Volume 13 | Issue 12

 Abstract

The rapid urbanization and industrial expansion in Kerala have led to a significant increase in waste generation, which has put immense pressure on the current waste management systems. The Government of Kerala has proactively responded to these challenges by introducing innovative, community-focused approaches to waste management that are both efficient and sustainable. The Haritha Karma Sena (HKS), a collaborative initiative, represents a strategic transformation in Kerala's waste management practices, emphasizing a holistic system of waste reduction, segregation, and recycling instead of merely focusing on disposal. Women members receive training in waste collection and segregation, along with education on public waste management, enabling HKS to serve as both a service provider and a catalyst for social change. In this context, the study examines the socio-economic and working conditions related to the challenges encountered by HKS workers. Primary data were gathered from 100 HKS workers in the Vatakara taluk of Kozhikode district, Kerala, utilizing a snowball sampling method with a structured questionnaire. The Haritha Karma Sena workers are predominantly middle-aged, possess moderate educational qualifications and have a relatively stable and moderate monthly income. These workers are vital in promoting environmental sustainability and public health by overseeing waste collection, segregation, and recycling at the community level. The study indicated that the HKS volunteers have demonstrated significant potential in their initiatives related to waste management and environmental preservation.

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Haritha Karma Sena, Waste Management, Segregation, Recycle, Women

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Academic burnout among secondary school students has become an emerging concern due to increasing academic demands and rapid digitalization of learning environments. Adolescents are required to manage intensive curricular expectations while simultaneously engaging with social media platforms that demand constant attention and cognitive effort. This article, prepared for Ph.D. thesis purposes, is based on an extensive review of related literature and examines academic burnout in relation to social media addiction and cognitive load. The reviewed studies indicate that excessive social media use contributes to attentional fragmentation, increased extraneous cognitive load, emotional exhaustion, and reduced academic engagement. Cognitive overload arising from poorly structured learning tasks and digital multitasking further intensifies burnout symptoms. The paper synthesizes theoretical perspectives and empirical findings to present a coherent understanding of how these variables interact and influence students' academic well-being. Educational implications and preventive strategies are discussed with reference to secondary-level teaching-learning contexts.

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Academic Burnout, Social Media Addiction, Cognitive Load, Secondary Students

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Transport infrastructure plays a critical role in shaping economic growth, employment generation and regional development, particularly in emerging economies. Among the various modes, railways occupy a strategic position owing to their ability to move large volumes of passengers and freight at relatively low unit costs while fostering market integration and industrial linkages. This study examines the role of Indian Railways in generating employment and contributing to regional economic development in India. Using secondary data drawn from the Indian Railways Year Books, Ministry of Railways Annual Reports, Economic Survey of India, NITI Aayog publications, and RBI state-level statistics, this study adopts a mixed quantitative approach. A descriptive analysis is employed to examine employment trends and capital expenditure, while employment multipliers are used to estimate direct, indirect, and induced employment effects. Additionally, a quasi-experimental difference-in-differences (DiD) framework is applied to assess the impact of railway connectivity upgrades on regional economic outcomes. The study findings reveal that Indian Railways remains one of the largest public-sector employers, with renewed recruitment and rising capital investment in the post-pandemic period. Employment multiplier estimates indicate that railway operations and infrastructure investment generate substantial indirect and induced employment across allied sectors such as construction, logistics, manufacturing, MSMEs, and services. Regional analysis shows that districts with improved railway connectivity experience significantly higher industrial investment, employment growth, and wage levels than non-connected regions. Overall, the study concludes that Indian Railways functions not only as a transportation backbone but also as a powerful engine for employment generation and balanced regional development. This study offers policy-relevant insights for leveraging railway investment to promote inclusive growth and long-term economic resilience in India.

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Indian Railways (IR), employment generation, infrastructure investment, regional development, employment multipliers, Difference-in-Differences.

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Bangladesh is one of the most climate-vulnerable countries in the world, frequently exposed to floods, cyclones, storm surges, riverbank erosion, and rising temperatures. These climate-induced hazards pose serious threats to the built environment, particularly to housing and critical infrastructure. This study examines the concept and practice of climate-resilient construction in Bangladesh with the aim of identifying effective strategies for building a safer and more sustainable future. The research analyzes existing construction practices, climate-related risks, and policy frameworks, alongside case studies of resilient housing and infrastructure projects implemented in vulnerable regions. Emphasis is given to the use of locally available materials, innovative design techniques, elevated structures, flood-resistant foundations, wind-resistant roofing systems, and environmentally sustainable construction methods. The study also explores the role of government regulations, community participation, and capacity building in promoting climate resilience. Findings indicate that integrating climate-responsive design, appropriate technology, and strong institutional support can significantly reduce disaster-related losses and enhance long-term sustainability. The study concludes that climate-resilient construction is not only a technical necessity but also a socio-economic imperative for Bangladesh, requiring coordinated efforts among policymakers, engineers, planners, and local communities to ensure safe, affordable, and adaptive infrastructure development.

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Climate-resilient construction, Bangladesh, disaster risk reduction, sustainable infrastructure, resilient housing, cyclone-resistant structures

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Effective grievance redressal is fundamental to ensuring transparency, accountability, and trust within educational institutions. Despite its importance, many colleges and universities continue to rely on manual or fragmented digital mechanisms for grievance handling, which are often inefficient, non-transparent, and poorly scalable. These limitations result in delayed responses, inadequate follow-up, and reduced student confidence in institutional support systems. The proposed system introduces a mobile-based grievance management application that enables students to securely submit grievances, track complaint status, and receive real-time updates. The application is developed using Flutter with Firebase as the backend to ensure secure authentication, scalable data management, and real-time grievance handling, thereby fostering a student-centric and transparent academic environment.

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Grievance Redressal System, College Students, Flutter, Firebase, Mobile Application, Transparency, Accountability

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This paper investigates the similarities that exist between colonial education systems and current skill development initiatives in India. It particularly focuses on skill-based education programs that focus largely on English, that is training for soft skills, as provided under the Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Grameen Kaushalya Yojana (DDU-GKY) and Pradhan Mantri Kaushal Vikas Yojana (PMKVY) programs. The study used postcolonial theory, and discourse analysis, in addition to empirical evidence gathered from both media investigations and audit reports to demonstrate the continuing relevance of colonial pedagogical principles in today's India. By following a line of thought originating with the 1835 Minute on Indian Education by Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay through its evolution to a modern-day neoliberal model of government, it can be shown that the linguistic economic capital afforded to graduates of these skill-development programs helps facilitate the ongoing control and exclusion of India through a colonial framework. The analysis reveals that skill-development initiatives often transform rural youth into measurable outputs rather than autonomous subjects, thereby sustaining linguistic imperialism and epistemic dependence. The paper ultimately contends that meaningful decolonization requires reimagining education beyond employability-driven, English-dominated frameworks.

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Skill Development, Soft Skills, Postcolonial Theory, Linguistic Imperialism, Decolonization

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?????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????? ???????????? ???????? ? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? I ????????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?? ??????????? ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????/????????????/???????/?????? /?????? - ?? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???; ????? ????, ??????????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??, ???? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ??????? ?????????????? ??????, ???? ???????????? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????????? **???????? ???? ???? ????????? ?????? ????????????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????,???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? , ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???, ???? ???????? ????? ???????????? ????????? ????????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ????????????? ???????, ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????????? ????? ??????, ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? ??? ??? ???, ????????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ??????? ???, ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ??, ??? ???? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? (???? ????????? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ????????)? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????,?? ?????? ???? ????? ??? ????????????, ???????, ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ? ?????? ????????? ????????????? ????? ????????, ???? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ???, ??? ????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ???? ??????????? ???????? ????????????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ???, ?? ?????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ?? ????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? **????? ???????? ?? ???? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??????? , ???? ??????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? , ???? ??????? ????? ????? ???? ,???? ???? ???? ?????????? , ???????????? ??? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????, ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? , ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ? ???? ???? ??????? ?????? ????,????????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????? , ??? ???????? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? ? ????????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ??? I???, ????? ???????? ????????? ? ?????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ???? , ???? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ???????????? ????????? ??????? ???? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????, ???????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???????, ???????? ????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ????, ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???, ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ???????????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??? , ?? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? I ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ??????????, ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??????? ??????? I ???????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? I

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#????????#UNIFORM#????????????? ????? ????????#????#????

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Drug abuse among children is emerging as a serious social and legal concern in India, posing significant threats to physical, psychological, and social development of the children. This research examines the multifaceted causes and consequences of drug use among children, focusing on genetic, psychosocial, and socioeconomic factors that contribute to substance dependence. In India Despite the existence of stringent legal frameworks, children remain vulnerable to drug addiction due to peer influence, social instability, and inadequate preventive mechanisms. The study highlights the growing link between drug abuse and juvenile delinquency, as affected children often become entrapped in cycles of crime and problematic behaviour. Furthermore, the paper explores the pivotal role of the Indian judiciary in combating this issue through judicial activism, landmark judgments, and policy interventions aimed at safeguarding the rights of the children. It evaluates the effectiveness of existing laws, rehabilitation programs, and awareness initiatives while emphasizing the need for stronger enforcement and inter-sectoral collaboration. By adopting a socio-legal perspective, this research seeks to provide a comprehensive understanding of the drug abuse crisis among children in India and proposes strategic measures to mitigate its long-term impact on the nation's youth and society.

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Drug abuse, socio-economic, juvenile delinquency, rehabilitation, safeguarding

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Cervical cancer remains a major public health concern, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, despite being largely preventable. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) is recognized as the primary etiological factor, highlighting the critical role of both primary and secondary prevention strategies. Advances in vaccination programs, sexual health education, and lifestyle modifications constitute the cornerstone of primary prevention, while early detection through high-performance HPV testing, cytology, and visual inspection-based screening facilitates timely intervention. Management strategies are tailored according to disease stage: early-stage cervical cancer is primarily treated with radical hysterectomy or fertility-sparing surgery, whereas locally advanced disease relies on concurrent chemoradiation with brachytherapy. Recurrent, persistent, and metastatic cases increasingly benefit from systemic chemotherapy combined with targeted therapies, including anti-VEGF agents and immunotherapy, with emerging modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates and induction chemotherapy showing promising results. Despite these advances, challenges remain in accessibility, treatment-related morbidity, and the integration of novel therapies in resource-limited settings. This review comprehensively examines current prevention, screening, and treatment strategies, highlighting the global progress and ongoing challenges in cervical cancer care, and underscores the importance of a multi-faceted approach to ultimately reduce disease burden and improve survival outcomes.

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Cervical cancer; HPV; Screening; Vaccination; Prevention; Treatment; Immunotherapy; Chemoradiation; Early detection; Pathogenesis.

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Air pollution in Indian cities constitutes one of the most severe forms of negative externality in contemporary environmental economics, where private decision-making systematically diverges from socially optimal outcomes. This paper examines the economic dimensions of air pollution externalities in major Indian urban centers through the analytical framework of market failure theory. Using data from twenty non-attainment cities identified under the National Clean Air Programme (NCAP), the study quantifies the social costs of particulate matter (PM?.? and PM??) using the Value of Statistical Life (VSL) and Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) approaches adapted to Indian income conditions. The analysis estimates that air pollution imposes an annual welfare loss of approximately INR7.2-8.6 lakh crore, equivalent to 3-4 percent of India's GDP. The paper further investigates how uninternalized pollution externalities distort housing, labor, and healthcare markets, resulting in reduced property values, productivity losses, and increased health expenditures. A comparative cost-effectiveness evaluation of existing regulatory instruments--command-and-control measures, pollution charges, and emission trading schemes--demonstrates that market-based instruments achieve pollution reduction at substantially lower economic cost. The study proposes an integrated policy framework combining Pigouvian taxation, cap-and-trade mechanisms, and limited Coasian bargaining solutions tailored to India's institutional context. The findings underline the urgency of internalizing environmental externalities to improve economic efficiency, public health outcomes, and long-term urban sustainability.

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Environmental Economics, Air Pollution, Externalities, Market Failure, Pigouvian Tax, Emission Trading, Urban Economics, India

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The systematic literature review discusses how digital media and AI & Algorithms have interchangeably co-evolved, significantly transforming to the modern-day election campaigns. Three main questions guide the review: How have digital media and AI& Algorithms-driven strategies transformed traditional political campaign models over time? What are the key technological and social drivers influencing modern political campaign strategies? How do academic frameworks and methodologies analyse the impact of AI and digital media on political campaigns? PRISMA, which stands for Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta- Analyses, is a standardized literature review method employed to retrieve 26 publications reporting 65 studies in total from Elsevier's Mendeley--all Open-Access research articles--on Political Campaign Strategies from the years 2023 and 2024. A systematic literature review was conducted in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines, along with Thematic Analysis, which was employed to identify key recurring themes, focusing on the involvement of digital platforms and AI & Algorithm-driven campaign strategies in modern electoral politics. The review highlights a growing interest in Electoral Campaign Strategies between 2023 and 2024. An examination of various studies indicates a significant rise in digital campaign strategies for voter engagement, as platforms such as Twitter, Facebook, and YouTube serving as central tools in digital political campaign. Furthermore, AI & Algorithm-driven campaigns raise concerns over the spread of misinformation and emotional manipulation to shape political discourse. Games as new campaign spaces strongly push modern political campaign strategies ensuring its persistence in the digital domain. The study highlights the need to assess the longterm impact of algorithm-driven election campaigns and the role of digital political marketing beyond social media. It also provides researchers with opportunities for future exploration, particularly in developing strong regulatory frameworks to ensure ethical digital campaigning 2 and integrate democratic norms in the digital era. The study explores limited number of publications on campaign strategies in non-Western democracies, presenting opportunities for future research.

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Political Campaign Strategies, Digital Media in Elections, AI & Algorithm-driven Campaigns, PRISMA Systematic Review, Thematic Analysis, Voter Engagement, Misinformation in Elections, Social Media in Politics, Digital Political Marketing, Regulatory Frameworks in Elections

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The aim of the study to evaluate the phytochemical properties, shelf life, and clinical effectiveness of Alocen gel (a formulation of Aloe vera and Centella asiatica) in reducing intravenous (IV)-induced thrombophlebitis among hospitalized patients. A one-group pretest-post-test design was adopted. The effectiveness of Alocen gel was assessed using the Modified Phlebitis Assessment Scale. Phytochemical analysis (albumin denaturation and heat-induced hemolysis assays) and microbial testing were conducted to establish anti-inflammatory activity and safety, while shelf-life stability was observed over 30 days. Statistical analysis included paired t-test and chi-square test. Phytochemical assays confirmed significant anti-inflammatory activity with a dose- dependent increase in inhibition, and microbial testing revealed the absence of harmful organisms. Shelf-life testing demonstrated stability without Odor or colour changes for 30 days. Clinically, pretest findings showed 75% mild, 15% moderate, and 10% severe thrombophlebitis, with no symptom-free cases. Post-test assessment revealed 85% symptom- free, 11.6% mild, and 3.3% moderate cases, with no severe thrombophlebitis. The mean pretest score (Mean = 1.56, SD = 1.130) reduced to the post-test score (Mean = 0.20, SD = 0.541), with a mean difference of 1.36. The paired t value of 13.412 (p < 0.0001) confirmed high effectiveness. Chi-square analysis indicated significant associations with selected demographic and clinical variables. No adverse reactions were reported. Alocen gel is a safe, stable, and effective herbal preparation for reducing IV- induced thrombophlebitis. Its phytochemical richness and clinical efficacy support its integration as a complementary nursing intervention. Further large-scale and long-term studies are recommended to validate its broader application.

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Thrombophlebitis, Alocen gel, Aloe vera, Centella asiatica, phytotherapy, anti- inflammatory, intravenous therapy

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Robert Browning, the hero of dramatic monologues, displays an oscillation between utterance and absence, where speech and the boundaries of silence fight against each other. This paper probes into how Browning modifies silence not as mere narrative technique but as a sparkling presence that speaks even more than the utterances within his monologues. Through intense readings of poems such as "My Last Duchess," and "Porphyria's Lover," the study demonstrates that Browning's speakers have hidden intentions behind the great masks of eloquence. Silence does not only have only echoes here but operates the entire personality of the speaker revealing his emotional and psychological turmoil. The dramatic monologue here emerges as a strategy unfolding the hidden parts of one's being: a performative tool depicting silent truths and suppressed notions. Browning moulds silence in a way to aptly transfer it between the narrative gaps and pauses. Ultimately, Browning's monologues serve as a symbol of the production of meaning, not only through heavy speeches but also through the delicate balance between void and voice, portraying silence as an active and inevitable force in human life.

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Silence, Utterance, Patriarchy, Agency, Resistance.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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As smart grid systems continue to evolve through the integration of advanced communication technologies and an increasing number of interconnected devices, the imperative for robust cybersecurity measures has become paramount. This study examines the current state of smart grid cybersecurity, emphasizing the challenges arising from heterogeneous environments and the integration of Internet of Things (IoT) components. It investigates various machine learning methodologies designed to enhance threat detection, response capabilities, and overall system resilience. Furthermore, this study identified significant deficiencies in the existing architecture, particularly regarding protocol compatibility and data aggregation security. To address these issues, a novel proposal for a unified IPv6-based communication layer is introduced, which simplifies connectivity, mitigates security vulnerabilities, and facilitates direct Internet access for all devices. This framework not only improves the efficiency of data transmission but also strengthens the security posture of smart grids through the implementation of IP-based security protocols. These findings underscore the necessity of advancing cybersecurity measures in smart grids and delineate future research directions aimed at developing comprehensive strategies to ensure the integrity and resilience of this critical infrastructure against evolving cyber threats.

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Cyber Security, Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Internet of Things, Networks, and Smart Grid.

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Automatic Vehicle License Number Plate Recog nition (VLNPR) has become a vital component of intelligent transportation systems due to the rapid increase in vehicles, traffic violations, and road safety concerns. Manual traffic monitoring is inefficient, error-prone, and unsuitable for real time enforcement in high-density traffic environments. This paper presents a real-time Vehicle License Number Plate Recognition system using OpenCV and Optical Character Recognition (OCR) techniques to automatically detect, recognize, and process vehicle license plates from live video streams. The proposed system captures video input using a camera, preprocesses each frame to enhance image quality, and localizes the license plate region using computer vision techniques. EasyOCR is employed to accurately extract alphanumeric characters from the detected license plates. The recognized license numbers are then verified against a MySQL database to retrieve vehicle owner details and track violation history. In the event of a traffic violation, such as overspeeding or rule infringement, the system automatically records the violation and sends real-time SMS notifications to the registered vehicle owner using the Twilio API. Location-based information and timestamp details are also integrated to provide contextual awareness of the violation. Experimental evaluation demonstrates that the proposed system achieves reliable license plate detection and recognition accuracy under standard lighting conditions while maintaining real-time performance. The system is cost-effective, scalable, and suitable for applications such as traffic law enforcement, parking management, toll collection, and smart city surveillance. This work highlights the practical implementation of an automated, efficient, and intelligent traffic monitoring solution using open-source technologies.

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Automatic Number Plate Recognition (ANPR), OpenCV, EasyOCR, Traffic Violation Detection, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Optical Character Recognition

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

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ABSTRACT The rewriting of the history of civilization and culture is one of the themes of women's fiction. Girls are the female poets who want to look at the past with new eyes, sowing the seeds of questions about the rationality of existence. A new language means a new language. A new proposal. Differences in the nature of women and women's reading are also reflected in the world of Debarati Mitra's poetry. From 'Andhaskulay Ghanta Baje' to 'Bhootera O Khuki', the world of his poetry can be said to be integrated in the initial form. The background of Debarati Mitra's poetry has been created through fragmentary analogies. There is a special meaning in his statement. However, the question arises whether the poem can be taken as a product of feminist reading only if the feminine speech posture is raised. Naturally, the answer will raise doubts and negative tones. Because if a girl wants, maybe she can decorate the poem with feminine sayings, but it cannot be said emphatically that the feminine world will always be found in it. Sometimes the insatiable urge to write genderless poetry becomes a bulwark for feminist readings. This happens because there is no specific conviction of the poet in the social and cultural context. But it cannot be attributed to women. An explicit protest against the pressures of patriarchal power, however, does not become so explicit in Debarati's poetry. However, the presence of women in a new phase is seen in his poetry. As a subject, self-portrait is noticeable in his works. In contrast to the goodness developed in the masculine form, his poetry seeks the hidden self-identity. Here, in the light of the changing times, the form of poetry becomes intense. The changing times also bring the message of new beginnings. So it can be said that readership is increasingly looking for the existence of women. Needless to say, being a woman poet, she has been able to place some expressions in poetry in a sincere way. It was only possible for a woman. His poetry is no less significant as the first step in breaking the cultural institutions created by men. Debarati Mitra's poetry claims to be our inspiration as we get a glimpse of our own experience, sense of existence, the beginning of a new horizon by rejecting the patriarchal class.

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Keywords : civilization, existence, differences, reflected, fragmentary, analogies, feminine, self-portrait

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Dementia is a progressive neurocognitive disorder that results in significant functional decline, requiring extensive support from family caregivers. These caregivers often experience substantial psychological, emotional, and physical stress due to prolonged caregiving responsibilities. This systematic review explored the key determinants of resilience among family caregivers of individuals with dementia, aiming to understand how personal attributes, relational factors, and caregiving demands influence resilience and overall caregiver well-being. A structured search of major academic databases identified relevant quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods studies that examined resilience within dementia caregiving contexts. The evidence showed that higher resilience was commonly associated with older caregiver age, male gender, stronger caregiver-care recipient relationships, lower levels of social isolation, fewer behavioural and neuropsychiatric symptoms in the care recipient, lower neuroticism, and a greater sense of competence in managing caregiving responsibilities. Interestingly, widely assumed protective traits such as self-efficacy, optimism, and self-esteem did not demonstrate consistent associations with resilience across the included studies. Caregivers supporting individuals with mild to moderate dementia tended to display relatively higher resilience, suggesting that resilience may fluctuate depending on the stage and severity of the condition. Despite these insights, notable gaps remain in the existing literature, there is limited use of standardized tools to measure caregiver resilience, and many studies fail to clarify whether higher resilience reflects true adaptive ability or reduced care demands in earlier stages of dementia. Research also lacks long-term follow-up, clear reporting of dementia severity and comparison across caregiver groups such as spouses and adult children. The review emphasizes the need for longitudinal research, standardized tools to measure resilience, and culturally sensitive interventions that can better support caregivers across diverse populations and caregiving environments.

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Dementia, resilience, competence, self-efficacy, coping strategies, burden, stress, anxiety.

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Jalaukavacharana, commonly known as leech therapy, is an important parasurgical procedure described in Ayurveda under Raktamokshana. Classical texts, especially the Sushruta Samhita, emphasize its role as a gentle and effective method for eliminating vitiated blood, particularly in inflammatory and vascular disorders. In recent years, leech therapy has gained renewed attention due to its successful application in modern medical fields such as plastic and reconstructive surgery, wound management, and integrative healthcare practices. The therapeutic action of Jalaukavacharana is attributed to bioactive substances present in leech saliva, which exhibit anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and vasodilatory effects, thereby improving microcirculation and promoting tissue healing. Current trends indicate an increasing acceptance of leech therapy as an adjunct treatment for chronic non-healing ulcers, venous congestion, inflammatory joint disorders, and selected dermatological conditions. Despite these advancements, challenges such as lack of standardized protocols, safety concerns, and limited large-scale clinical trials remain. The future scope of leech therapy lies in the development of standardized clinical guidelines, exploration of salivary bioactive molecules for drug development, expansion into newer therapeutic areas, and strengthening of integrative healthcare models. With systematic research and scientific validation, Jalaukavacharana holds significant potential as a safe, cost-effective, and evidence-based therapeutic modality bridging traditional Ayurvedic wisdom with contemporary medical practice.

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Jalaukavacharana; Leech therapy; Raktamokshana; Integrative medicine; Venous congestion; Chronic wounds

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Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory skin disorder characterized predominantly by pruritus and xerosis. It commonly presents in early childhood and is frequently associated with other atopic conditions such as asthma and allergic rhinitis. This case study highlights the clinical presentation, diagnostic criteria, pathophysiology, complications, and management considerations of atopic dermatitis, emphasizing its multifactorial etiology and significant psychosocial impact.

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Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Atopic Dermatitis, Homoeopathy, Xerosis, Chronic skin inflammatory disorders, atopy

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Abstract

Caregivers of Non-Ambulatory Spinal Cord Injury (NASCI) patients experience considerable physical and emotional burden, which affects their coping ability. Nurse-initiated M-Health interventions offer an innovative and accessible approach to provide continuous education, counselling, and support, thereby reducing burden and enhancing coping. The objective was to evaluate the effectiveness of a nurse-initiated M-Health intervention on perceived burden and coping ability of primary caregivers of non-ambulatory SCI patients. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test post-test design was adopted. Sixty primary caregivers were selected through purposive sampling at Ganga Rehabilitation Centre, Coimbatore. Tools included a demographic proforma, Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI), and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced (COPE) scale. The intervention consisted of a four-week nurse-initiated M-Health program delivered via What Sapp, Mobile phone without internet connection including education, reminders, and motivational support. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The intervention significantly reduced caregiver burden and enhanced coping ability (p < 0.001). A strong negative correlation was observed between burden and coping (r = -0.600). Nurse-initiated M-Health interventions are effective, feasible, and scalable strategies to reduce caregiver burden and strengthen coping among caregivers of non-ambulatory SCI patients in India.

Licence: creative commons attribution 4.0

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition

 Keywords

Spinal cord injury, caregiver burden, coping, nurse-initiated intervention, M-Health

  License

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 and The Open Definition