Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

The advancement of diffusion-based generative models has significantly transformed controllable image synthesis, enabling realistic rendering across diverse domains such as editing, and semantic manipulation. Despite these developments, virtual try-on--the task of synthesizing high-fidelity images of a target person wearing a new garment--remains technically challenging due to complex interactions between human pose, garment geometry, occlusions, and appearance fidelity. Existing GAN-based and deformation-based systems often struggle with texture misalignment, identity drift, and loss of garment details in high-resolution scenarios.This paper introduces SDM-VTON, a diffusion-based virtual try-on framework built upon the SDXL latent diffusion model and enhanced with Garment-Guided Cross-Attention (GGCA), a novel conditioning mechanism that integrates spatially aligned garment features into the U-Net denoising process. SDM-VTON includes (1) a multi-scale GarmentNet encoder-decoder that extracts hierarchical clothing features; (2) an image-conditioned adapter that injects CLIP-based semantic embeddings into transformer layers; and (3) a Try-On U-Net augmented to accept pose, segmentation, and mask priors for geometry-aware inpainting. The system is trained end-to-end in latent space, enabling identity preservation, accurate garment transfer, and superior texture reconstruction compared to prior state-of-the-art diffusion models such as LaDI-VTON and FITMI. Extensive experiments on the VITON-HD and Dress-Code datasets demonstrate that IDM-VTON achieves new benchmarks across SSIM, LPIPS, FID, KID, and CLIP Score. This work establishes SDM-VTON as a robust, workspace-native virtual try-on system suitable for next-generation e-commerce, digital dressing rooms, and personalized fashion visualization.

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[Virtual try-on, diffusion models, SDXL, cross-attention, CLIP, humanpose estimation, latent diffusion, semantic alignment]

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Kerala's acclaimed "Model of Development," characterised by high literacy, robust healthcare, and gender equity, has long been viewed as a benchmark for social progress in India. Yet persistent challenges--rising mental health concerns, lifestyle diseases, unemployment, ecological vulnerability, and declining community vitality--highlight the limitations of conventional metrics like GDP and HDI in capturing true well-being. This paper argues for integrating Bhutan's Gross National Happiness (GNH) framework into Kerala's development planning, given the cultural, social, and environmental parallels between the two regions. GNH's multidimensional approach, encompassing psychological well-being, time use, cultural resilience, and environmental stewardship, offers a more holistic measure of progress. Through a critical review of Kerala's current socio-economic indicators, the study identifies policy gaps and proposes a locally adapted GNH-based framework, embedded in participatory governance and linked to resource allocation. By complementing economic indicators with happiness metrics, Kerala can move towards a development model that ensures not just material prosperity but sustainable, inclusive, and meaningful well-being for all citizens.

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Kerala Model, Gross National Happiness, development planning, well-being indicators, policy integration

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Th?la occupies a foundational position in Bharatanatyam, functioning simultaneously as a structural framework and an aesthetic life-force. While rhythm is often understood as a temporal guide that regulates movement, its deeper role lies in shaping bodily discipline, expressive continuity, and aesthetic fulfilment. This paper examines th?la as an embodied rhythmic principle that governs the organisation of movement and facilitates the realisation of bh?va and rasa in Bharatanatyam. Through a critical engagement with classical texts, dance theory, and performance practice, the study argues that th?la is not merely an external metric but an internalised rhythmic consciousness that integrates body, time, and emotion. The paper highlights how rhythmic internalisation transforms technical execution into an aesthetically meaningful experience, thereby establishing th?la as a unifying force between structure and aesthetics in Bharatanatyam.

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Th?la, Bharatanatyam, Rhythm, Structure, Aesthetics, Bh?va, Rasa, Laya, Performance Practice

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The Information Technology (IT) sector plays a significant role in the economic growth of India by contributing to employment generation, foreign exchange earnings, and technological advancement. Among the leading IT companies in India, Tata Consultancy Services Limited (TCS) has emerged as a dominant player with consistent financial performance, strong profitability, and global presence. The present study aims to analyse the financial performance of Tata Consultancy Services Limited using ratio analysis and trend analysis. The study is based on secondary data collected from the annual reports of TCS for a period of five years from 2019-20 to 2023-24. Key liquidity, profitability, solvency, and efficiency ratios have been applied to assess the company's financial health. The findings reveal that TCS has maintained stable profitability, efficient asset utilization, and a strong capital structure during the study period. The study provides useful insights for investors, academicians, and financial analysts in evaluating the financial soundness of TCS.

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Financial Performance, Ratio Analysis, Trend Analysis, IT Sector, Tata Consultancy Services

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The rapid urbanization and industrial expansion in Kerala have led to a significant increase in waste generation, which has put immense pressure on the current waste management systems. The Government of Kerala has proactively responded to these challenges by introducing innovative, community-focused approaches to waste management that are both efficient and sustainable. The Haritha Karma Sena (HKS), a collaborative initiative, represents a strategic transformation in Kerala's waste management practices, emphasizing a holistic system of waste reduction, segregation, and recycling instead of merely focusing on disposal. Women members receive training in waste collection and segregation, along with education on public waste management, enabling HKS to serve as both a service provider and a catalyst for social change. In this context, the study examines the socio-economic and working conditions related to the challenges encountered by HKS workers. Primary data were gathered from 100 HKS workers in the Vatakara taluk of Kozhikode district, Kerala, utilizing a snowball sampling method with a structured questionnaire. The Haritha Karma Sena workers are predominantly middle-aged, possess moderate educational qualifications and have a relatively stable and moderate monthly income. These workers are vital in promoting environmental sustainability and public health by overseeing waste collection, segregation, and recycling at the community level. The study indicated that the HKS volunteers have demonstrated significant potential in their initiatives related to waste management and environmental preservation.

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Haritha Karma Sena, Waste Management, Segregation, Recycle, Women

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Academic burnout among secondary school students has become an emerging concern due to increasing academic demands and rapid digitalization of learning environments. Adolescents are required to manage intensive curricular expectations while simultaneously engaging with social media platforms that demand constant attention and cognitive effort. This article, prepared for Ph.D. thesis purposes, is based on an extensive review of related literature and examines academic burnout in relation to social media addiction and cognitive load. The reviewed studies indicate that excessive social media use contributes to attentional fragmentation, increased extraneous cognitive load, emotional exhaustion, and reduced academic engagement. Cognitive overload arising from poorly structured learning tasks and digital multitasking further intensifies burnout symptoms. The paper synthesizes theoretical perspectives and empirical findings to present a coherent understanding of how these variables interact and influence students' academic well-being. Educational implications and preventive strategies are discussed with reference to secondary-level teaching-learning contexts.

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Academic Burnout, Social Media Addiction, Cognitive Load, Secondary Students

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Transport infrastructure plays a critical role in shaping economic growth, employment generation and regional development, particularly in emerging economies. Among the various modes, railways occupy a strategic position owing to their ability to move large volumes of passengers and freight at relatively low unit costs while fostering market integration and industrial linkages. This study examines the role of Indian Railways in generating employment and contributing to regional economic development in India. Using secondary data drawn from the Indian Railways Year Books, Ministry of Railways Annual Reports, Economic Survey of India, NITI Aayog publications, and RBI state-level statistics, this study adopts a mixed quantitative approach. A descriptive analysis is employed to examine employment trends and capital expenditure, while employment multipliers are used to estimate direct, indirect, and induced employment effects. Additionally, a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DiD) framework is applied to assess the impact of railway connectivity upgrades on regional economic outcomes. The study findings reveal that Indian Railways remains one of the largest public-sector employers, with renewed recruitment and rising capital investment in the post-pandemic period. Employment multiplier estimates indicate that railway operations and infrastructure investment generate substantial indirect and induced employment across allied sectors such as construction, logistics, manufacturing, MSMEs, and services. Regional analysis shows that districts with improved railway connectivity experience significantly higher industrial investment, employment growth, and wage levels than non-connected regions. Overall, the study concludes that Indian Railways functions not only as a transportation backbone but also as a powerful engine for employment generation and balanced regional development. This study offers policy-relevant insights for leveraging railway investment to promote inclusive growth and long-term economic resilience in India.

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Indian Railways (IR), employment generation, infrastructure investment, regional development, employment multipliers, Difference-in-Differences.

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Bangladesh is one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, frequently exposed to floods, cyclones, storm surges, riverbank erosion, and rising temperatures. These climate-induced hazards pose serious threats to the built environment, particularly to housing and critical infrastructure. This study examines the concept and practice of climate-resilient construction in Bangladesh with the aim of identifying effective strategies for building a safer and more sustainable future. The research analyzes existing construction practices, climate-related risks, and policy frameworks, alongside case studies of resilient housing and infrastructure projects implemented in vulnerable regions. Emphasis is given to the use of locally available materials, innovative design techniques, elevated structures, flood-resistant foundations, wind-resistant roofing systems, and environmentally sustainable construction methods. The study also explores the role of government regulations, community participation, and capacity building in promoting climate resilience. Findings indicate that integrating climate-responsive design, appropriate technology, and strong institutional support can significantly reduce disaster-related losses and enhance long-term sustainability. The study concludes that climate-resilient construction is not only a technical necessity but also a socio-economic imperative for Bangladesh, requiring coordinated efforts among policymakers, engineers, planners, and local communities to ensure safe, affordable, and adaptive infrastructure development.

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Climate-resilient construction, Bangladesh, disaster risk reduction, sustainable infrastructure, resilient housing, cyclone-resistant structures

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Effective grievance redressal is fundamental to ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust within educational institutions. Despite its importance, many colleges and universities continue to rely on manual or fragmented digital mechanisms for grievance handling, which are often inefficient, non-transparent, and poorly scalable. These limitations result in delayed responses, inadequate follow-up, and reduced student confidence in institutional support systems. The proposed system introduces a mobile-based grievance management application that enables students to securely submit grievances, track complaint status, and receive real-time updates. The application is developed using Flutter with Firebase as the backend to ensure secure authentication, scalable data management, and real-time grievance handling, thereby fostering a student-centric and transparent academic environment.

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Grievance Redressal System, College Students, Flutter, Firebase, Mobile Application, Transparency, Accountability

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This paper investigates the similarities that exist between colonial education systems and current skill development initiatives in India. It particularly focuses on skill-based education programs that focus largely on English, that is training for soft skills, as provided under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) programs. The study used postcolonial theory, and discourse analysis, in addition to empirical evidence gathered from both media investigations and audit reports to demonstrate the continuing relevance of colonial pedagogical principles in today's India. By following a line of thought originating with the 1835 Minute on Indian Education by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay through its evolution to a modern-day neoliberal model of government, it can be shown that the linguistic economic capital afforded to graduates of these skill-development programs helps facilitate the ongoing control and exclusion of India through a colonial framework. The analysis reveals that skill-development initiatives often transform rural youth into measurable outputs rather than autonomous subjects, thereby sustaining linguistic imperialism and epistemic dependence. The paper ultimately contends that meaningful decolonization requires reimagining education beyond employability-driven, English-dominated frameworks.

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Skill Development, Soft Skills, Postcolonial Theory, Linguistic Imperialism, Decolonization

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? I ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????/????????????/???????/?????? /?????? - ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???; ????? ????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? **???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????,???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? , ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???, ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???, ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? (???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????)? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????,?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????????, ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? **????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? , ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? , ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ,???? ???? ???? ?????????? , ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? , ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????,????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? , ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? I???, ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? , ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? , ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? I ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? I ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? I

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#????????#UNIFORM#????????????? ????? ????????#????#????

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Drug abuse among children is emerging as a serious social and legal concern in India, posing significant threats to physical, psychological, and social development of the children. This research examines the multifaceted causes and consequences of drug use among children, focusing on genetic, psychosocial, and socioeconomic factors that contribute to substance dependence. In India Despite the existence of stringent legal frameworks, children remain vulnerable to drug addiction due to peer influence, social instability, and inadequate preventive mechanisms. The study highlights the growing link between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency, as affected children often become entrapped in cycles of crime and problematic behaviour. Furthermore, the paper explores the pivotal role of the Indian judiciary in combating this issue through judicial activism, landmark judgments, and policy interventions aimed at safeguarding the rights of the children. It evaluates the effectiveness of existing laws, rehabilitation programs, and awareness initiatives while emphasizing the need for stronger enforcement and inter-sectoral collaboration. By adopting a socio-legal perspective, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drug abuse crisis among children in India and proposes strategic measures to mitigate its long-term impact on the nation's youth and society.

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Drug abuse, socio-economic, juvenile delinquency, rehabilitation, safeguarding

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Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, despite being largely preventable. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the primary etiological factor, highlighting the critical role of both primary and secondary prevention strategies. Advances in vaccination programs, sexual health education, and lifestyle modifications constitute the cornerstone of primary prevention, while early detection through high-performance HPV testing, cytology, and visual inspection-based screening facilitates timely intervention. Management strategies are tailored according to disease stage: early-stage cervical cancer is primarily treated with radical hysterectomy or fertility-sparing surgery, whereas locally advanced disease relies on concurrent chemoradiation with brachytherapy. Recurrent, persistent, and metastatic cases increasingly benefit from systemic chemotherapy combined with targeted therapies, including anti-VEGF agents and immunotherapy, with emerging modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates and induction chemotherapy showing promising results. Despite these advances, challenges remain in accessibility, treatment-related morbidity, and the integration of novel therapies in resource-limited settings. This review comprehensively examines current prevention, screening, and treatment strategies, highlighting the global progress and ongoing challenges in cervical cancer care, and underscores the importance of a multi-faceted approach to ultimately reduce disease burden and improve survival outcomes.

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Cervical cancer; HPV; Screening; Vaccination; Prevention; Treatment; Immunotherapy; Chemoradiation; Early detection; Pathogenesis.

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Air pollution in Indian cities constitutes one of the most severe forms of negative externality in contemporary environmental economics, where private decision-making systematically diverges from socially optimal outcomes. This paper examines the economic dimensions of air pollution externalities in major Indian urban centers through the analytical framework of market failure theory. Using data from twenty non-attainment cities identified under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the study quantifies the social costs of particulate matter (PM?.? and PM??) using the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) approaches adapted to Indian income conditions. The analysis estimates that air pollution imposes an annual welfare loss of approximately INR7.2-8.6 lakh crore, equivalent to 3-4 percent of India's GDP. The paper further investigates how uninternalized pollution externalities distort housing, labor, and healthcare markets, resulting in reduced property values, productivity losses, and increased health expenditures. A comparative cost-effectiveness evaluation of existing regulatory instruments--command-and-control measures, pollution charges, and emission trading schemes--demonstrates that market-based instruments achieve pollution reduction at substantially lower economic cost. The study proposes an integrated policy framework combining Pigouvian taxation, cap-and-trade mechanisms, and limited Coasian bargaining solutions tailored to India's institutional context. The findings underline the urgency of internalizing environmental externalities to improve economic efficiency, public health outcomes, and long-term urban sustainability.

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Environmental Economics, Air Pollution, Externalities, Market Failure, Pigouvian Tax, Emission Trading, Urban Economics, India

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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The systematic literature review discusses how digital media and AI & Algorithms have interchangeably co-evolved, significantly transforming to the modern-day election campaigns. Three main questions guide the review: How have digital media and AI& Algorithms-driven strategies transformed traditional political campaign models over time? What are the key technological and social drivers influencing modern political campaign strategies? How do academic frameworks and methodologies analyse the impact of AI and digital media on political campaigns? PRISMA, which stands for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses, is a standardized literature review method employed to retrieve 26 publications reporting 65 studies in total from Elsevier's Mendeley--all Open-Access research articles--on Political Campaign Strategies from the years 2023 and 2024. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, along with Thematic Analysis, which was employed to identify key recurring themes, focusing on the involvement of digital platforms and AI & Algorithm-driven campaign strategies in modern electoral politics. The review highlights a growing interest in Electoral Campaign Strategies between 2023 and 2024. An examination of various studies indicates a significant rise in digital campaign strategies for voter engagement, as platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube serving as central tools in digital political campaign. Furthermore, AI & Algorithm-driven campaigns raise concerns over the spread of misinformation and emotional manipulation to shape political discourse. Games as new campaign spaces strongly push modern political campaign strategies ensuring its persistence in the digital domain. The study highlights the need to assess the longterm impact of algorithm-driven election campaigns and the role of digital political marketing beyond social media. It also provides researchers with opportunities for future exploration, particularly in developing strong regulatory frameworks to ensure ethical digital campaigning 2 and integrate democratic norms in the digital era. The study explores limited number of publications on campaign strategies in non-Western democracies, presenting opportunities for future research.

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Political Campaign Strategies, Digital Media in Elections, AI & Algorithm-driven Campaigns, PRISMA Systematic Review, Thematic Analysis, Voter Engagement, Misinformation in Elections, Social Media in Politics, Digital Political Marketing, Regulatory Frameworks in Elections

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The aim of the study to evaluate the phytochemical properties, shelf life, and clinical effectiveness of Alocen gel (a formulation of Aloe vera and Centella asiatica) in reducing intravenous (IV)-induced thrombophlebitis among hospitalized patients. A one-group pretest-post-test design was adopted. The effectiveness of Alocen gel was assessed using the Modified Phlebitis Assessment Scale. Phytochemical analysis (albumin denaturation and heat-induced hemolysis assays) and microbial testing were conducted to establish anti-inflammatory activity and safety, while shelf-life stability was observed over 30 days. Statistical analysis included paired t-test and chi-square test. Phytochemical assays confirmed significant anti-inflammatory activity with a dose- dependent increase in inhibition, and microbial testing revealed the absence of harmful organisms. Shelf-life testing demonstrated stability without Odor or colour changes for 30 days. Clinically, pretest findings showed 75% mild, 15% moderate, and 10% severe thrombophlebitis, with no symptom-free cases. Post-test assessment revealed 85% symptom- free, 11.6% mild, and 3.3% moderate cases, with no severe thrombophlebitis. The mean pretest score (Mean = 1.56, SD = 1.130) reduced to the post-test score (Mean = 0.20, SD = 0.541), with a mean difference of 1.36. The paired t value of 13.412 (p < 0.0001) confirmed high effectiveness. Chi-square analysis indicated significant associations with selected demographic and clinical variables. No adverse reactions were reported. Alocen gel is a safe, stable, and effective herbal preparation for reducing IV- induced thrombophlebitis. Its phytochemical richness and clinical efficacy support its integration as a complementary nursing intervention. Further large-scale and long-term studies are recommended to validate its broader application.

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Thrombophlebitis, Alocen gel, Aloe vera, Centella asiatica, phytotherapy, anti- inflammatory, intravenous therapy

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Robert Browning, the hero of dramatic monologues, displays an oscillation between utterance and absence, where speech and the boundaries of silence fight against each other. This paper probes into how Browning modifies silence not as mere narrative technique but as a sparkling presence that speaks even more than the utterances within his monologues. Through intense readings of poems such as "My Last Duchess," and "Porphyria's Lover," the study demonstrates that Browning's speakers have hidden intentions behind the great masks of eloquence. Silence does not only have only echoes here but operates the entire personality of the speaker revealing his emotional and psychological turmoil. The dramatic monologue here emerges as a strategy unfolding the hidden parts of one's being: a performative tool depicting silent truths and suppressed notions. Browning moulds silence in a way to aptly transfer it between the narrative gaps and pauses. Ultimately, Browning's monologues serve as a symbol of the production of meaning, not only through heavy speeches but also through the delicate balance between void and voice, portraying silence as an active and inevitable force in human life.

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Silence, Utterance, Patriarchy, Agency, Resistance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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As smart grid systems continue to evolve through the integration of advanced communication technologies and an increasing number of interconnected devices, the imperative for robust cybersecurity measures has become paramount. This study examines the current state of smart grid cybersecurity, emphasizing the challenges arising from heterogeneous environments and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) components. It investigates various machine learning methodologies designed to enhance threat detection, response capabilities, and overall system resilience. Furthermore, this study identified significant deficiencies in the existing architecture, particularly regarding protocol compatibility and data aggregation security. To address these issues, a novel proposal for a unified IPv6-based communication layer is introduced, which simplifies connectivity, mitigates security vulnerabilities, and facilitates direct Internet access for all devices. This framework not only improves the efficiency of data transmission but also strengthens the security posture of smart grids through the implementation of IP-based security protocols. These findings underscore the necessity of advancing cybersecurity measures in smart grids and delineate future research directions aimed at developing comprehensive strategies to ensure the integrity and resilience of this critical infrastructure against evolving cyber threats.

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Cyber Security, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Internet of Things, Networks, and Smart Grid.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Automatic Vehicle License Number Plate Recog nition (VLNPR) has become a vital component of intelligent transportation systems due to the rapid increase in vehicles, traffic violations, and road safety concerns. Manual traffic monitoring is inefficient, error-prone, and unsuitable for real time enforcement in high-density traffic environments. This paper presents a real-time Vehicle License Number Plate Recognition system using OpenCV and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) techniques to automatically detect, recognize, and process vehicle license plates from live video streams. The proposed system captures video input using a camera, preprocesses each frame to enhance image quality, and localizes the license plate region using computer vision techniques. EasyOCR is employed to accurately extract alphanumeric characters from the detected license plates. The recognized license numbers are then verified against a MySQL database to retrieve vehicle owner details and track violation history. In the event of a traffic violation, such as overspeeding or rule infringement, the system automatically records the violation and sends real-time SMS notifications to the registered vehicle owner using the Twilio API. Location-based information and timestamp details are also integrated to provide contextual awareness of the violation. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system achieves reliable license plate detection and recognition accuracy under standard lighting conditions while maintaining real-time performance. The system is cost-effective, scalable, and suitable for applications such as traffic law enforcement, parking management, toll collection, and smart city surveillance. This work highlights the practical implementation of an automated, efficient, and intelligent traffic monitoring solution using open-source technologies.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), OpenCV, EasyOCR, Traffic Violation Detection, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Optical Character Recognition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

ABSTRACT The rewriting of the history of civilization and culture is one of the themes of women's fiction. Girls are the female poets who want to look at the past with new eyes, sowing the seeds of questions about the rationality of existence. A new language means a new language. A new proposal. Differences in the nature of women and women's reading are also reflected in the world of Debarati Mitra's poetry. From 'Andhaskulay Ghanta Baje' to 'Bhootera O Khuki', the world of his poetry can be said to be integrated in the initial form. The background of Debarati Mitra's poetry has been created through fragmentary analogies. There is a special meaning in his statement. However, the question arises whether the poem can be taken as a product of feminist reading only if the feminine speech posture is raised. Naturally, the answer will raise doubts and negative tones. Because if a girl wants, maybe she can decorate the poem with feminine sayings, but it cannot be said emphatically that the feminine world will always be found in it. Sometimes the insatiable urge to write genderless poetry becomes a bulwark for feminist readings. This happens because there is no specific conviction of the poet in the social and cultural context. But it cannot be attributed to women. An explicit protest against the pressures of patriarchal power, however, does not become so explicit in Debarati's poetry. However, the presence of women in a new phase is seen in his poetry. As a subject, self-portrait is noticeable in his works. In contrast to the goodness developed in the masculine form, his poetry seeks the hidden self-identity. Here, in the light of the changing times, the form of poetry becomes intense. The changing times also bring the message of new beginnings. So it can be said that readership is increasingly looking for the existence of women. Needless to say, being a woman poet, she has been able to place some expressions in poetry in a sincere way. It was only possible for a woman. His poetry is no less significant as the first step in breaking the cultural institutions created by men. Debarati Mitra's poetry claims to be our inspiration as we get a glimpse of our own experience, sense of existence, the beginning of a new horizon by rejecting the patriarchal class.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Keywords : civilization, existence, differences, reflected, fragmentary, analogies, feminine, self-portrait

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition