and the fluid levels or any perforation etc. In case the plain erect radiographyof abdomen can see the any fluid level of air to see theobstruction. Normal X rays still have their greater advantage in clinical findings but are less sensitive. They are still the best studies for normal screening and in the detection of calculi and various obstructions. Ultrasound playsa significant role in determining the anatomical variants and is considered as the first line imaging modality of choice for emergency abdominal evaluation. Multi Detector Computed Tomography has become the imaging modality of choice for complicated disease courses and also for some inflammatory processes, not only in adults but also in children. Indications like Pancreatitis, Abscesses, Liver cirrhosis, Flank pain, inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic obstructions etc. are diagnosed well on a MDCT. Computed Tomography has been also considered the ideal first choice for hospitalised patients in whom abdominal infection is suspected.MRI also plays a great role in achieving diagnosis of Pancreatitis and the visualisation of biliary anatomy and calculi.

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culculi,pain,obstructive abdominal

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Drug delivery to central nervous system (CNS) diseases is very challenging because there is presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). There are various new strategies to overcome these drawbacks and successfully deliver drugs to the CNS, nanotechnology-based drug delivery platform, offers potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of some common neurological disorders like Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease. This review aimed to highlight advances in research on the development of nano-based therapeutics for their implications in therapy of CNS disorders. The challenges during clinical translation of nanomedicine from bench to bed side is also discussed.

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CNS ,Nanoparticles, Molecular targets, Oxidative stress, Nanomedicine

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The insurance market has considerable profit potential when managed efficiently. Notwithstanding initiatives to enhance awareness, insurance penetration is minimal because of insufficient motivation, protracted claims processes, and a deficit of understanding. This study examines investment options in terms of the insurance provided by commercial banks across several demographic segments. Primary data from structured questionnaires and secondary data from books, journals, and internet sources were used in this study, which was conducted in Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Descriptive analysis encompasses tables and figures, whereas inferential approaches include comprise correlation, regression, and chi-square tests. The results indicate a correlation between income and the choice of term insurance, highlighting the attractiveness of dual benefits and assured post-retirement returns. The accessibility of thorough, current information profoundly impacts investment choices. Research shows that robust branding by life insurance firms influences consumer decisions, resulting in increased insurance uptake, enhanced infrastructure, and cost-effective business models.

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Customer choice, Term Insurance, Private Banks, Dual benefit, Post-retirement returns Benefits

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Lip prints are normal line and fissures in the form of wrinkles and grooves present on the lips. Lip prints are similar to fingerprints and have individual characteristics. Lip prints provide us important information and have become an important tool in forensic identification. Lip prints are unique to each person but basic lip prints patterns could still have similarities within the family. If established that there is a hereditary pattern in lip prints patterns, can be an important tool in personal identification and determining familial lineage of a person. The present study was carried out to ascertain whether there is any hereditary pattern in lip prints between parents and offspring's. The subjects were included 90 individuals of 30 families from Kollam district. Father, mother and a son or daughter of each family was selected. The lip prints of either son or a daughter along with their father and mother from each family were recorded. Each lip of the 30 offspring was compared with the corresponding lip of his or her parents. The middle segments of each lip of the offspring that matched with either of parents was noted and recorded. The results were evaluated by Chi-square test.

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lipprint,fissures,grooves,linkage

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Ruskin Bond's short story Dust on the Mountain presents a compelling ecocritical critique of industrial exploitation in the fragile Himalayan region, foregrounding the environmental and human costs of quarrying. Set against a landscape transformed into dust and debris, the narrative exposes how mechanized progress disrupts ecological balance and rural life. Through the perspective of the young narrator, Bisnu, Bond contrasts indigenous environmental wisdom with the extractive logic of modern industry. Bisnu's intimate bond with the mountain reflects a worldview rooted in coexistence, where nature is perceived not as a commodity but as a living, sustaining presence. The quarry operates as a powerful symbol of unchecked development, producing short-term economic benefits while leaving irreversible damage in its wake. Bond's depiction of dust-choked air, scarred terrain, and abandoned livelihoods underscores the concept of environmental "slow violence," highlighting how gradual ecological degradation erodes both land and community. Nature, however, is not rendered passive; instead, it emerges as an active force that responds to exploitation through instability and collapse, ultimately reclaiming agency. This process suggests a form of restorative justice; wherein ecological systems assert limits against human excess. By situating local environmental destruction within a broader moral framework, the story challenges dominant narratives of progress and development in postcolonial India. It calls attention to the marginalization of rural communities and the erasure of traditional ecological knowledge. Ultimately, "Dust on the Mountain" advocates a harmonious relationship between humans and the natural world, making it a resonant literary intervention in contemporary environmental debates surrounding sustainability, justice, and ethical development.

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Ecocriticism, Environmental Degradation, Industrialization, Indigenous Knowledge, Himalayan Ecology.

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This research paper presents a comprehensive overview of the Government Securities (G-Sec) market in India, aiming to provide a foundational and analytical perspective on its structure, evolution, and significance within the Indian financial ecosystem. The study adopts a multi-pronged approach that blends historical context, regulatory developments, and market trends to outline how the G-Sec market has emerged as a cornerstone of the country's fixed-income segment. The analysis begins by tracing the evolution of the G-Sec market, from its inception to the present, highlighting key policy milestones such as the introduction of auctions, dematerialization, and the development of the secondary market. It delves into the classification of securities such as dated G-Secs, treasury bills (T-Bills), and State Development Loans (SDLs) while explaining their issuance processes, investor base, and maturity structures. Core sections of the paper evaluate critical market components including yield curves, interest rate dynamics, liquidity patterns, and the role of primary dealers and institutional investors like banks, insurance firms, and mutual funds. Emphasis is placed on recent innovations such as STRIPS (Separate Trading of Registered Interest and Principal of Securities), and the growing participation of retail investors via platforms like RBI Retail Direct. Further, the research contextualizes the Indian G-Sec market within the global fixed-income landscape, comparing yields, monetary transmission effectiveness, and fiscal linkages. Quantitative insights are supported by RBI bulletins, CCIL reports, and market data to present trends in trading volume, outstanding issuances, and market depth. This integrated study offers a well-rounded understanding of the strategic importance of the G-Sec market in facilitating government borrowing, guiding monetary policy, and anchoring the domestic interest rate structure, thereby underlining its vital role in India's macro-financial stability.

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Government Securities, Indian Debt Market, RBI Monetary Policy, Fiscal Deficit, Treasury Bills (T-Bills), State Development Loans (SDLs), STRIPS, Yield Curve, Sovereign Bonds, Secondary Market Liquidity, Retail Participation, RBI Retail Direct, Open Market Operations (OMOs), NDS-OM, CCIL, Investor Base Diversification.

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Family planning method is one of the significant steps taken by the government to stabilize the population both economically and biologically. Family planning allows individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their birth which achieved through the use of contraceptive methods. According to Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, among the 1.9 billion women of reproductive age (15-45 years) worldwide in 2021, 1.1 billion have the need for family planning. According to National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5) data on 2021, shares that India current contraceptive prevalence is 66.7% and total unmet need is 9.4%. Our study is a descriptive study using convenient sampling technique. The data was collected in the month of June 2025 at Mohorgang, Gulma, Darjeeling, West Bengal. 50 married eligible couples between 15 to 45 years were included in this study. Prior to the data collection informed consent was obtained from the participants by signature. The study was approved by institute ethical committee, Anandaloke Institute of Nursing Education, Siliguri. The eligible couples who were not available at the time of data collection and the couple among which least one is health personal is excluded in this study. The data collection tool is self-structured. questionnaire and the technique used interview. Demographic data consist variables like age, sex, education, occupation of husband and wife, religion, type of family, age at marriage, duration of marriage, no. of pregnancy, age at first pregnancy, no. of living child, no. of abortion, no of still birth, informational sources, decision maker. 25 multiple type question about Family planning method is included in tool II, each question has one correct response providing one mark and in wrong response no mark provided.The findings of this study reveals that there is significant association between knowledge about family planning methods among eligible couple with the selected demographic variables such as age of husband chi square = 0 at df (1)0.05 level of significance, age of wife chi square = 0 at df (1)0.05 level of significance, education of husband chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance , education of wife chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, occupation of husband chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, occupation of wife chi square = 50 at df (4)0.05 level of significance, religion chi square = 0 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, type of family chi square = 50 at df (2)0.05 level of significance, age at marriage chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, duration of marriage chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of pregnancy chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, age of first child chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of living child chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of abortion chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, no of dead or still birth chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, source of information chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance, decision maker chi square = 50 at df (3)0.05 level of significance. The present study reveals that 30% couple has poor knowledge, 16% has good knowledge, 52% has average knowledge, 2% has excellent knowledge about Family planning method.

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 Keywords

ASSESS, KNOWLEDGE,FAMILY PLANNING METHODS, ELIGIBLE COUPLE

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The convergence of Artificial Intelligence (AI) and fintech is revolutionizing investment strategies, offering enhanced personalization, efficiency and accessibility to individual investors. Among these, systematic investment plans (SIPs) have gained significant traction due to their disciplined and long term wealth building approach. This study explores the transformative role of AI in optimizing SIP investments by analyzing its impact on investor behavior, decision making and trust. Drawing from literature in AI driven finance, behavioral economics and digital platforms, the research examines how predictive analytics, Robo-advisory systems and intelligent fund selection tools influence investor engagement. A Primary survey is conducted among Indian retail investors to assess the perception and adoption of AI- Enabled SIP platforms. The study aims to identify key variables affecting investor satisfaction and behavioral consistency, offering insights into building smarter and more sustainable financial ecosystems. The findings have implications for fintech innovators, policymakers and financial educators aiming to enhance financial inclusion through intelligent automation.

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AI, Fintech, Systematic Investment Plan, Retail Investors, Behavioral Finance, Robo-Advisors, Investment Automation, Financial technology, Smart Investment, Investor Trust.

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Bank lockers are a huge issue as the security is plain old. They employ outdated keys and easy passwords, and can't Secure valuables from incidents such as fire. In this paper, we examine contemporary security devices in-depth and discover they do not cooperate. To rectify this, we designed a super-secure Smart Locker Security System. It operates on the mighty, compact computer, Raspberry Pi 4, and requires users to undergo five independent identity verifications: face recognition, fingerprint, voice authentication, a physical RFID card, and an individual one-time password (OTP). Even better, it always protects the locker itself with four additional sensors that monitor for fire, smoke, intense shaking, and excessive heat. By combining these nine various security checks with each other, our system builds a solid shield that ensures assets are secure from burglars and calamity.

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Biometrics, Face Recognition, Fingerprint Authentication, Voice Recognition, RFID Verification, OTP Security, IoT-Based Locker System, Raspberry Pi, Environmental Monitoring, Smoke and Fire Detection, Vibration Sensor, Tamper Detection, Real-Time Alerts, GSM Communication, Multi-Factor Authentication.

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Aim: Locally based indigenous crafts/skills/products are vital for revitalizing the local economy. The preservation and promotion of local crafts and products have the potential to enhance the economic well-being of the artisans. The paper evaluates the Indian Railways' One Station, One Product (OSOP) Scheme in the Agra Division of the North Central Railway Zone. Methodology: This study was conducted in the Agra Division of the NCR Zone, which has the other divisions named Jhansi and Prayagraj. Out of 47 stations in the Agra division nominated for the scheme, only 17 stations are running it. A total of 63 respondents from 17 stations were included in the study. This paper is based on primary data collected from direct personal interviews of the artisans/vendors and secondary data collected from the railway officials (Sr-DCM Agra Division-NCR, Station Master and Station Superintendent), websites (https://ncr.indianrailways.gov.in/, http://odop.up.in ), news reports (DD News, PIB News etc.) and several research papers have also been reviewed. Findings: This paper discusses the problems faced by the OSOP vendors. Most vendors raise their voice regarding the selection criteria, complaints about the high operational cost, and the absence of full-time jobs. Based on suggestions- location of the stall, creation of public awareness, uniform packaging, etc, the researchers prepared an action plan. Limitation of the Study: The study is based on only one of the divisions of the NCR. Conclusion: OSOP has great potential as a new source to enhance the livelihood of artisans and support the call of 'Vocal to Local'.

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One Station One Product (OSOP), One District One Product (ODOP), Artisans, Economic Independence, Challenges, Outlets, Railways.

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In an increasingly cluttered advertising environment, emotional and creative elements are widely used to capture attention and shape consumer perception. This study examines how emotional cues such as nostalgia, empathy, warmth, and relatability, along with creative elements including humour, music, and visual storytelling, influence consumer recall, brand recognition, and purchase consideration. Adopting a qualitative exploratory approach, the study involved showing five advertisements to participants, followed by semi-structured interviews supported by structured survey responses. The findings reveal that emotional and creative elements significantly enhance advertisement recall and viewer engagement, with music and humour emerging as particularly strong memory triggers. However, the results also indicate that high recall and positive emotional response do not consistently translate into purchase intent, as consumers continue to prioritise perceived product value, trust, and prior brand experience. The study highlights the importance of strategically integrating emotional depth and creative execution with clear brand cues to create advertisements that are both memorable and effective.

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Emotional Advertising, Creative Advertising, Consumer Recall, Brand Recognition, Purchase Intent, Advertising Effectiveness

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organic waste-to-energy, anaerobic digestion, Southern Libya, decentralized energy, desert agriculture, biogas, levelized cost of electricity (LCOE), circular economy.

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Calcium carbonate (CaCO?) is one of the most abundant inorganic materials on Earth and plays a pivotal role in geological, biological, and industrial systems. In recent years, nano- and microstructured forms of CaCO? have attracted considerable scientific interest due to their polymorphic versatility, tunable physicochemical properties, biocompatibility, and environmental sustainability. This review provides a comprehensive and critical synthesis of current knowledge on CaCO?, focusing on its crystal polymorphism, nano- and microstructural properties, synthesis strategies, and characterization techniques. The influence of reaction parameters, additives, and environmental conditions on phase stability and morphology is systematically discussed. Furthermore, the review highlights the environmental significance of CaCO? in the global carbon cycle, along with its expanding applications in construction, biomedicine, drug delivery, environmental remediation, and advanced functional materials. Key challenges related to scalability, reproducibility, and polymorph control are addressed, and future research directions are proposed. This review aims to serve as a consolidated reference for researchers working in materials science, nanotechnology, environmental engineering, and biomedical fields.

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Calcium carbonate, polymorphism, nanomaterials, microstructures, synthesis, biomineralization, sustainability

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Our changing goals for learning, coupled with shifts in curriculum emphasis and a deeper understanding of teacher learning and student thinking, have led to new findings about the impact of teacher professional development and how best to sharpen teachers' skills and knowledge. What matters most is what teachers learn. Professional development should improve teachers' knowledge of the subject matter that they are teaching, and it should enhance their understanding of student thinking in that subject matter. Aligning substantive training with the curriculum and teachers' actual work experiences also is vital. The time teachers spend in professional development makes a difference as well, but only when the activities focus on high-quality subjectmatter content. Extended opportunities to better understand student learning, curriculum materials and instruction, and subject-matter content can boost the performance of both teachers and students. There are five components of Professional development viz Knowledge, Competencies in Teaching, Commitment and Accountability of teacher educators, Leadership & Personal Effectiveness, Self-upgrading & Extended Reading. Present study focuses the influence of some background variable on Professional development and its variables.

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Professional development, Teacher Educators, Teacher Education Institutions

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Mitahar: HathaYoga aur Ayurvedic drishti se ek saminvit adhyayan

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Yoga, Mitahar, Ayurveda, Hathayog, sattvik ahaar, patya- apathya ahaar, ashtang hridayam

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Nanoemulsions represent emerging colloidal pharmaceutical delivery systems with exceptional potential for enhancing oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble pharmaceutical substances. These advanced formulations comprise nanometer-sized oil droplets (typically 20-200 nanometers) dispersed in aqueous continuous phases and stabilized by surfactant molecules, establishing novel delivery mechanisms that substantially improve therapeutic efficacy. Approximately one-third of newly discovered pharmaceutical candidates exhibit insufficient water solubility, restricting oral bioavailability and necessitating innovative formulation approaches. Nanoemulsions demonstrate multifactorial mechanisms for bioavailability improvement including enhanced drug solubility through lipid-based encapsulation, increased gastrointestinal membrane permeability via reduced droplet dimensions, protection against enzymatic degradation within the gastrointestinal tract, and facilitation of lymphatic transport circumventing hepatic first-pass metabolism. Formulation methodologies encompass both high-energy techniques including high-pressure homogenization and ultrasonication alongside low-energy approaches including self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery systems demonstrating comparable efficacy with substantially reduced energy requirements. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization through dynamic light scattering, zeta potential analysis, and transmission electron microscopy provides essential formulation quality assurance. Clinical evidence demonstrates remarkable bioavailability enhancements across diverse pharmaceutical substances, with fenofibrate and paclitaxel nanoemulsions illustrating exceptional therapeutic potential. Safety profiles demonstrate exceptional tolerability supporting long-term clinical applications. Versatility encompassing oral, transdermal, intravenous, and pulmonary administration routes establishes nanoemulsions as adaptable platforms accommodating diverse therapeutic requirements. This comprehensive review systematizes contemporary knowledge regarding nanoemulsion formulation, characterization, bioavailability enhancement mechanisms, and pharmaceutical applications.

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Nanoemulsions, Drug Delivery Systems, Bioavailability Enhancement, Lipid-Based Formulations, Self-Nanoemulsifying Systems, Poorly Soluble Drugs, Oral Drug Delivery, Formulation Optimization

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Blue Humanities, Synge, Riders to the Sea, oceanic agency, maritime ecocriticism, Irish drama

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